Experience with the surgical treatment of hepatic hydatidosis: case series with follow-up.

AIM: To describe patient characteristics and the results of surgical treatment for hepatic hydatidosis (HH) in the Hospital Hernán Henríquez Aravena from December 2001 to March 2005. METHODS: Subjects older than 16 years with suspected HH were included based on the clinical picture and radiological studies. Variables examined included clinical and laboratory aspects, outcome, features of the parasite and surgical aspects. Descriptive statistics were used, calculating central tendency, dispersion and extreme tendency. RESULTS: The series was comprised of 122 patients, with an average age of 44 +/- 16.9 years. The most frequently used surgical technique was subtotal cystectomy in 90% of the patients, followed by hepatic resection (hepatectomy, segmentectomy and subsegmentectomy) in 5%. In 2%, a combination of subtotal cystectomy and segmentectomy was performed. In addition, 28% of the series presented complications in the postoperative period and mortality was 2%. CONCLUSION: The most frequently used surgical technique for HH was subtotal cystectomy and the morbidity and mortality rates in this Chilean series are comparable to other national and international series.

[Cholangiocarcinoma]. / Colangiocarcinoma: Actualización, diagnóstico y terapia.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant lesion of the bile duct epithelium. Its incidence and prevalence are low. It appears from the sixth decade of life and there is slight male predominance. It is most frequently found in the confluence of the hepatic ducts, where it is called hilar cholangiocarcinoma or Klatskin tumor. Its etiology is unknown but there are predisposing conditions and environmental risk factors such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, Caroli's disease, bile duct malformations, industrial toxins and parasitic infections. The classic presentation of cholangiocarcinoma includes jaundice, weight loss and right upper quadrant pain. These, in addition to laboratory exams, endoscopical and imaging procedures, lead to the diagnosis. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma must be distinguished from other malignant or benign causes of biliary obstruction. Cholangiocarcinoma of the distal common bile duct must be differentiated from other periampullary tumors and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma can be confused with a hepatocellular carcinoma. Two classifications are used for clinical staging: TNM and Bismuth-Corlette. The best treatment is the complete surgical excision with negative histological margins, although the resectability index is low. The type and size of surgery depends on the location and extent of the tumor. Patients with unresectable tumors can be subjected to palliative procedures such as biliary-enteric bypass, endoscopic or pecutaneous stent placement. Chemotherapy is not effective. Recently, endoscopic phototherapy has emerged as a better alternative for palliative care.

Colangiocarcinoma: Actualización, diagnóstico y terapia: [revisón] / Cholangiocarcinoma: [review]

Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant lesion of the bile duct epithelium. Its incidence and prevalence are low. It appears from the sixth decade of life and there is slight male predominance. It is most frequently found in the confluence of the hepatic ducts, where it is called hilar cholangiocarcinoma or Klatskin tumor. Its etiology is unknown but there are predisposing conditions and environmental risk factors such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, Caroli's disease, bile duct malformations, industrial toxins and parasitic infections. The classic presentation of cholangiocarcinoma includes jaundice, weight loss and right upper quadrant pain. These, in addition to laboratory exams, endoscopical and imaging procedures, lead to the diagnosis. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma must be distinguished from other malignant or benign causes of biliary obstruction. Cholangiocarcinoma of the distal common bile duct must be differentiated from other periampullary tumors and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma can be confused with a hepatocellular carcinoma. Two classifications are used for clinical staging: TNM and Bismuth-Corlette. The best treatment is the complete surgical excision with negative histological margins, although the resectability index is low. The type and size of surgery depends on the location and extent of the tumor. Patients with unresectable tumors can be subjected to palliative procedures such as biliary-enteric bypass, endoscopic or pecutaneous stent placement. Chemotherapy is not effective. Recently, endoscopic phototherapy has emerged as a better alternative for palliative care.

Colangiocarcinoma primario asociado a enfermedad de Caroli / Primary cholangiocarcinoma asociated with Caroli disease

A 68 years old male presented with right hypochondrium abdominal pain and jaundice with no other clinical finding. CAT Scan and Ultrasonography showed right lobe bile duct dilatation. Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography gave an outstanding vision of a restricted right lobe bile duct dilatation associated to choledocholithiasis. A right hepatectomy and bile duct exploration were performed. The histopathological study disclosed a Caroli disease associated to a primary cholangiocarcinoma. Caroli disease is a congenital disorder characterized by intrahepatic cystic bile duct dilatation with a high risk association with cholangiocarcinoma

Gen supresor de tumores p53 en neoplasias digestivas / p53 tumor supresor gene in digestive cancer

Malignant diseases of the digestive tract cause more than 50 percent of deaths due to cancer in Chile. There is a high incidence of gastric and gallbladder cancer and an increasing frequency of colorectal cancer. P53 tumor suppressor gene has a great importance in carcinogenesis and its alterations are specially important in digestive tract tumors such as colorectal cancer. There is contradictory evidence about the frequency of p53 gene or protein alterations or their biological significance. There is little information about p53 in Chile and it is mostly limited to immunohistochemical studies. This revision analyzes the frequency of p53 alterations in digestive tract tumors in Chile, using immunohistochemical and molecular biology methods. A special emphasis is given to the prognostic importance of this gene

Hallazgos en reintervenciones quirúrgicas por cáncer de la vesícula biliar en pacientes con y sin quimio-radiación preoperatoria / Pathological findings in surgical reinterventions for gallbladder cancer in patients with and without preoperative chemo and radiotherapy

Background: The usefulness of surgery in the treatment of gallbladder cancer has not been clearly established. The benefits of chemo and radiotherapy are similarly dubious. Aim: To report the pathological findings in patients subjected to surgical reinterventions for gallbladder cancer. Patients and methods: We report 54 patients with gallbladder cancer that were subjected to a second surgical intervention for resection of liver segments IVb and V and lymph nodes corresponding to the liver hilar, portal, peripancreatic, celiac artery and periaortic territories. Thirteen of these patients were subjected to preoperative chemo-radiotherapy (4500 Gy and 5-fluouracil 500 mg/m2). Results: Lymph node metastases were found in 25 and 38 percent, and liver metastases in 25 and 28 percent of patients with or without chemo-radiotherapy respectively. The most frequent pathological findings attributed to radiation in the liver were fatty infiltration in 75 percent of cases, vascular transformation in 83 percent of cases and minimal periportal lymphocyte infiltration in 40 percent of cases. Lymph nodes were atrophic in 67 percent of cases and had foci of cortical necrosis in 46 percent of cases. Three cases had regional lymph node and liver metastases. Most tumor cells were viable. Conclusions: No differences in the number of lymph node or liver metastases were observed between patients with and without chemo-radiotherapy. No effect of the treatment on residual tumor was observed either

Elementos morfológicos pronósticos en el cáncer de la vesícula biliar / Morphological prognostic factors in gallbladder cancer

Background: The exact survival rates and prognostic factors of gallbladder cancer are still incompletely known. Aim: To report the actuarial survival of patients with gallbladder cancer. Material and methods: Six hundred thirty seven women, aged 59 years old as a mean and 108 men, aged 64 years old as a mean, with gallbladder cancer are reported. Patients were followed for up to 150 months. Results: Two hundred twenty four patients had an early and 521 had an advanced carcinoma. Overall survival was 38 percent at ten years. Sex or ethnic origin did not influence survival. Early tumors had a 92 percent survival at 10 years whereas the survival of advanced tumors was 16 percent at 5 years. Subserous tumors had a 5 years survival of 32 percent whereas serous tumors had a 5 years survival of 11 percent. Well-differentiated advanced tumors had a significantly better survival than moderately or poorly differentiated tumors. Vascular or lymphatic infiltration was also associated to a lower survival. All patients with advanced tumors and vascular infiltration died before 5 years. Conclusions: Tumor infiltration and differentiation degree were the most important prognostic independent factors in gallbladder cancer

Tumor osteoclástico del páncreas / Osteoclastic tumour of the pancreas

No disponible

Pancreatitis crónica hereditaria: comunicación de un caso / Hereditary chronic pancreatitis: report of 1 case

Childhood hereditary pancreatitis is a rare entity of uncertain etiology, characterized by recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis, abdominal pain and other unspecific symptoms. Among several therapeutic alternatives, pancreatojejunostomy is presently the treatment of choice. We report a 17 years old male with chronic hereditary pancreatitis that was treated with pancreatojejunostomy drainage

Cáncer de vesícula biliar: algunas consideraciones / Gallbladder cancer: some considerations

In Chile, gallbladder cancer is the tumor with the highest mortality rates among women. Cholelithiasis is the most common associated factor and the reduction in cholecystectomy rates could be an important factor in the incidence of gallbladder cancer. Unfortunately, the disease is diagnosed late and the study of the surgical piece is the main form of early recognition. The degree of gallbladder wall infiltration by the tumor is the simplest and best staging method that has prognostic value. Gallbladder fat must be considered as a separate tissue, since its biological behavior differs from that of the subserosa. The treatment of these tumors is based in their dissemination modality that is mainly local and regional. Surgical resection and radiotherapy are potentially effective. However the detection of high risk patients that should be subjected to cholecystectomy should be the better therapeutic alternative

Análisis de factores pronósticos en el cáncer de la vesícula biliar con infiltración de la subserosa / Prognostic factor analysis in gallblader cancer with subserosal infiltration

La incidencia del cáncer de la vesícula biliar (CVB) en el país está en aumento y es la mayor del mundo. El diagnóstico preoperatorio es tardío y de mal pronóstico. El diagnóstico precoz se basa en el hallazgo histológico de una lesión tumoral pequeña. El nivel de invasión de la pared es el principal factor pronóstico, el cual determina la terapia. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los factores pronósticos en el CVB con infiltración hasta la subserosa (CVBSS). Se estudiaron 60 pacientes portadores de CVBSS, mediante protocolo prospectivo desde enero de 1987 hasta junio de 1995. Conforme al protocolo se efectuó laparotomía exploradora, realizando resección en cuña del lecho vesicular y linfadenectomía del pedículo hepático. 35 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía, siendo rechazada por 25. La población global presentó una sobrevida a 60 meses de 27 por ciento. La sobrevida según sexo, edad y compromiso de linfonodos no presentó diferencia ES. Según histología, la sobrevida fue superior para el tipo bien diferenciado en relación al moderado y al mal diferenciado; sin embargo, no alcanzó diferencia ES (p= 0,08). La sobrevida según macroscopia fue inferior para el tipo inaparente en relación a los solevantados (18 por ciento versus 42 por ciento a 60 meses, p= 0,04). El grupo sometido a cirugía presentó una sobrevida mayor (33 por ciento versus 20 por ciento a 60 meses), sin embargo, no alcanzó diferencia ES (p= 0,18)

Hernia inguinal: tratamiento según técnica de Pérez Fontana / Inguinal hernia: treatment by Pérez Fontana technic

Se presenta la técnica de Pérez Fontana, método con el cual se trata a 118 pacientes. En esta serie, 100 pacientes eran hombres, (84,75%), y 18, mujeres (15,25%). El período de seguimiento fluctúa entre uno y ocho años. Un enfermo recidivó (1,4%) en los primeros 71 casos revisados. La técnica es de fácil ejecución, y sus resultados son satisfactorios

Resección hepática en el manejo del trauma del hígado / Hepatic resection in the managment of liver injury

Se presenta la experiencia en el manejo de 5 pacientes portadores de un traumatismo hepático en quienes fue necesario efectuar una resección. La indicación de la resección fue la presencia de un profundo desgarro, el que en 4 de los pacientes fue en la dirección de la vena hepatica derecha mientras que en el restante fue paralelo al ligamento falciforme. Del total de los pacientes, uno falleció a consecuencia de un cuadro de compromiso de conciencia progresivo. El resto de los pacientes fue dado de alta y se encuentran en buenas condiciones

Trombosis de cava inferior por hidatidosis hepática: caso clínico / Thrombosis of the inferior cava vein by hepatic hydatidosis: clinical case

Presentamos un caso clínico con una complicación no descrita de la Enfermedad Hidatídica Hepática: TROMBOSIS DE CAVA INFERIOR. El quiste gigante (29 cm de diámetro) fue tratado con lobectomía hepática derecha. La evolución de la trombosis fue buena con tratamiento anticoagulante tanto clínica, cavográfica como ecográficamente

Avances en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de páncreas / Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic carcinoma

Pancreatic carcinoma has a dismal prognosis. In the last years, great efforts have been made to improve diagnosis and preoperative staging of potentially curable carcinomas. Actually, the diagnosis of fairly small tumours is possible. Chemoradiation therapy protocols prior to pancreatectomy, aiming to improve survival, are currently being held. This therapy allows radiation to be distributed into well oxygenated cells before surgical devascularization. This procedure can be done with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. In selected cases of irresectable carcinoma, surgical palliation allows a better quality of life. Pancreatoduodenal resection, along with other traditional oncological therapies, will continue to be the therapy of choice for patients with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, without local or regional metastases. However, an intensive search for new therapeutic strategies, specially in the field of molecular biology, is being carried out

Carcinoma hepatocelular: aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y pronósticos / Hepatocellular carcinoma: clinical, therapeutical and prognostic aspects

Alrededor del 90 por ciento de los carcinomas hepatocelulares se desarrollan sobre una cirrosis hepática, siendo más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres. El 20 por ciento son asintomáticas y el 65 por ciento de los casos consulta por descompensación de la hepatopatia. Nuestro centro aplica al tumor la clasificación de Okuda y cols, la de Child-Upgh para la capacidad funcional del hígado y el perfomance status para valorar las condiciones generales del paciente. En el estudio de esta patología se utilizan el laboratorio general midiendo pruebas hepáticas, albuminemia, marcadores tumoreales, receptores hormonales, alteraciones genéticas y estudio por imágenes como ecotomografía, cintigrafía, tomografía axial computarizada y angiografia selectiva. Existen alternativas de tratamiento médicas y quirúrgicas. Entre las terapias médicas se han planteado el alcohol etílico intratumoral, la mebolización arterial, la radioterapia instersticial y la se han planteado el alcohol etilico intratumoral, la embolización arterial, la radioterapia intersticial y la quimioterapia. Las alternativas quirúrgicas son las resecciones hepáticas como resección local, segmentectomía, lobectomía y los trasplantes hepáticos. La mortalidad operatoria es cercana al 24 por ciento y la sobrevida es muy variable dependiendo del diámetro tumoral, presencia de satelitosis, plioidía del tumor, histopatología y tipo de resección

Análisis de pHmetría intraesofágica en 40 pacientes con reflujo gastroesofágico / Intraesophagic Ph analysis in 40 patients with gastroesophagic reflux

Se analizan los cambios del pH intraesofágico mediante pHmetría ambulatoria de 24 horas en 40 sujetos con RGE, demostrado radiológica o endoscópicamente (evidencias de esofagitis de diversa cuantía). Se trata de 15 hombres y 25 mujeres con una media etaria de 46,7 años (mínima 14 y máxima 69 años). Con el paciente en ayunas y previa manometría esofágica, se introdujo vía nasal el electrodo de pH y se situó su extremo distal 5 cm por encima del borde superior del EEI. El electrodo de referencia se colocó en la cara anterior del tórax. El análisis del estudio fue efectuado mediante el sistema matemático de valoración propuesto por De Meester. El estudio se realizó con un pHmetro modelo Digitrapper Mark II Gold. El estudio permitió constatar un número total de reflujos de 118ñ34 min; el tiempo total de pH inferior a 4 fue de 110ñ151 minutos; el porcentaje total de tiempo de reflujo fue de 7,7ñ10,5 por ciento y el score final de 29,2ñ32,2 puntos. De los síntomas referidos por los pacientes durante el estudio en relación a episodios de reflujo el que logró mayor significancia fue pirosis