RESUMO
TRIKAFTA is the third drug approved by the FDA that rescues defects caused by the major mutation F508del. It is superior to its predecessors that were approved for patients who are homozygous for F508del because TRIKAFTA is also effective in CF patients who harbor only one copy of this mutation.
Assuntos
Aminofenóis/farmacologia , Benzodioxóis/farmacologia , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Fibrose Cística/tratamento farmacológico , Indóis/farmacologia , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Combinação de Medicamentos , Heterozigoto , Humanos , MutaçãoRESUMO
Antibiotic use in early life disrupts microbial colonization and increases the risk of developing allergies and asthma. We report that mice given antibiotics in early life (EL-Abx), but not in adulthood, were more susceptible to house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airway inflammation. This susceptibility was maintained even after normalization of the gut microbiome. EL-Abx decreased systemic levels of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), which induced long-term changes to cellular stress, metabolism, and mitochondrial respiration in the lung epithelium. IPA reduced mitochondrial respiration and superoxide production and altered chemokine and cytokine production. Consequently, early-life IPA supplementation protected EL-Abx mice against exacerbated HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation in adulthood. These results reveal a mechanism through which EL-Abx can predispose the lung to allergic airway inflammation and highlight a possible preventative approach to mitigate the detrimental consequences of EL-Abx.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Asma , Disbiose , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Indóis , Pyroglyphidae , Animais , Camundongos , Disbiose/imunologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Asma/imunologia , Pyroglyphidae/imunologia , Pulmão/imunologia , Pulmão/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Feminino , Inflamação/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , PropionatosRESUMO
All cellular proteins are synthesized by ribosomes, whose biogenesis in eukaryotes is a complex multi-step process completed within minutes. Several chemical inhibitors of ribosome function are available and used as tools or drugs. By contrast, we lack potent validated chemical probes to analyze the dynamics of eukaryotic ribosome assembly. Here, we combine chemical and genetic approaches to discover ribozinoindoles (or Rbins), potent and reversible triazinoindole-based inhibitors of eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis. Analyses of Rbin sensitivity and resistance conferring mutations in fission yeast, along with biochemical assays with recombinant proteins, provide evidence that Rbins' physiological target is Midasin, an essential â¼540-kDa AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) protein. Using Rbins to acutely inhibit or activate Midasin function, in parallel experiments with inhibitor-sensitive or inhibitor-resistant cells, we uncover Midasin's role in assembling Nsa1 particles, nucleolar precursors of the 60S subunit. Together, our findings demonstrate that Rbins are powerful probes for eukaryotic ribosome assembly.
Assuntos
Adenosina Trifosfatases/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Subunidades Ribossômicas Maiores de Eucariotos/efeitos dos fármacos , Subunidades Ribossômicas Maiores de Eucariotos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazinas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/isolamento & purificação , Indóis/química , Indóis/isolamento & purificação , Schizosaccharomyces/efeitos dos fármacos , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazinas/química , Triazinas/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Among the five KCNQ channels, also known as the Kv7 voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, KCNQ2-KCNQ5 control neuronal excitability. Dysfunctions of KCNQ2-KCNQ5 are associated with neurological disorders such as epilepsy, deafness, and neuropathic pain. Here, we report the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human KCNQ4 and its complexes with the opener retigabine or the blocker linopirdine at overall resolutions of 2.5, 3.1, and 3.3 Å, respectively. In all structures, a phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) molecule inserts its head group into a cavity within each voltage-sensing domain (VSD), revealing an unobserved binding mode for PIP2. Retigabine nestles in each fenestration, inducing local shifts. Instead of staying within the central pore, linopirdine resides in a cytosolic cavity underneath the inner gate. Electrophysiological analyses of various mutants corroborated the structural observations. Our studies reveal the molecular basis for the modulatory mechanism of neuronal KCNQ channels and provide a framework for structure-facilitated drug discovery targeting these important channels.
Assuntos
Carbamatos/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Canais de Potássio KCNQ , Fenilenodiaminas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Animais , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Canais de Potássio KCNQ/agonistas , Canais de Potássio KCNQ/antagonistas & inibidores , Canais de Potássio KCNQ/genética , Canais de Potássio KCNQ/metabolismo , Mutação , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Células Sf9 , SpodopteraRESUMO
Deregulation of oncogenic signals in cancer triggers replication stress. Immediate early genes (IEGs) are rapidly and transiently expressed following stressful signals, contributing to an integrated response. Here, we find that the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 localizes across the gene body and 3' UTR of IEGs, where it inhibits transcriptional elongation by RNA Pol II, generating R-loops and accessible chromatin domains. Acute replication stress causes immediate dissociation of NR4A1 and a burst of transcriptionally poised IEG expression. Ectopic expression of NR4A1 enhances tumorigenesis by breast cancer cells, while its deletion leads to massive chromosomal instability and proliferative failure, driven by deregulated expression of its IEG target, FOS. Approximately half of breast and other primary cancers exhibit accessible chromatin domains at IEG gene bodies, consistent with this stress-regulatory pathway. Cancers that have retained this mechanism in adapting to oncogenic replication stress may be dependent on NR4A1 for their proliferation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/metabolismo , Mitose , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Regiões 3' não Traduzidas , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Instabilidade Genômica , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Proteínas Imediatamente Precoces/genética , Indóis/farmacologia , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Mitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologia , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Membro 1 do Grupo A da Subfamília 4 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Fenilacetatos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Estruturas R-Loop , RNA Polimerase II/genética , RNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Elongação da Transcrição Genética , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Context-specific molecular vulnerabilities that arise during tumor evolution represent an attractive intervention target class. However, the frequency and diversity of somatic lesions detected among lung tumors can confound efforts to identify these targets. To confront this challenge, we have applied parallel screening of chemical and genetic perturbations within a panel of molecularly annotated NSCLC lines to identify intervention opportunities tightly linked to molecular response indicators predictive of target sensitivity. Anchoring this analysis on a matched tumor/normal cell model from a lung adenocarcinoma patient identified three distinct target/response-indicator pairings that are represented with significant frequencies (6%-16%) in the patient population. These include NLRP3 mutation/inflammasome activation-dependent FLIP addiction, co-occurring KRAS and LKB1 mutation-driven COPI addiction, and selective sensitivity to a synthetic indolotriazine that is specified by a seven-gene expression signature. Target efficacies were validated in vivo, and mechanism-of-action studies informed generalizable principles underpinning cancer cell biology.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Indóis/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Triazinas/farmacologia , Animais , Proteína Reguladora de Apoptosis Semelhante a CASP8 e FADD/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Proteínas de Transporte , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteína Coatomer/metabolismo , Feminino , Genes ras , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR , Transplante de Neoplasias , Fosforilação OxidativaRESUMO
The regenerative potential of mammalian peripheral nervous system neurons after injury is critically limited by their slow axonal regenerative rate1. Regenerative ability is influenced by both injury-dependent and injury-independent mechanisms2. Among the latter, environmental factors such as exercise and environmental enrichment have been shown to affect signalling pathways that promote axonal regeneration3. Several of these pathways, including modifications in gene transcription and protein synthesis, mitochondrial metabolism and the release of neurotrophins, can be activated by intermittent fasting (IF)4,5. However, whether IF influences the axonal regenerative ability remains to be investigated. Here we show that IF promotes axonal regeneration after sciatic nerve crush in mice through an unexpected mechanism that relies on the gram-positive gut microbiome and an increase in the gut bacteria-derived metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) in the serum. IPA production by Clostridium sporogenes is required for efficient axonal regeneration, and delivery of IPA after sciatic injury significantly enhances axonal regeneration, accelerating the recovery of sensory function. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing analysis from sciatic dorsal root ganglia suggested a role for neutrophil chemotaxis in the IPA-dependent regenerative phenotype, which was confirmed by inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis. Our results demonstrate the ability of a microbiome-derived metabolite, such as IPA, to facilitate regeneration and functional recovery of sensory axons through an immune-mediated mechanism.
Assuntos
Indóis , Regeneração Nervosa , Propionatos , Cicatrização , Animais , Camundongos , Axônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Axônios/fisiologia , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito , Clostridium/metabolismo , Jejum , Gânglios Espinais/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Indóis/sangue , Indóis/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Compressão Nervosa , Fatores de Crescimento Neural/metabolismo , Regeneração Nervosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/citologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Propionatos/sangue , Propionatos/metabolismo , Propionatos/farmacologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Nervo Isquiático/lesões , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Cicatrização/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease that is frequently accompanied by aberrant healing and stricturing complications. Crosstalk between activated myeloid and stromal cells is critical in the pathogenicity of Crohn's disease1,2, and increases in intravasating monocytes are correlated with a lack of response to anti-TNF treatment3. The risk alleles with the highest effect on Crohn's disease are loss-of-function mutations in NOD24,5, which increase the risk of stricturing6. However, the mechanisms that underlie pathogenicity driven by NOD2 mutations and the pathways that might rescue a lack of response to anti-TNF treatment remain largely uncharacterized. Here we use direct ex vivo analyses of patients who carry risk alleles of NOD2 to show that loss of NOD2 leads to dysregulated homeostasis of activated fibroblasts and macrophages. CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells from carriers of NOD2 risk alleles produce cells that express high levels of collagen, and elevation of conserved signatures is observed in nod2-deficient zebrafish models of intestinal injury. The enrichment of STAT3 regulation and gp130 ligands in activated fibroblasts and macrophages suggested that gp130 blockade might rescue the activated program in NOD2-deficient cells. We show that post-treatment induction of the STAT3 pathway is correlated with a lack of response to anti-TNF treatment in patients, and demonstrate in vivo in zebrafish the amelioration of the activated myeloid-stromal niche using the specific gp130 inhibitor bazedoxifene. Our results provide insights into NOD2-driven fibrosis in Crohn's disease, and suggest that gp130 blockade may benefit some patients with Crohn's disease-potentially as a complement to anti-TNF therapy.
Assuntos
Doença de Crohn/metabolismo , Receptor gp130 de Citocina/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/citologia , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização NOD2/metabolismo , Células Estromais/citologia , Alelos , Animais , Colágeno/metabolismo , Receptor gp130 de Citocina/antagonistas & inibidores , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Ileíte/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Interleucina-11/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Receptor alfa de Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismo , Proteínas WT1/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
Tumors display increased uptake and processing of nutrients to fulfill the demands of rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Seminal studies have shown that the proto-oncogene MYC promotes metabolic reprogramming by altering glutamine uptake and metabolism in cancer cells. How MYC regulates the metabolism of other amino acids in cancer is not fully understood. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we found that MYC increased intracellular levels of tryptophan and tryptophan metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. MYC induced the expression of the tryptophan transporters SLC7A5 and SLC1A5 and the enzyme arylformamidase (AFMID), involved in the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine. SLC7A5, SLC1A5, and AFMID were elevated in colon cancer cells and tissues, and kynurenine was significantly greater in tumor samples than in the respective adjacent normal tissue from patients with colon cancer. Compared with normal human colonic epithelial cells, colon cancer cells were more sensitive to the depletion of tryptophan. Blocking enzymes in the kynurenine pathway caused preferential death of established colon cancer cells and transformed colonic organoids. We found that only kynurenine and no other tryptophan metabolite promotes the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Blocking the interaction between AHR and kynurenine with CH223191 reduced the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Therefore, we propose that limiting cellular kynurenine or its downstream targets could present a new strategy to reduce the proliferation of MYC-dependent cancer cells.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/fisiopatologia , Cinurenina/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Triptofano/metabolismo , Sistema ASC de Transporte de Aminoácidos/genética , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Arilformamidase/genética , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Cinurenina/genética , Transportador 1 de Aminoácidos Neutros Grandes/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/genética , Oximas/farmacologia , Proto-Oncogene Mas , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Although MAX is regarded as an obligate dimerization partner for MYC, its function in normal development and neoplasia is poorly defined. We show that B-cell-specific deletion of Max has a modest effect on B-cell development but completely abrogates Eµ-Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. While Max loss affects only a few hundred genes in normal B cells, it leads to the global down-regulation of Myc-activated genes in premalignant Eµ-Myc cells. We show that the balance between MYC-MAX and MNT-MAX interactions in B cells shifts in premalignant B cells toward a MYC-driven transcriptional program. Moreover, we found that MAX loss leads to a significant reduction in MYC protein levels and down-regulation of direct transcriptional targets, including regulators of MYC stability. This phenomenon is also observed in multiple cell lines treated with MYC-MAX dimerization inhibitors. Our work uncovers a layer of Myc autoregulation critical for lymphomagenesis yet partly dispensable for normal development.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Zíper de Leucina Básica/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Linfoma/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Animais , Carcinogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Deleção de Genes , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Cinurenina/genética , Cinurenina/metabolismo , Linfoma/fisiopatologia , Camundongos , Organoides/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Organoides/fisiopatologia , Oximas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a common but poorly understood form of heart failure, characterized by impaired diastolic function. It is highly heterogeneous with multiple comorbidities, including obesity and diabetes, making human studies difficult. METHODS: Metabolomic analyses in a mouse model of HFpEF showed that levels of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), a metabolite produced by gut bacteria from tryptophan, were reduced in the plasma and heart tissue of HFpEF mice as compared with controls. We then examined the role of IPA in mouse models of HFpEF as well as 2 human HFpEF cohorts. RESULTS: The protective role and therapeutic effects of IPA were confirmed in mouse models of HFpEF using IPA dietary supplementation. IPA attenuated diastolic dysfunction, metabolic remodeling, oxidative stress, inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and intestinal epithelial barrier damage. In the heart, IPA suppressed the expression of NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyl transferase), restored nicotinamide, NAD+/NADH, and SIRT3 (sirtuin 3) levels. IPA mediates the protective effects on diastolic dysfunction, at least in part, by promoting the expression of SIRT3. SIRT3 regulation was mediated by IPA binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, as Sirt3 knockdown diminished the effects of IPA on diastolic dysfunction in vivo. The role of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide circuit in HFpEF was further confirmed by nicotinamide supplementation, Nnmt knockdown, and Nnmt overexpression in vivo. IPA levels were significantly reduced in patients with HFpEF in 2 independent human cohorts, consistent with a protective function in humans, as well as mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal that IPA protects against diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF by enhancing the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage pathway, suggesting the possibility of therapeutic management by either altering the gut microbiome composition or supplementing the diet with IPA.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatias , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Propionatos , Sirtuína 3 , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Insuficiência Cardíaca/metabolismo , Volume Sistólico/fisiologia , NAD , Sirtuína 3/genética , Indóis/farmacologia , NiacinamidaRESUMO
In BRAFV600E melanoma cells, a global metabolomic analysis discloses a decrease in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels upon PLX4032 treatment that is conveyed by a STAT5 inhibition and a transcriptional regulation of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) gene. NAMPT inhibition decreases melanoma cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, while forced NAMPT expression renders melanoma cells resistant to PLX4032. NAMPT expression induces transcriptomic and epigenetic reshufflings that steer melanoma cells toward an invasive phenotype associated with resistance to targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Therefore, NAMPT, the key enzyme in the NAD+ salvage pathway, appears as a rational target in targeted therapy-resistant melanoma cells and a key player in phenotypic plasticity of melanoma cells.
Assuntos
Citocinas/metabolismo , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Melanoma/enzimologia , Melanoma/genética , Invasividade Neoplásica/genética , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferase/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Citocinas/genética , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Melanoma/fisiopatologia , Metaboloma , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , NAD/metabolismo , Nicotinamida Fosforribosiltransferase/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT5/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Transcrição STAT5/genética , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Ativação Transcricional/efeitos dos fármacos , VemurafenibRESUMO
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is essential for mediating sodium absorption in several epithelia. Its impaired function leads to severe disorders, including pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 and respiratory distress. Therefore, pharmacological ENaC activators have potential therapeutic implications. Previously, a small molecule ENaC activator (S3969) was developed. So far, little is known about molecular mechanisms involved in S3969-mediated ENaC stimulation. Here, we identified an S3969-binding site in human ENaC by combining structure-based simulations with molecular biological methods and electrophysiological measurements of ENaC heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We confirmed a previous observation that the extracellular loop of ß-ENaC is essential for ENaC stimulation by S3969. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted critical residues in the thumb domain of ß-ENaC (Arg388, Phe391, and Tyr406) that coordinate S3969 within a binding site localized at the ß-γ-subunit interface. Importantly, mutating each of these residues reduced (R388H; R388A) or nearly abolished (F391G; Y406A) the S3969-mediated ENaC activation. Molecular dynamics simulations also suggested that S3969-mediated ENaC stimulation involved a movement of the α5 helix of the thumb domain of ß-ENaC away from the palm domain of γ-ENaC. Consistent with this, the introduction of two cysteine residues (ßR437C - γS298C) to form a disulfide bridge connecting these two domains prevented ENaC stimulation by S3969 unless the disulfide bond was reduced by DTT. Finally, we demonstrated that S3969 stimulated ENaC endogenously expressed in cultured human airway epithelial cells (H441). These new findings may lead to novel (patho-)physiological and therapeutic concepts for disorders associated with altered ENaC function.
Assuntos
Agonistas do Canal de Sódio Epitelial , Canais Epiteliais de Sódio , Indóis , Animais , Humanos , Sítios de Ligação , Agonistas do Canal de Sódio Epitelial/metabolismo , Agonistas do Canal de Sódio Epitelial/farmacologia , Canais Epiteliais de Sódio/química , Canais Epiteliais de Sódio/metabolismo , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Oócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Xenopus laevis , Ligação Proteica , Indóis/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) efficiently promoted the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, information about the function of PKC inhibition remains lacking. Here, RNA-sequencing showed that the addition of Go6983 significantly inhibited the expression of de novo methyltransferases (Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b) and their regulator Dnmt3l, resulting in global hypomethylation of DNA in mouse ESCs. Mechanistically, PR domain-containing 14 (Prdm14), a site-specific transcriptional activator, partially contributed to Go6983-mediated repression of Dnmt3 genes. Administration of Go6983 increased Prdm14 expression mainly through the inhibition of PKCδ. High constitutive expression of Prdm14 phenocopied the ability of Go6983 to maintain` mouse ESC stemness in the absence of self-renewal-promoting cytokines. In contrast, the knockdown of Prdm14 eliminated the response to PKC inhibition and substantially impaired the Go6983-induced resistance of mouse ESCs to differentiation. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling and Western blotting revealed low levels of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 in Go6983-treated mouse ESCs. Suv39h enzymes are histone methyltransferases that recognize dimethylated and trimethylated histone H3K9 specifically and usually function as transcriptional repressors. Consistently, the inhibition of Suv39h1 by RNA interference or the addition of the selective inhibitor chaetocin increased Prdm14 expression. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Go6983 treatment led to decreased enrichment of dimethylation and trimethylation of H3K9 at the Prdm14 promoter but increased RNA polymerase ⠡ binding affinity. Together, our results provide novel insights into the pivotal association between PKC inhibition-mediated self-renewal and epigenetic changes, which will help us better understand the regulatory network of stem cell pluripotency.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas , Proteína Quinase C , Animais , Camundongos , Metilação de DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Maleimidas/farmacologia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas/enzimologia , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas/fisiologia , Proteína Quinase C/genética , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologiaRESUMO
The globally reemerging respiratory pathogen enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is implicated in outbreaks of severe respiratory illness and associated with acute flaccid myelitis. However, there remains a lack of effective treatments for EV-D68 infection. In this work, we found that the host Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) proteins, which function as powerful innate immune sensors, were selectively elevated in expression in response to EV-D68 infection. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of Vesatolimod (GS-9620), a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, on EV-D68 replication. Our findings revealed that EV-D68 infection resulted in increased mRNA levels of TLR7. Treatment with Vesatolimod significantly inhibited EV-D68 replication [half maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 0.1427 µM] without inducing significant cytotoxicity at virucidal concentrations. Although Vesatolimod exhibited limited impact on EV-D68 attachment, it suppressed RNA replication and viral protein synthesis after virus entry. Vesatolimod broadly inhibited the replication of circulating isolated strains of EV-D68. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that treatment with Vesatolimod conferred resistance to both respiratory and neural cells against EV-D68 infection. Overall, these results present a promising strategy for drug development by pharmacologically activating TLR7 to initiate an antiviral state in EV-D68-infected cells selectively.IMPORTANCEConventional strategies for antiviral drug development primarily focus on directly targeting viral proteases or key components, as well as host proteins involved in viral replication. In this study, based on our intriguing discovery that enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) infection specifically upregulates the expression of immune sensor Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) protein, which is either absent or expressed at low levels in respiratory cells, we propose a potential antiviral approach utilizing TLR7 agonists to activate EV-D68-infected cells into an anti-viral defense state. Notably, our findings demonstrate that pharmacological activation of TLR7 effectively suppresses EV-D68 replication in respiratory tract cells through a TLR7/MyD88-dependent mechanism. This study not only presents a promising drug candidate and target against EV-D68 dissemination but also highlights the potential to exploit unique alterations in cellular innate immune responses induced by viral infections, selectively inducing a defensive state in infected cells while safeguarding uninfected normal cells from potential adverse effects associated with therapeutic interventions.
Assuntos
Antivirais , Enterovirus Humano D , Receptor 7 Toll-Like , Replicação Viral , Receptor 7 Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptor 7 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Humanos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterovirus Humano D/efeitos dos fármacos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Infecções por Enterovirus/virologia , Imunidade Inata/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , PteridinasRESUMO
BRAFV600E represents a constitutively active onco-kinase and stands as the most prevalent genetic alteration in thyroid cancer. However, the clinical efficacy of small-molecule inhibitors targeting BRAFV600E is often limited by acquired resistance. Here, we find that nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), is up-regulated in thyroid cancers, and its expression is increased with tumor progression in a BRAFV600E-driven thyroid cancer mouse model. Functional studies show that NG2 knockout almost does not affect tumor growth, but significantly improves the response of BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells to BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Mechanistically, the blockade of ERK-dependent feedback by BRAF inhibitor can activate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, causing the resistance to this inhibitor. NG2 knockout attenuates the PLX4720-mediated feedback activation of several RTKs, improving the sensitivity of BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells to this inhibitor. Based on this finding, we propose and demonstrate an alternative strategy for targeting NG2 to effectively treat BRAF-mutant thyroid cancers by combining multiple kinase inhibitor (MKI) Sorafenib or Lenvatinib with PLX4720. Thus, this study uncovers a new mechanism in which NG2 contributes to the resistance of BRAF-mutant thyroid cancer cells to BRAF inhibitor, and provides a promising therapeutic option for BRAF-mutant thyroid cancers.
Assuntos
Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Indóis , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf , Sulfonamidas , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/metabolismo , Humanos , Animais , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/genética , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Camundongos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Compostos de Fenilureia/uso terapêutico , Sorafenibe/farmacologia , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Mutação , Antígenos/metabolismo , Proteoglicanas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana , Proteoglicanas de Sulfatos de CondroitinaRESUMO
Rationale: Pharmacological improvement of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function with elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) provides unprecedented improvements in lung function and other clinical outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, ETI effects on impaired mucosal homeostasis and host defense at the molecular and cellular levels in the airways of patients with CF remain unknown. Objectives: To investigate effects of ETI on the transcriptome of nasal epithelial and immune cells from children with CF at the single-cell level. Methods: Nasal swabs from 13 children with CF and at least one F508del allele aged 6 to 11 years were collected at baseline and 3 months after initiation of ETI, subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing, and compared with swabs from 12 age-matched healthy children. Measurements and Main Results: Proportions of CFTR-positive cells were decreased in epithelial basal, club, and goblet cells, but not in ionocytes, from children with CF at baseline and were restored by ETI therapy to nearly healthy levels. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed an impaired IFN signaling and reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex classes I and II encoding genes in epithelial cells of children with CF at baseline, which was partially restored by ETI. In addition, ETI therapy markedly reduced the inflammatory phenotype of immune cells, particularly of neutrophils and macrophages. Conclusions: Pharmacological improvement of CFTR function improves innate mucosal immunity and reduces immune cell inflammatory responses in the upper airways of children with CF at the single-cell level, highlighting the potential to restore epithelial homeostasis and host defense in CF airways by early initiation of ETI therapy.
Assuntos
Aminofenóis , Benzodioxóis , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística , Fibrose Cística , Homeostase , Humanos , Fibrose Cística/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrose Cística/imunologia , Fibrose Cística/fisiopatologia , Criança , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Benzodioxóis/uso terapêutico , Benzodioxóis/farmacologia , Aminofenóis/uso terapêutico , Aminofenóis/farmacologia , Quinolonas/uso terapêutico , Quinolonas/farmacologia , Indóis/uso terapêutico , Indóis/farmacologia , Combinação de Medicamentos , Quinolinas/uso terapêutico , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Pirróis/uso terapêutico , Pirróis/farmacologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are unique to invertebrates and are targeted by macrocyclic lactones. In this study, we cloned an AVR-14B GluCl subunit from adult Brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis in humans. To elucidate this channel's pharmacological properties, we used Xenopus laevis oocytes for expression and performed two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. The receptor was gated by the natural ligand L-glutamate (effective concentration, 50% [EC50] = 0.4 mM) and ivermectin (IVM; EC50 = 1.8 nM). We also characterized the effects of nodulisporic acid (NA) on Bma-AVR-14B and NA-produced dual effects on the receptor as an agonist and a type II positive allosteric modulator. Here we report characterization of the complex activity of NA on a nematode GluCl. Bma-AVR-14B demonstrated some unique pharmacological characteristics. IVM did not produce potentiation of L-glutamate-mediated responses but instead, reduced the channel's sensitivity for the ligand. Further electrophysiological exploration showed that IVM (at a moderate concentration of 0.1 nM) functioned as an inhibitor of both agonist and positive allosteric modulatory effects of NA. This suggests that IVM and NA share a complex interaction. The pharmacological properties of Bma-AVR-14B indicate that the channel is an important target of IVM and NA. In addition, the unique electrophysiological characteristics of Bma-AVR-14B could explain the observed variation in drug sensitivities of various nematode parasites. We have also shown the inhibitory effects of IVM and NA on adult worm motility using Worminator. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown suggests that AVR-14 plays a role in influencing locomotion in B. malayi.
Assuntos
Brugia Malayi , Canais de Cloreto , Indóis , Animais , Brugia Malayi/efeitos dos fármacos , Brugia Malayi/genética , Brugia Malayi/metabolismo , Canais de Cloreto/efeitos dos fármacos , Canais de Cloreto/genética , Canais de Cloreto/metabolismo , Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Indóis/farmacologia , Ivermectina/farmacologia , LigantesRESUMO
Herein, a multifunctional nanohybrid (PL@HPFTM nanoparticles) was fabricated to perform the integration of chemodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and biological therapy over the long term at a designed location for continuous antibacterial applications. The PL@HPFTM nanoparticles consisted of a polydopamine/hemoglobin/Fe2+ nanocomplex with comodification of tetrazole/alkene groups on the surface as well as coloading of antimicrobial peptides and luminol in the core. During therapy, the PL@HPFTM nanoparticles would selectively cross-link to surrounding bacteria via tetrazole/alkene cycloaddition under chemiluminescence produced by the reaction between luminol and overexpressed H2O2 at the infected area. The resulting PL@HPFTM network not only significantly damaged bacteria by Fe2+-catalyzed ROS production, effective photothermal conversion, and sustained release of antimicrobial peptides but dramatically enhanced the retention time of these therapeutic agents for prolonged antibacterial therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo results have shown that our PL@HPFTM nanoparticles have much higher bactericidal efficiency and remarkably longer periods of validity than free antibacterial nanoparticles.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Nanopartículas , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Animais , Nanopartículas/química , Camundongos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Polímeros/química , Indóis/química , Indóis/farmacologia , Terapia Fototérmica , Humanos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/química , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos/farmacologia , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologiaRESUMO
Accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their resultant vascular dysfunction in androgenic alopecia (AGA) hinder hair follicle survival and cause permanent hair loss. However, safe and effective strategies to rescue hair follicle viability to enhance AGA therapeutic efficiency remain challenging. Herein, we fabricated a quercetin-encapsulated (Que) and polydopamine-integrated (PDA@QLipo) nanosystem that can reshape the perifollicular microenvironment to initial hair follicle regeneration for AGA treatment. Both the ROS scavenging and angiogenesis promotion abilities of PDA@QLipo were demonstrated. In vivo assays revealed that PDA@QLipo administrated with roller-microneedles successfully rejuvenated the "poor" perifollicular microenvironment, thereby promoting cell proliferation, accelerating hair follicle renewal, and facilitating hair follicle recovery. Moreover, PDA@QLipo achieved a higher hair regeneration coverage of 92.5% in the AGA mouse model than minoxidil (87.8%), even when dosed less frequently. The nanosystem creates a regenerative microenvironment by scavenging ROS and augmenting neovascularity for hair regrowth, presenting a promising approach for AGA clinical treatment.