The M2 proteins of bat influenza A viruses reveal atypical features compared to conventional M2 proteins.

The influenza A virus (IAV) M2 protein has proton channel activity, which plays a role in virus uncoating and may help to preserve the metastable conformation of the IAV hemagglutinin (HA). In contrast to the highly conserved M2 proteins of conventional IAV, the primary sequences of bat IAV H17N10 and H18N11 M2 proteins show remarkable divergence, suggesting that these proteins may differ in their biological function. We, therefore, assessed the proton channel activity of bat IAV M2 proteins and investigated its role in virus replication. Here, we show that the M2 proteins of bat IAV did not fully protect acid-sensitive HA of classical IAV from low pH-induced conformational change, indicating low proton channel activity. Interestingly, the N31S substitution not only rendered bat IAV M2 proteins sensitive to inhibition by amantadine but also preserved the metastable conformation of acid-sensitive HA to a greater extent. In contrast, the acid-stable HA of H18N11 did not rely on such support by M2 protein. When mutant M2(N31S) protein was expressed in the context of chimeric H18N11/H5N1(6:2) encoding HA and NA of avian IAV H5N1, amantadine significantly inhibited virus entry, suggesting that ion channel activity supported virus uncoating. Finally, the cytoplasmic domain of the H18N11 M2 protein mediated rapid internalization of the protein from the plasma membrane leading to low-level expression at the cell surface. However, cell surface levels of H18N11 M2 protein were significantly enhanced in cells infected with the chimeric H18N11/H5N1(6:2) virus. The potential role of the N1 sialidase in arresting M2 internalization is discussed. IMPORTANCE Bat IAV M2 proteins not only differ from the homologous proteins of classical IAV by their divergent primary sequence but are also unable to preserve the metastable conformation of acid-sensitive HA, indicating low proton channel activity. This unusual feature may help to avoid M2-mediated cytotoxic effects and inflammation in bats infected with H17N10 or H18N11. Unlike classical M2 proteins, bat IAV M2 proteins with the N31S substitution mediated increased protection of HA from acid-induced conformational change. This remarkable gain of function may help to understand how single point mutations can modulate proton channel activity. In addition, the cytoplasmic domain was found to be responsible for the low cell surface expression level of bat IAV M2 proteins. Given that the M2 cytoplasmic domain of conventional IAV is well known to participate in virus assembly at the plasma membrane, this atypical feature might have consequences for bat IAV budding and egress.

Nonadiabatic Photodynamics of Amantadine and 1-Cyanoadamantane Cations.

Cations of diamondoids and derivatives thereof have recently become the subject of experimental, spectroscopic studies due to their potential role in astrochemistry. In particular, their electronic spectra and photoinduced dynamics trigger great interest. Here, we report on computational investigations of two nitrogen-containing derivatives of the adamantane cation (Ada+, C10H16+), the amantadine cation (Ama+, C10H15NH2+) and the 1-cyanoadamantane cation (Ada-CN+, C10H15CN+). Specifically, we study electronic (vibrationally resolved) spectra and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (modeled using the surface hopping approach based on semiempirical electronic structure theory) of these radical cations. The internal conversion time constants as well as reactive relaxation outcomes (cage-opening and hydrogen loss) are compared for the two derivatives and also with the case of Ada+ [Roy et al., Theor. Chem. Acc.2023, 142, 71]. Remarkably, we find a longer ground-state recovery time for Ada-CN+ than for Ama+ (for the same excitation energy window), despite a smaller excitation energy for the former. Thus, a static energy gap law cannot be used to rationalize nonadiabatic dynamics and excited-state lifetimes in this case: Dynamics and details of the couplings between several states play a decisive role.

Amantadine use in the French prospective NS-Park cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To assess amantadine use and associated factors in the patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). BACKGROUND: Immediate-release amantadine is approved for the treatment of PD and is largely used in clinical practice to treat "levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LIDs). Its use varies according to countries and PD stages. The prospective NS-Park cohort collects features of PD patients followed by 26 French PD Expert Centres. METHODS: Variables used for the analyses included demographics, motor and non-motor PD symptoms and motor complications [motor fluctuations (MFs), LIDs)], antiparkinsonian pharmacological classes and levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD). We evaluated: (i) prevalence of amantadine use and compared clinical features of amantadine users vs. non-users (cross-sectional analysis); (ii) factors associated with amantadine initiation (longitudinal analysis); (iii) amantadine effect on LIDs, MFs, apathy, impulse control disorders and freezing of gait (Fog) (longitudinal analysis). RESULTS: Amantadine use prevalence was 12.6% (1,585/12,542, median dose = 200 mg). Amantadine users were significantly younger, with longer and more severe PD symptoms, greater LEDD and more frequent use of device-aided/surgical treatment. Factors independently associated with amantadine initiation were younger age, longer PD duration, more frequent LIDs, MFs and FoG, higher LEDD and better cognitive function. 9 of the 658 patients on amantadine had stopped it at the following visit, after 12-18 months (1.3%). New users of amantadine presented a higher improvement in LIDs and MF compared to amantadine never users. CONCLUSIONS: About 12% of PD patients within the French NS-Park cohort used amantadine, mostly those with younger age and more severe PD. Amantadine initiation was associated with a subsequent reduction in LIDs and MFs.

Amantadine in unvaccinated patients with early, mild to moderate COVID-19: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Adamantanes were listed as an interesting option as an early intervention against COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of amantadine in preventing the progression of COVID-19 and its neurological sequelae. METHODS: Unvaccinated patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days were enrolled. Subjects were randomized (50:50) to amantadine (AMD; 100 mg twice daily) or placebo (PLB) for 14 days. The Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement of the World Health Organization (OSCI-WHO) was the primary measure. Secondary endpoints included assessment for fatigue; depression, disorders of smell and taste, and sleepiness on Days 1 and 15. RESULTS: We enrolled 99 patients (49 AMD and 50 PLB). Disease progression (OSCI-WHO = 4) was observed in 6% (AMD) and 8% (PLB) patients (p > 0.05) with further deterioration (OSCI-WHO〉4) in 0% (AMD) and 8% (PLB) patients (p > 0.05). Complete recovery on Day 15 was 60% higher in the AMD compared with the PLB group (p = 0.025). There was improvement in taste (AMD: p = 0.003; PLB: p = 0.0001) and smell (AMD: p = 0.005; PLB: p = 0.0004) but not in fatigue in both groups. Improvement was observed in the AMD (p = 0.010) but not in the PLB group (p = 0.058) when assessing depression as well as sleepiness (AMD: p = 0.0002; PLB: p = 0.341). There was one death in the PLB group (2.0%) and none in the AMD group (p > 0.05) until Day 210. Overall, the drug was well tolerated. CONCLUSION: The central effects of amantadine on the nervous system with reduction of sleepiness and depression might have had a supportive effect on faster recovery in early COVID-19 patients.

Amantadine and Rimantadine Inhibit Hepatitis A Virus Replication through the Induction of Autophagy.

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Furthermore, HAV causes acute liver failure or acute-on-chronic liver failure. However, no potent anti-HAV drugs are currently available in the clinical situations. There have been some reports that amantadine, a broad-spectrum antiviral, suppresses HAV replication in vitro. Therefore, we examined the effects of amantadine and rimantadine, derivates of adamantane, on HAV replication, and investigated the mechanisms of these drugs. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of amantadine and rimantadine on HAV HM175 genotype IB subgenomic replicon replication and HAV HA11-1299 genotype IIIA replication in cell culture infection systems. Amantadine and rimantadine significantly inhibited HAV replication at the post-entry stage in Huh7 cells. HAV infection inhibited autophagy by suppressing the autophagy marker light chain 3 and reducing number of lysosomes. Proteomic analysis on HAV-infected Huh7 cells treated by amantadine and rimantadine revealed the changes of the expression levels in 42 of 373 immune response-related proteins. Amantadine and rimantadine inhibited HAV replication, partially through the enhancement of autophagy. Taken together, our results suggest a novel mechanism by which HAV replicates along with the inhibition of autophagy and that amantadine and rimantadine inhibit HAV replication by enhancing autophagy. IMPORTANCE Amantadine, a nonspecific antiviral medication, also effectively inhibits HAV replication. Autophagy is an important cellular mechanism in several virus-host cell interactions. The results of this study provide evidence indicating that autophagy is involved in HAV replication and plays a role in the HAV life cycle. In addition, amantadine and its derivative rimantadine suppress HAV replication partly by enhancing autophagy at the post-entry phase of HAV infection in human hepatocytes. Amantadine may be useful for the control of acute HAV infection by inhibiting cellular autophagy pathways during HAV infection processes.

Amantadine for NeuroenhaNcement in acutE patients Study - a protocol for a prospective pilot proof of concept phase IIb study in intensive and intermediate care unit patients (ANNES).

BACKGROUND: Persisting coma is a common complication in (neuro)intensive care in neurological disease such as acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Amantadine acts as a nicotinic receptor antagonist, dopamine receptor agonist and non-competitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. Amantadine is a long-known drug, originally approved for treatment of influenza A and Parkinson`s Disease. It has been proven effective in improving vigilance after traumatic brain injury. The underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown, albeit anti-glutamatergic and dopaminergic effects might be most relevant. With limited evidence of amantadine efficacy in non-traumatic pathologies, the aim of our study is to assess the effects of amantadine for neuroenhancement in non-traumatic neurointensive patients with persisting coma. METHODS: An investigator-initiated, monocenter, phase IIb proof of concept open-label pilot study will be carried out. Based on the Simon design, 43 adult (neuro)intensive care patients who meet the clinical criteria of persisting coma not otherwise explained and < 8 points on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) will be recruited. Amantadine will be administered intravenously for five days at a dosage of 100 mg bid. The primary endpoint is an improvement of at least 3 points on the GCS. If participants present as non-responders (increase < 3 points or decrease on the GCS) within the first 48 h, the dosage will be doubled from day three to five. Secondary objectives aim to demonstrate that amantadine improves vigilance via alternative scales. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse events will be investigated and electroencephalography (EEG) will be recorded at baseline and end of treatment. DISCUSSION: The results of our study will help to systematically assess the clinical utility of amantadine for treatment of persisting coma in non-traumatic brain injury. We expect that, in the face of only moderate treatment risk, a relevant number of patients will benefit from amantadine medication by improved vigilance (GCS increase of at least 3 points) finally leading to a better rehabilitation potential and improved functional neurological outcome. Further, the EEG data will allow evaluation of brain network states in relation to vigilance and potentially outcome prediction in this study cohort. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05479032.

Antiglycoxidative properties of amantadine - a systematic review and comprehensive in vitro study.

An important drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is amantadine. We are the first to perform a comprehensive study based on various glycation and oxidation factors, determining the impact of amantadine on protein glycoxidation. Sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) and aldehydes (glyoxal, methylglyoxal) were used as glycation agents, and chloramine T was used as an oxidant. Glycoxidation biomarkers in albumin treated with amantadine were generally not different from the control group (glycation/oxidation factors), indicating that the drug did not affect oxidation and glycation processes. Molecular docking analysis did not reveal strong binding sites of amantadine on the bovine serum albumin structure. Although amantadine poorly scavenged hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, it had significantly lower antioxidant and antiglycation effect than all protein oxidation and glycation inhibitors. In some cases, amantadine even demonstrated glycoxidant, proglycation, and prooxidant properties. In summary, amantadine exhibited weak antioxidant properties and a lack of antiglycation activity.

Ethical challenges of clinical trials with a repurposed drug in outbreaks.

Drug repurposing is a strategy of identifying new potential uses for already existing drugs. Many researchers adopted this method to identify treatment or prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the considerable number of repurposed drugs that were evaluated, only some of them were labeled for new indications. In this article, we present the case of amantadine, a drug commonly used in neurology that attracted new attention during the COVID-19 outbreak. This example illustrates some of the ethical challenges associated with the launch of clinical trials to evaluate already approved drugs. In our discussion, we follow the ethics framework for prioritization of COVID-19 clinical trials proposed by Michelle N Meyer and colleagues (2021). We focus on four criteria: social value, scientific validity, feasibility, and consolidation/collaboration. We claim that launching amantadine trials was ethically justified. Although the scientific value was anticipated to be low, unusually, the social value was expected to be high. This was because of significant social interest in the drug. In our view, this strongly supports the need for evidence to justify why the drug should not be prescribed or privately accessed by interested parties. Otherwise, a lack of evidence-based argument could enhance its uncontrolled use. With this paper, we join the discussion on the lessons learned from the pandemic. Our findings will help to improve future efforts to decide on the launch of clinical trials on approved drugs when dealing with the widespread off-label use of the drug.

[Determination of amantadine, rimantadine and dimethylamantadine residues in poultry by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for determination of amantadine, rimantadine and dimethylamantadine residues in poultry matrix by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. METHODS: Poultry samples were extracted with acid acetonitrile, salting out, and then the organic phase was cleaned up by C_(18) and PSA. A Waters ACQUITYTM UPLC HSS T3 column(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 mm)was used for liquid chromatography separation, ESI positive ion scan was used with multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode and quantified by matrix-matched external standard method. RESULTS: At the spiked level of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 µg/kg, the recoveries of each compound were in the range of 81.3%-91.1% with the relative standard deviations of 6.5%-11.3%. The qualitative limits of detections were 0.06-0.2 µg/kg and the quantitative limits were 0.2-0.5 µg/kg for the 3 target compounds. The established method was applied to the detection of the 3 target compounds in 30 poultry samples, and none of the target compounds exceeded the residue limits. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, rapid, high sensitivity and good stability, with a wide variety and a certain development. It can be used for the daily monitoring of the veterinary drug residues in poultry.

Abuse of amantadine in poultry may be associated with higher fatality rate of H5N1 infections in humans.

Amantadine, an antiviral drug, has been widely used in human anti-influenza treatments. However, several highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses show amantadine-resistance mutations in the viral matrix 2 (M2) protein. Here we analyzed global H5N1 sequencing data and calculate possible correlations between frequencies of key mutations in M2 and the mortality rates. We found that the frequency of L26I/V27A mutation in M2 (isolated from both human and avian hosts) is linearly correlated with the mortality rates of human H5N1 infections. The significant correlation between M2 mutations in avians and the mortality rates in humans suggests that the pre-existence of L26I/V27A in birds may determine patient fatalities after transinfections from avian to human hosts. 100% prevalence of L26I/V27A mutation increased the mortality rates from 51% (95% confidence interval [CI] 37%-65%) to 89% (95% CI 88%-90%). Mutations involving Leu26 or Val27 were identified to be the major mutations emerging from drug selection pressure. Thus the emergence of the super H5N1 virus with a fatality of over 90% may be attributed to the abuse of amantadine in poultry, especially in some southeast Asian countries. A more stringent control to antiviral veterinary drugs is imperative.

Opening of the Diamondoid Cage upon Ionization Probed by Infrared Spectra of the Amantadine Cation Solvated by Ar, N2 , and H2 O.

Radical cations of diamondoids, a fundamental class of very stable cyclic hydrocarbon molecules, play an important role in their functionalization reactions and the chemistry of the interstellar medium. Herein, we characterize the structure, energy, and intermolecular interaction of clusters of the amantadine radical cation (Ama+ , 1-aminoadamantane) with solvent molecules of different interaction strength by infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy of mass-selected Ama+ Ln clusters, with L=Ar (n≤3) and L=N2 and H2 O (n=1), and dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations (B3LYP-D3/cc-pVTZ). Three isomers of Ama+ generated by electron ionization are identified by the vibrational properties of their rather different NH2 groups. The ligands bind preferentially to the acidic NH2 protons, and the strength of the NH…L ionic H-bonds are probed by the solvation-induced red-shifts in the NH stretch modes. The three Ama+ isomers include the most abundant canonical cage isomer (I) produced by vertical ionization, which is separated by appreciable barriers from two bicyclic distonic iminium ions obtained from cage-opening (primary radical II) and subsequent 1,2 H-shift (tertiary radical III), the latter of which is the global minimum on the Ama+ potential energy surface. The effect of solvation on the energetics of the potential energy profile revealed by the calculations is consistent with the observed relative abundance of the three isomers. Comparison to the adamantane cation indicates that substitution of H by the electron-donating NH2 group substantially lowers the barriers for the isomerization reaction.

A Phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study of ADS-5102 (Amantadine) extended-release capsules in people with multiple sclerosis and walking impairment.

BACKGROUND: ADS-5102, a delayed-release, extended-release (DR/ER) amantadine, improved walking speed in MS in a Phase 2 trial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present primary results of a Phase 3, double-blind, ADS-5102 trial (INROADS) for walking speed. METHODS: Adult participants with MS and walking impairment, not currently using amantadine or dalfampridine, underwent 4-week placebo run-in before randomization 1:1:1 to placebo, 137 or 274 mg/day ADS-5102 for 12 weeks. Primary outcome was the proportion of responders (20% increase in Timed 25-Foot Walk (T25FW) speed) for 274 mg ADS-5102 versus placebo at end of double-blind (Study Week 16). Additional measures included Timed Up and Go (TUG), 2-Minute Walk Test (2MWT), and 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (MSWS-12). RESULTS: In total, 558 participants were randomized and received double-blind treatment. Significantly more participants responded with 274 mg ADS-5102 (21.1%) versus placebo (11.3%). Mean T25FW speed also significantly improved (0.19 ft/s) versus placebo (0.07 ft/s). Other measures were not significant using prespecified hierarchical testing procedure. Adverse events led to discontinuation for 3.8% (placebo), 6.4% (137 mg ADS-5102), and 20.5% (274 mg ADS-5102). CONCLUSION: INROADS met its primary endpoint, showing a significantly greater proportion of participants with meaningful improvement in walking speed for 274 mg ADS-5102 versus placebo. Numeric dose response was seen for some secondary efficacy outcomes and adverse events.

Amantadine treatment and delayed onset of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common motor complication in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although amantadine is indicated for LID treatment, it is uncertain whether early treatment with amantadine reduces the risk of LID in patients with PD. We aimed to evaluate the association between amantadine treatment and LID onset in patients with early-stage PD. METHODS: This was a hospital-based retrospective cohort study that used electronic medical records from January 1, 2009 to October 31, 2016. The effect of amantadine on LID onset was compared with those of anticholinergics and monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors in patients with PD. Propensity-score weighting and landmark analysis were used to reduce potential confounding. The time to LID onset was analyzed using Cox models. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the robustness of the results. RESULTS: The analyses included 807, 661, and 518 patients at 6-, 12-, and 18-month landmark points, respectively. Amantadine use was associated with delayed LID onset in the 6- and 12-month landmark analyses, with adjusted hazard ratios of 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49-0.86) and 0.64 (95% CI = 0.47-0.88), respectively. Sensitivity analysis findings were comparable to those of the main analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Early treatment with amantadine may delay LID onset more than treatment with other symptomatic agents. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of amantadine in LID onset delay and to validate our findings.

Amantadine therapy for Parkinson's Disease: In Vivo Confocal Microscopy corneal findings, case report and revision of literature.

BACKGROUND: To report a case of a patient showing bilateral corneal opacities after amantadine chronic treatment for Parkinson's Disease (PD) and corneal edema associated with intra-epithelial and -endothelial depositions. After amantadine discontinuation a complete clinical remission with only a partial ultrastructural corneal recovery was reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 78-year-old man with non-medical-responding bilateral corneal edema in treatment with systemic Amantadine for PD. In vivo confocal Microscopy (IVCM) analysis revealed hyperreflective particles at the epithelial level and expanded hyperreflective keratocyte and a disarrangement of stromal lamellae; endothelial cells showed hyperreflective intracellular inclusions in central and in peripheral areas with central polymegatism and pleomorphism. After 1 and 6 months the amantadine discontinuation, the absence of bilateral corneal edema and opacities were noted at the slit lamp examination, associated with the disappearance of epithelial and stromal abnormalities, but the persistence of endothelial hyperreflective deposits with a pleomorphism and polymegatism worsening at the IVCM exam. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of a patient's cornea 6 months after the discontinuation of systemic amantadine therapy showed a clinical complete remission, with a complete resolution of the bilateral corneal oedema. On the other hand, ultrastructurally, amantadine toxicity is a completely reversible phenomenon at the epithelial level; conversely IVCM showed persistent endothelial degradation.

Possible involvement of NO-cGMP signaling in the antidepressant like Effect of Amantadine in mice.

In the present study, antidepressant like effect of amantadine was studied in mice using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). Further the effect of amantadine treatment on the brain nitrite, glutamate and serotonin levels was also determined. Amantadine (AMT) (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to the mice and after 30 min of administration the mice were subjected to TST and FST. It was observed that the administration of AMT (100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the immobility period of mice in TST and FST significantly as compared to control. The findings from the whole brain neurochemical assay suggested that the AMT (100 and 150 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment decreased the brain nitrite and glutamate level but increased the brain serotonin significantly as compared to control. Further the influence of NO-cGMP signaling in the antidepressant like effect of amantadine was also determined. It was observed that the NO donor (i.e. L-Arginine (50 mg/kg, i.p.)) potentiated the effect elicited by AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) in FST and decreased the brain serotonin level of AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mice. Further the pretreatment of cGMP modulator (i.e. Sildenafil (1 mg/kg, i.p.)) potentiated the behavioral effect elicited by AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) in TST and FST and decreased the brain nitrite and glutamate level of AMT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mice. In conclusion, amantadine exerted antidepressant like effect in mice and NO-cGMP signaling influences the antidepressant like effect of amantadine in mice.

Amantadine, a promising therapeutic agent against viral encephalopathy and retinopathy.

Outbreaks of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in marine and freshwater species severely devastate the aquaculture worldwide. The causative agent of VER is nervous necrosis virus (NNV), which mainly infects the early developmental stages of fish, limiting the effectiveness of vaccines. To counter this case, the anti-NNV potentials of nine drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity were explored using ribavirin as a positive drug. Toxicity of the selected drugs to SSN-1 cells and grouper was firstly evaluated to determine the safety concentrations. For screening in vitro, amantadine and oseltamivir phosphate can relieve the cytopathic effects and inhibit NNV replication with the 90% inhibitory concentrations (IC90 ) of 38.74 and 106.75 mg/L, respectively. Amantadine has a stronger anti-NNV activity than ribavirin at the with- and post-NNV infection stages, indicating that it is a potential therapeutic agent against VER by acting directly on NNV. Similarly, amantadine also has a strong anti-NNV activity in vivo with the IC90 of 27.91 mg/L at the 7 days post-infection, while that was 73.25 mg/L for ribavirin. Following exposure to amantadine (40 mg/L) and ribavirin (100 mg/L) for 7 days, the survival rates of NNV-infected grouper were increased to 44% and 39%, respectively. The maximum amantadine content (11.88 mg/Kg) in grouper brain was reached following exposure for 24 hr, and amantadine can be quickly excreted from fish, reducing the risk of drug residue. Results so far indicated that amantadine is a promising therapeutic agent against NNV in aquaculture, providing an effective strategy for VER control at the early developmental stages of fish.

Efficacy and safety of amantadine as a treatment for apathy after brain injury: Two single-case experimental design studies.

Studies on the efficacy of amantadine as a treatment for apathy after brain injury are scarce and of low quality. We examined the efficacy and safety of amantadine for treatment of apathy in two individuals with brain injury.Two double-blind, randomized, single-case experimental (baseline-amantadine-placebo-withdrawal) design (SCED) studies. Apathy measures included a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) apathy subscale and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for Adults "Initiate" subscale. Safety measures included a rating scale of possible side effects of amantadine and physical examinations.No difference in apathy symptoms (VAS) between baseline and amantadine phase was found in case 1 (NAP = 0.55). Surprisingly, in case 2, apathy symptoms deteriorated from baseline to amantadine phase (NAP = 0.28, 90% CI = -0.69 to -0.20) and improved from amantadine to placebo phase (NAP = 0.92, 90% CI = 0.60-1.00). This improvement was also found on the NPI apathy subscale. Side effects of amantadine were observed in case 2.In this SCED study, amantadine did not improve apathy symptoms in two individuals with brain injury. However, this study shows that side effects of amantadine can occur which lead to a significant decrease in well-being. More high quality studies are required.

Anticancer Activity of Amantadine and Evaluation of Its Interactions with Selected Cytostatics in Relation to Human Melanoma Cells.

Patients with Parkinson's disease are prone to a higher incidence of melanoma. Amantadine (an anti-Parkinson drug) possesses the antiproliferative potential that can be favorable when combined with other chemotherapeutics. Cisplatin (CDDP) and mitoxantrone (MTO) are drugs used in melanoma chemotherapy, but they have many side effects. (1) Clinical observations revealed a high incidence of malignant melanoma in patients with Parkinson's disease. Amantadine as an anti-Parkinson drug alleviates symptoms of Parkinson's disease and theoretically, it should have anti-melanoma properties. (2) To characterize the interaction profile for combinations of amantadine with CDDP and MTO in four human melanoma cell lines (A375, SK-MEL 28, FM55P and FM55M2), type I isobolographic analysis was used in the MTT test. (3) Amantadine produces the anti-proliferative effects in various melanoma cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that amantadine induced apoptosis and G1/S phase cell cycle arrest. Western blotting analysis showed that amantadine markedly decreased cyclin-D1 protein levels and increased p21 levels. Additionally, amantadine significantly increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The combined application of amantadine with CDDP at the fixed-ratio of 1:1 exerted an additive interaction in the four studied cell lines in the MTT test. In contrast, the combination of amantadine with MTO (ratio of 1:1) produced synergistic interaction in the FM55M2 cell line in the MTT (* p < 0.05). The combination of amantadine with MTO was also additive in the remaining tested cell lines (A375, FM55P and SK-MEL28) in the MTT test. (4) Amantadine combined with MTO exerted the most desirable synergistic interaction, as assessed isobolographically. Additionally, the exposure of melanoma cell lines to amantadine in combination with CDDP or MTO augmented the induction of apoptosis mediated by amantadine alone.

Comparison of LC-MS3 and LC-MRM Methods for Quantifying Amantadine and Its Application in Therapeutic Amantadine Monitoring in Human Plasma.

A simple sample preprocessing method was developed for the quantitative determination of amantadine (AMT) in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry cubed (LC-MS3). The LC-MS3 system comprised a Shimadzu Exion LC-20AD HPLC pump coupled with a QTRAP 5500 mass spectrometer. First, the plasma samples were pretreated using acetonitrile as the extracting solution to precipitate protein. Next, amantadine and amantadine-d15 (AMT-d15) were separated on an Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 50 mm, 2.7 µm) using isocratic elution with solvent A (70% 0.1% formic acid) and solvent B (30% acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The total run time for each sample was 3 min. The system used triple-stage fragmentation transitions at m/z 152.2→135.3→107.4 for AMT quantification in the positive ion mode and m/z 167.0→150.3→118.1 for AMT-d15 quantification. The LC-MS3 assay was linear (r > 0.995) with a concentration range of 50−1500 ng/mL. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 50 ng/mL, and the intra-day and inter-day accuracies and precisions were less than 8.0% at all concentrations. In addition, the recoveries and matrix effect for AMT in human plasma were within acceptable limits. In terms of stability, AMT had no significant degradation under all conditions. All the results met the requirements of the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for biological method validation. The novelty of the MS3 assay was that it presented a methodology with higher selectivity and sensitivity. This method was successfully applied to 44 human plasma samples, and the obtained quantitative results were compared with another liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) method. The Passing-Bablok regression coefficients and Bland-Altman plot revealed no difference between the LC-MS3 and LC-MRM methods, implying that the developed LC-MS3 method is a reliable and accurate assay for AMT determination in human plasma. These results are also a proof of concept for determining chemicals in biological samples by the LC-MS3 strategy.

Delayed amantadine toxicity causing apparent progression of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Amantadine is sometimes used to treat fatigue in multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVES: To report a patient with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) who developed late-onset side effects of amantadine which were initially felt to represent a progression of her SPMS. METHODS: A single retrospective case report. RESULTS: Symptoms of cognitive deterioration, ataxia and hallucinations resolved completely on cessation of the amantadine she had been prescribed several years beforehand. CONCLUSION: Clinicians involved in the management of the symptoms of SPMS should be aware of the potential for cumulative side effects of drugs used to treat symptoms and consider their potential role in precipitating neurological deterioration.