Occupational Mobility and Chronic Health Conditions in Middle and Later Life: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Occupational mobility at various stages in the life course may have a cumulative impact on health outcomes and trajectory. This study aims to (1) systematically review empirical evidence regarding the impact of intergenerational and intra-generational occupational mobility on chronic health conditions in middle and later life; and (2) assess the collective evidence on the health consequences of different types of occupational mobility. METHOD: A systematic review of literature was carried out by searching three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and SocINDEX) and the reference lists. Eligible studies examined the impact of occupational mobility on at least one chronic health condition among adults aged 35 years or above. The quality of each included study was assessed by standardized tools. RESULTS: Out of 170 identified publications, 16 studies based on 12 independent data sets met the inclusion criteria. There is moderately strong evidence that downward intergenerational occupational mobility and stable low occupational status across generations were associated with worse chronic health conditions. The relationships to chronic health conditions were more pronounced for intergenerational occupational mobility than for intra-generational occupational mobility. Gender differences were observed in the relationship between occupational mobility and health. CONCLUSION: Career advancement interventions should target both the career starters and older employees. More generous unemployment insurance systems are suggested in less egalitarian countries, especially during economic recession periods. Future studies of occupational mobility should give more attention to women and people from developing and Eastern countries.

Public health insurance and the labor market: Evidence from China's Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance.

This study provides empirical evidence on the labor market effects of public health insurance using evidence from China. In 2007, China launched a national public health insurance program, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI), targeting residents in urban areas who were not insured by employment-based health insurance. Using panel data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, I identify the impacts of the program based on its staggered implementation across cities. I find that URBMI did not have a significant average causal effect on labor force participation. However, it did increase employment mobility, as evidenced by the decrease in long-term employment and expansion of fixed-term contract jobs and self-employment. After the program was implemented, job lock declined and job flexibility increased, especially among women, the less educated, and individuals with good health status. The results also suggest increased employment for unhealthy workers, indicating a direct health improvement effect.

U.S. Occupational Mobility of Children of Immigrants Based on Parents' Origin-Country Occupation.

This study provides a national-level assessment of occupational mobility and early-career attainment of children of immigrants based on parents' origin-country occupation. Exploiting unique aspects of the Educational Longitudinal Study, we examine how parent-child U.S. intergenerational occupational mobility patterns and child occupational attainment differ based on parental premigration occupational status (i.e., low- vs. high-skilled) and parental postmigration occupational mobility (i.e., upward, same, or downward). Our results suggest misestimation in intergenerational mobility research if parents' origin-country occupation is excluded. Including parents' origin-country occupation, we find that the children of immigrants are recovering from instances of parental occupational downgrading, building on parental advances, and advancing where parents could not. Furthermore, most children of immigrants do as well or better occupationally than children of non-Hispanic White natives. Strong educational investments help explain this advantage, particularly for children of high-skilled immigrants. However, results indicate that all children of immigrants would attain even more if they faced fewer postmigration barriers, especially children of low-skilled immigrants. These results advance immigrant selection and assimilation theories by demonstrating how pre- and postmigration factors influence occupational attainment of children of immigrants.

Does Skin Tone Matter? Immigrant Mobility in the U.S. Labor Market.

A rich literature has documented the negative association between dark skin tone and many dimensions of U.S.-born Americans' life chances. Despite the importance of both skin tone and immigration in the American experience, few studies have explored the effect of skin tone on immigrant assimilation longitudinally. I analyze data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS) 2003 to examine how skin tone is associated with occupational achievement at three time points: the last job held abroad, the first job held in the United States, and the current job. Dark-skinned immigrants experience steeper downward mobility at arrival in the United States and slower subsequent upward mobility relative to light-skinned immigrants, net of human and social capital, race/ethnicity, country of origin, visa type, and demographics. These findings shed light on multiple current literatures, including segmented assimilation theory, the multidimensionality of race, and the U.S. racial hierarchy.

A Second Look at the Process of Occupational Feminization and Pay Reduction in Occupations.

Using the IPUMS-USA data for the years 1960-2015, this study examines trends in the effect of occupational feminization on occupational pay in the U.S. labor market and explores some of the mechanisms underlying these trends. The findings show that the (negative) association between occupational feminization and occupational pay level has declined, becoming insignificent in 2015. This trend, however, is reversed after education is controlled for at the individual as well as the occupational level. The two opposite trends are discussed in light of the twofold effect of education: (1) the entry of women into occupations requiring high education, and (2) the growing returns to education and to occupations with higher educational requirements. These two processes have concealed the deterioration in occupational pay following feminization. The findings underscore the significance of structural forms of gender inequality in general, and occupational devaluation in particular.

Downward occupational mobility of baccalaureate-prepared, internationally educated nurses to licensed practical nurses.

AIM: This study explored the experience of baccalaureate-prepared, internationally educated nurses who work as licensed practical nurses in Canada. BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION: Internationally educated nurses experience several barriers to workforce integration on arrival in destination countries. Given these barriers, evidence suggests that internationally educated nurses sometimes experience downward occupational mobility and deskilling in destination countries. Some baccalaureate-prepared, internationally educated nurses work as licensed practical nurses in destination countries, but there is minimal research on this population. METHODS: We used an exploratory transnational feminist qualitative research design. Following ethics approval, a total of 14 baccalaureate-prepared, internationally educated nurses who currently or recently worked as practical nurses in Canada were interviewed for the study. Data were thematically analysed with the aide of NVivo 11 data software. RESULTS: Our results revealed four key themes related to the experiences of this group of nurses: they migrate to Canada with hope for a better personal and professional life; they experience barriers to workforce integration as registered nurses and discover an easier path in the licensed practical nurse registration process; they experience deskilling and ambivalent skill recognition; and they feel dissatisfied as a licensed practical nurse in Canada. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: There is a need for policy to support the upward mobility of baccalaureate-prepared, internationally educated nurses who work as practical nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY: Implications for policymakers include the need to address the barriers to becoming registered nurses, including application processing times and lack of adequate access to educational programmes.

Inter-generational micro-class mobility during and after socialism: The power, education, autonomy, capital, and horizontal (PEACH) model in Hungary.

We propose a theoretical model of how occupational mobility operates differently under socialism than under market regimes. Our model specifies four vertical dimensions of occupational resources-power, education, autonomy, and capital-plus a horizontal dimension consisting of linkages among occupations in the same economic branch. Given the nature of state socialist political-economic institutions, we expect power to exhibit much stronger effects in the socialist mobility regime, while autonomy and capital should play greater stratifying roles after the market transition. Education should have stable effects, and horizontal linkages should diminish in strength with market reforms. We estimate our model's parameters using data from surveys conducted in Hungary during and after the socialist period. We adopt a micro-class approach, though we test it against approaches that use more aggregated class categories. Our model provides a superior fit to other mobility models, and our results confirm our hypotheses about the distinctive features of the state socialist mobility regime. Mobility researchers often look for common patterns characterizing mobility in all industrialized societies. Our findings suggest that national institutions can produce fundamentally distinct patterns of mobility.

A New Infrastructure for Monitoring Social Mobility in the United States.

The country's capacity to monitor trends in social mobility has languished since the last major survey on U.S. social mobility was fielded in 1973. It is accordingly difficult to evaluate recent concerns that social mobility may be declining or to develop mobility policy that is adequately informed by evidence. This article presents a new initiative, dubbed the American Opportunity Study (AOS), that would allow the country to monitor social mobility efficiently and with great accuracy. The AOS entails developing the country's capacity to link records across decennial censuses, the American Community Survey, and administrative sources. If an AOS of this sort were assembled, it would open up new fields of social science inquiry; increase opportunities for evidence-based policy on poverty, mobility, child development, and labor markets; and otherwise constitute a new social science resource with much reach and impact.

Linked lives: intergenerational transmission of labour-market pathways between parent dyads and children.

While a vast number of studies confirm the transmission of labour-market disadvantages from one generation to the next, less is known about how parents' interconnected labour-market pathways co-evolve and shape the opportunities and obstacles for their children's future careers. This study uses a multidimensional view of intergenerational transmission by describing the most typical pathways of parents' occupational careers and assesses how these patterns are associated with their children's labour-market outcomes. Drawing on Swedish longitudinal register data, we used multichannel sequence analysis to follow a cohort of people born in 1985 (n = 72,409) and their parents across 26 years. We identified four parental earning models, differentiating between (1) dual earners with high wages, (2) dual earners with low-wage, (3) one-and-a-half-earners and (4) mother as the main breadwinner. Regression analysis shows strong intergenerational transmission among the most advantageous trajectories, with education as a key determinant for young people to become less dependent on family resources. This study stresses the importance of intra-couple perspectives in life course research to understand how inequalities are shaped and preserved across generations.

The occupation space: network structure, centrality and the potential of labor mobility in the French labor market.

This article presents the Occupation Space, a weighted and directed network of occupations built from an extensive database that tracks French workers employment trajectories between 2003 and 2015. In this network, the links between occupations stands for the easiness to switch from one occupation to another that we interpret as being a good proxy for skill proximity between occupations. The article first describes the structural characteristics of the network. We show that some occupations offer workers important redeployment possibilities to other occupations. Then we use information on the centrality of occupations in the network to analyze its correlation with wage premium and unemployment duration. Our results show that the network-based index of centrality is informative of the sources of several labor market outcomes and inequalities.

Impact of Occupational Risks of Medical Staff on Willingness to Occupational Mobility in COVID-19 Pandemic.

Purpose: Medical staff are a crucial resource in the battle against the COVID-19 pandemic but are vulnerable to both SARS-CoV-2 infection and negative psychological outcomes. This study evaluated medical staff's occupational risks, professional identity, and occupational mobility intention during the pandemic. Patients and Methods: The questionnaire was anonymous. All respondents were Chinese medical personnel. Results: Our findings suggest that the professional risks faced by medical professionals can enhance their professional mobility willingness and weaken their professional identity. They cannot only directly enhance their professional mobility willingness but also indirectly strengthen their professional mobility willingness through professional identity. The objective support and subjective support obtained by medical professionals cannot only alleviate the negative impact of occupational risk on professional identity alone but also jointly, and in the process of their joint mitigation, the former has been internalized and absorbed, while the latter has a stronger mitigation effect. The objective support and subjective support obtained by medical professionals can neither alone nor jointly alleviate the direct and positive impact of occupational risk on the willingness of occupational mobility. Conclusion: The occupational risks faced by medical personnel can improve their willingness to move professionally and weaken their occupational identity. Early screening of high-risk groups for turnover intention among health care workers and more psychosocial health care and physical protection are needed during the COVID-19 pandemic in China.

Those who can't sort, steal: caste, occupational mobility, and rent-seeking in rural India.

Three important features of Indian labor markets enduringly coexist: rent-seeking, occupational immobility, and caste. These facts are puzzling, given theories that predict static, equilibrium social inequality without conflict. Our model explains these facts as an equilibrium outcome. Some people switch caste-associated occupations for an easier source of rents, rather than for productivity. This undermines trust between castes and shuts down occupational mobility, which further encourages rent-seeking due to an inability of workers to sort into occupations. We motivate our contribution with novel stylized facts exploiting a unique survey question on casteism in India, which we show is associated with rent-seeking.

Unequal Occupational Mobilities Between Rural Migrant and Urban Resident Workers in Urban China.

The current scholarship on inequality of occupational attainment between rural migrant workers (RMW) and urban resident workers (URW) is largely dominated by evidence suggesting a landscape of occupational segregation, whilst there is a lack of studies researching the equality of occupational mobility. To fill this gap, this study compares the occupational mobilities between RMW and URW in China's urban labor market. Three heatmaps are used to visualize the differences between these two groups in the outflow distributions of occupational mobility. The results show a marked disadvantage of RMW's mobility into white-collar occupations and a relatively high tendency for them to move to or to stay in the manual and agricultural occupations.

The anatomy of job polarisation in the UK.

This paper studies the contribution of different skill groups to the polarisation of the UK labour market. We show that the large increase in graduate numbers contributed to the substantial reallocation of employment from middling to top occupations which is the main feature of the polarisation process in the UK over the past three decades. The increase in the number of immigrants, on the other hand, does not account for any particular aspect of the polarisation in the UK. Changes in the skill mix of the workforce account for most of the decline in routine employment across the occupational distribution, but within-group changes account for most of the decline in routine occupations in middling occupations. In addition, there is no clear indication of polarisation within all skill groups-a fact that previous literature has cited as evidence that technology drives the decline of middling occupations. These findings differ substantially from previous evidence on the US and cast doubts on the role of technology as the main driver of polarisation in the UK.

Frequency of employer changes and their financial return: gender differences amongst German university graduates.

Gender differences in the frequency of employer changes and their financial return were examined in a sample of Bavarian university graduates. The search and matching theories were used to develop hypotheses which were then tested against each other. The results show that in the first few years after graduation women change employer more frequently than men. In large part this can be explained by gender differences in labor market structures, in particular the fact that a woman's first job is less likely to be in a large company, in an executive position or on a permanent contract and women tend to be less satisfied with their first job. After controlling for variance in these factors the coefficient changes sign, indicating that under similar circumstances men change employer more often. Furthermore, both men and women benefit financially from changing employer. The absolute return is higher for men, but as men tend to have a higher starting salary there is no gender difference in the relative return and hence no effect on the gender gap. The results are also discussed in the light of the specifics of the structure of the German labor market.

As relações entre o ciclo de vida profissional dos docentes e a prática pedagógica na disciplina curricular de Educação Física escolar / The relationships between the professional life cycle of teachers and pedagogical practice in school Physical Education / Las relaciones entre el ciclo de vida profesional del docente y la prática pedagógica en la disciplina curricular de Educación Física en la escuela

Este estudo de abordagem qualitativa teve como objetivo caracterizar artigos publicados de 2014 até 2021 que analisam as relações entre o ciclo de vida profissional e a prática pedagógica na Educação Física escolar. Foi feita uma revisão sistemática buscando artigos nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e em periódicos da área qualificados entre A1 e B3 a partir da Plataforma Sucupira. Foram encontrados 14 artigos que, após analisados, permitiram concluir que o tempo de profissão é um elemento importante para aprimoramento didático, tendo em vista as limitações da formação inicial. As experiências práticas e a formação continuada trazem grandes contribuições para a carreira docente e assim o indivíduo constrói gradativamente a sua identidade profissional a partir da fase em que ele se encontra (AU).

This qualitative study aimed to characterize articles published from 2014 to 2021 that analyze the relationships between the professional life cycle and pedagogical practice in Physical Education. A systematic review was carried out looking for articles in the LILACS, SciELO databases and in journals in the area qualified between A1 and B3 from the Sucupira Platform. Fourteen articles were found, which, after being analyzed, allowed us to conclude that time in the profession is an important element for didactic improvement, in view of the limitations of initial training. Practical experiences and continuing education bring great contributions to the teaching career and thus the individual gradually builds his professional identity from the stage in which he finds himself (AU).

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2021 que analizan las relaciones entre el ciclo de vida profesional y la práctica pedagógica en Educación Física. Se realizó una revisión sistemática buscando artículos en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO y en revistas del área calificadas entre A1 y B3 de la Plataforma Sucupira. Se encontraron catorce artículos que, luego de ser analizados, permitieron concluir que el tiempo en la profesión es un elemento importante para la mejora didáctica, frente a las limitaciones de la formación inicial. Las experiencias prácticas y la formación continua aportan grandes aportes a la carrera docente y así el individuo va construyendo su identidad profesional desde la etapa en la que se encuentra (AU).

As relações entre o ciclo de vida profissional dos docentes e a prática pedagógica na disciplina curricular de Educação Física escolar / The relationships between the professional life cycle of teachers and pedagogical practice in school Physical Education / Las relaciones entre el ciclo de vida profesional del docente y la prática pedagógica en la disciplina curricular de Educación Física en la escuela

Este estudo de abordagem qualitativa teve como objetivo caracterizar artigos publicados de 2014 até 2021 que analisam as relações entre o ciclo de vida profissional e a prática pedagógica na Educação Física escolar. Foi feita uma revisão sistemática buscando artigos nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e em periódicos da área qualificados entre A1 e B3 a partir da Plataforma Sucupira. Foram encontrados 14 artigos que, após analisados, permitiram concluir que o tempo de profissão é um elemento importante para aprimoramento didático, tendo em vista as limitações da formação inicial. As experiências práticas e a formação continuada trazem grandes contribuições para a carreira docente e assim o indivíduo constrói gradativamente a sua identidade profissional a partir da fase em que ele se encontra.

This qualitative study aimed to characterize articles published from 2014 to 2021 that analyze the relationships between the professional life cycle and pedagogical practice in Physical Education. A systematic review was carried out looking for articles in the LILACS, SciELO databases and in journals in the area qualified between A1 and B3 from the Sucupira Platform. Fourteen articles were found, which, after being analyzed, allowed us to conclude that time in the profession is an important element for didactic improvement, in view of the limitations of initial training. Practical experiences and continuing education bring great contributions to the teaching career and thus the individual gradually builds his professional identity from the stage in which he finds himself.

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2021 que analizan las relaciones entre el ciclo de vida profesional y la práctica pedagógica en Educación Física. Se realizó una revisión sistemática buscando artículos en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO y en revistas del área calificadas entre A1 y B3 de la Plataforma Sucupira. Se encontraron catorce artículos que, luego de ser analizados, permitieron concluir que el tiempo en la profesión es un elemento importante para la mejora didáctica, frente a las limitaciones de la formación inicial. Las experiencias prácticas y la formación continua aportan grandes aportes a la carrera docente y así el individuo va construyendo su identidad profesional desde la etapa en la que se encuentra.

Factores de riesgo a la salud durante el proceso migratorio en México / Risk Factors against Health during the Migration Process in Mexico

Introducción: La Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), reportó en 2018 244 millones de migrantes en el mundo, el 3,3 por ciento de la población mundial. De ellos, México es el segundo país expulsor con 13 000 000. El fenómeno migratorio y la salud guardan estrecha relación, debido a diversos factores de riesgo que influyen en lo personal y familiar. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la salud de las personas migrantes durante el proceso migratorio. Métodos: Estudio de investigación transversal, prospectivo, no comparativo. Se desarrolló de marzo de 2017 a diciembre de 2018, en la ciudad de Tijuana, Baja California, en seis instituciones de apoyo al migrante. El instrumento contó con 62 ítems. La muestra fue de 392 migrantes mexicanos de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, que migraron y vivieron en Estados Unidos y regresaron a México. Resultados: De los 392 migrantes, resultaron 96,3 por ciento hombres y 3,8 por ciento mujeres, el principal factor de migración fue el económico (76,3 por ciento); 92 por ciento salió sano de México; 31,4 por ciento adquirió una nueva adicción, principalmente cristal (9,4 por ciento) y marihuana (6,6 por ciento). El 11,2 por ciento regresó con alguna enfermedad crónica: 4,1 por ciento con hipertensión; 3,1 por ciento con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y 1,8 por ciento con epilepsia. Conclusiones: Las etapas del proceso migratorio de tránsito y vivir en los Estados Unidos fueron las que generaron mayores riesgos a la salud, la primera por los accidentes y agresiones de terceras personas y la segunda vinculada a la adquisición de nuevas adicciones a sustancias ilegales(AU)

Introduction: The International Organization for Migration (IOM) reported, in 2018, 244 million migrants worldwide, 3.3 percent of the world population. Of these, Mexico is the second country of origin, accounting for 13 000 000. The migration phenomenon and health are closely related, due to various risk factors that influence the personal and familial aspects. Objective: To identify risk factors related to the health of migrants during the migration process. Methods: Cross-sectional, prospective and noncomparative research study carried out from March 2017 to December 2018, in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, at six institutions that support migrants. The instrument had 62 items. The sample consisted of 392 Mexican migrants of both sexes, over 18 years of age, who migrated to and lived in the United States, and returned to Mexico. Results: Of the 392 migrants, 96.3 percent were men and 3.8 percent were women. The main migration factor was the economic (76.3 percent). 92 percent left Mexico healthy, while 31.4 percent acquired a new addiction, mainly crystal meth[amphetamine] (9.4 percent) and marijuana (6.6 percent). 11.2 percent returned with any chronic disease: 4.1 percent, with hypertension; 3.1 percent, with type 2 diabetes mellitus; and 1.8 percent, with epilepsy. Conclusions: The stages of the immigration process of transit and living in the United States were those that generated the greatest health risks; the first, due to accidents and assaults by third parties and the second in association with the uptake of new addictions to illegal substances(AU)

El comportamiento dual de la crisis económica en las trayectorias laborales de inmigrantes colombianos en Madrid (España) / The Dual Behavior of the Economic Crisis in the Working Trajectories of Colombian Immigrants in Madrid, Spain

Resumen El artículo analiza el comportamiento de la crisis económica en las trayectorias laborales de colombianos en Madrid, examinando los dos segmentos del mercado de trabajo español. Recurriendo al método biográfico, se constata que la crisis irrumpe como elemento definitivo en el re-direccionamiento laboral. Dicha dinámica se muestra tanto para trabajadores del segundo segmento laboral, como para aquellos ubicados en el segmento primario, desarrollando distintas estrategias que permiten para unos, resistir las inclemencias del ciclo económico, y para otros, superar estos obstáculos. El capital social y la situación administrativa se muestran como mecanismos decisivos para afrontar este contexto.

Abstract The article analyzes the behavior of the economic crisis in the labor trajectories of Colombians in Madrid, by examining the two segments of the Spanish labor market. By using the biographical method, it is found that the crisis breaks as a definitive element in labor redirection. This dynamic is shown both for workers in the second labor segment, as well as for those located in the primary segment, by developing different strategies, which allow for some, to resist the inclement conditions of the economic cycle, and for others, to overcome these hurdles. The social capital and administrative situation are shown as decisive mechanisms to deal with this context.

Estudo da (i)mobilidade ocupacional dos egressos do curso técnico em enfermagem da Escola de Saúde Pública do Ceará

Esse estudo aborda a mobilidade ocupacional dos egressos do Curso Técnico em Enfermagem da Escola de Saúde Pública do Ceará, da macrorregião de saúde Fortaleza, do período de 2002 a 2012. Seu objetivo foi descrever o perfil pessoal e familiar desses egressos, assim como suas atuais situações trabalhistas no mercado de trabalho. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, realizada com 63 egressos de sete municípios polo da macrorregião de saúde Fortaleza. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário que visou identificar o perfil pessoal, familiar e profissional dos egressos, e verificar a ocorrência de mobilidade ocupacional. Os resultados evidenciaram que para a maioria dos egressos, a mobilidade ocupacional ascendente, de forma regularizada, não aconteceu. A maioria permanece contratada como auxiliar de enfermagem, e está satisfeita com a atividade profissional desenvolvida atualmente. A vinculação trabalhista prevalente é a de funcionário público concursado, sem plano de cargos e carreiras que possibilite a mudança de categoria. Os relatos dos egressos apontaram que o maior benefício da qualificação profissional, através da formação técnica, foi a aquisição de conhecimentos na área da enfermagem, e que a mesma não resultou em valorização profissional para os trabalhadores. Concluiu-se que a ênfase na qualificação dos trabalhadores do nível médio da enfermagem precisa ser acompanhada por iniciativas que contribuam para a ascensão profissional desses trabalhadores, com a ampliação da oferta de vagas para técnico de enfermagem nos municípios, e contratação legalizada para essa categoria.