RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted blood systems worldwide. Challenges included maintaining blood supplies and initiating the collection and use of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP). Sharing information on the challenges can help improve blood collection and utilization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey questionnaire was distributed to International Society of Blood Transfusion members in 95 countries. We recorded respondents' demographic information, impacts on the blood supply, CCP collection and use, transfusion demands and operational challenges. RESULTS: Eighty-two responses from 42 countries, including 24 low- and middle-income countries, were analysed. Participants worked in national (26.8%) and regional (26.8%) blood establishments and hospital-based (42.7%) institutions. CCP collection and transfusion were reported by 63% and 36.6% of respondents, respectively. Decreases in blood donations occurred in 70.6% of collecting facilities. Despite safety measures and recruitment strategies, donor fear and refusal of institutions to host blood drives were major contributing factors. Almost half of respondents working at transfusion medicine services were from large hospitals with over 10,000 red cell transfusions per year, and 76.8% of those hospitals experienced blood shortages. Practices varied in accepting donors for blood or CCP donations after a history of COVID-19 infection, CCP transfusion, or vaccination. Operational challenges included loss of staff, increased workloads and delays in reagent supplies. Almost half of the institutions modified their disaster plans during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: The challenges faced by blood systems during the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the need for guidance, harmonization, and strengthening of the preparedness and the capacity of blood systems against future infectious threats.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Bancos de Sangue , Doadores de Sangue , Transfusão de Sangue , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/terapia , Humanos , Imunização Passiva , Inquéritos e Questionários , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
Introducción: La principal causa de anemia fetal es la inmunización por anticuerpos (Acs.) anti-D. La inmunización por anti-K1 es poco frecuente aunque puede producir un cuadro de anemia fetal muy grave. Su incidencia relativa ha aumentado en los últimos años por el aumento de las transfusiones sanguíneas y por disminución de la inmunización anti-D. Presentamos el seguimiento obstétrico e inmunohematológico de 30 casos de gestantes sensibilizadas por anti-Kl. Objetivo: mostrar nuestra experiencia en el manejo clínico e inmunohematológico de gestantes con anti-Kl. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de 30 gestantes con anti-Kl, controladas entre 2005-2012, sobre un N = 48.550 embarazadas. Se estudiaron: compromiso fetal. necesidad de terapéutica intragestacional y posparto, semanas de gestación en el momento del diagnóstico, estado perinatal y complicaciones de las terapéuticas. Además, ABO-Rh, fenotipo materno Rh/Kell, detección e identificación de Acs, título, score, fenotipo Rh/K paterno, seguimiento con ultrasonido para detectar signos de anemia, y desde 2008 control del Pico Sistólico Máximo en arteria cerebral media (PSM-ACM). Resultados: Del total de madres estudiadas, 30 (0,06%) tenían anti-Kl (solo o con anti-D+C, anti-D o anti-Klpa).Títulos de anti-Kl: entre 8 y 8192. De esas solamente 9 (30%) con antecedentes transfusionales. Todos los fetos nacieron vivos. En la mayoría, la inmunización fue leve, sin repercusión en el feto, salvo cuando asociado con Anti-D (quien requirió 5 transfusiones intraútero -TIU- y gammaglobulina intravenosa -lgIV entre semana 14 y 32). Todos los recién nacidos (RN) tuvieron peso y apgar adecuados. Hubieron 2 nacimientos prematuros (36 y 34 sem), 1 por diabetes + hipertensión y el otro con Enfermedad Hemolítica Perinatal (EHP) por anti-D+C. Los PSM-ACM fueron adecuados para cada edad gestacional, y nunca superaron el 1,49 múltiplo de la mediana. excepto en 1 paciente con Anti-D...
Introduction: The main cause of fetal anemia is caused by anti-D antibodies (Abs). Anti-K1 immunization is infrequent but can lead to asevere episode of fetal anemia. Its relative incidence has increased in the last few years due to increasing blood transfusions and diminishing anti-D immunization. We hereby present 30 cases of pregnant women with anti-K1. Objective: To show our experience in handling pregnant women with anti-K1.Materials and methods: Retrospective study of 30 pregnant women with anti-K1, under surveillance in the period 2005-2012, N= 48,550 women. Study outcome measures: fetal condition, peripartum (intravenous globulin [IVlg], intrauterine transfusion [IUT]) therapy. Other measures: gestational age at the moment of diagnostic, perinatal status (abortion, fetal death, regular delivery, Csection or need for induction) and therapy complications. Immunohematology tests: ABO-Rh, maternal Rh/Kell phenotype, Ab screening and identification, titer, score,paternal Rh/K phenotype. In all cases of a mother with anti-K1 and a K+ father, confirmed or suspected, a detailed ultrasound follow-up was carried out to detect signs of anemia and, from 2008 onwards, a control of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV). Immunization was rated as low when no antepartum treatment was necessary, and as severe when such treatment was needed. Results: Out of all the studied women, 30 (0,06%) presented anti-K1 (alone or accompanied by anti-D+C, anti-D or anti-K1 pa). Anti-K1 titers: 8 to 8192. Only 9 (30%) patients informed previous transfusional events. AII fetuses were born alive. ln most pregnancies immunization was low, without any effects on the fetus, except for a case related to Anti-D (requiring 5 IUT and Ivlg between weeks 14 and 32). AII newborns (NB) had adequate weight and apgar readings...