RESUMEN
The hydride NdGaH1+x (x ≈ 0.66) and its deuterized analogue were obtained by sintering the Zintl phase NdGa with the CrB structure in a hydrogen atmosphere at pressures of 10-20 bar and temperatures near 300 °C. The system NdGa/NdGaH1+x exhibits reversible H storage capability. H uptake and release were investigated by kinetic absorption measurements and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy, which showed a maximum H concentration corresponding to "NdGaH2" (0.93 wt % H) and a two-step desorption process, respectively. The crystal structure of NdGaH1+x was characterized by neutron diffraction (P21/m, a = 4.1103(7), b = 4.1662(7), c = 6.464(1) Å, ß = 108.61(1)° Z = 2). H incorporates in NdGa by occupying two distinct positions, H1 and H2. H1 is coordinated in a tetrahedral fashion by Nd atoms. The H2 position displays flexible occupancy, and H2 atoms attain a trigonal bipyramidal coordination by centering a triangle of Nd atoms and bridging two Ga atoms. The phase stability and electronic structure of NdGaH1+x were analyzed by first-principles DFT calculations. NdGaH1H2 (NdGaH2) may be expressed as Nd(3+)(H1(-))[GaH2](2-). The two-dimensional polyanion [GaH](2-) features linear -H-Ga-H-Ga- chains with alternating short (1.8 Å) and long (2.4 Å) Ga-H distances, which resembles a Peierls distortion. H2 deficiency (x < 1) results in the fragmentation of chains. For x = 0.66 arrangements with five-atom moieties, Ga-H-Ga-H-Ga are energetically most favorable. From magnetic measurements, the Curie-Weiss constant and effective magnetic moment of NdGaH1.66 were obtained. The former indicates antiferromagnetic interactions, and the latter attains a value of â¼3.6 µB, which is typical for compounds containing Nd(3+) ions.
RESUMEN
Pb2MnTeO6, a new double perovskite, was synthesized. Its crystal structure was determined by synchrotron X-ray and powder neutron diffraction. Pb2MnTeO6 is monoclinic (I2/m) at room temperature with a regular arrangement of all the cations in their polyhedra. However, when the temperature is lowered to â¼120 K it undergoes a phase transition from I2/m to C2/c structure. This transition is accompanied by a displacement of the Pb atoms from the center of their polyhedra due to the 6s(2) lone-pair electrons, together with a surprising off-centering of Mn(2+) (d(5)) magnetic cations. This strong first-order phase transition is also evidenced by specific heat, dielectric, Raman, and infrared spectroscopy measurements. The magnetic characterizations indicate an anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) order below TN ≈ 20 K; analysis of powder neutron diffraction data confirms the magnetic structure with propagation vector k = (0 1 0) and collinear AFM spins. The observed jump in dielectric permittivity near â¼150 K implies possible anti-ferroelectric behavior; however, the absence of switching suggests that Pb2MnTeO6 can only be antipolar. First-principle calculations confirmed that the crystal and magnetic structures determined are locally stable and that anti-ferroelectric switching is unlikely to be observed in Pb2MnTeO6.
RESUMEN
CsTlCl(3) and CsTlF(3) perovskites have been theoretically predicted to be superconductors when properly hole-doped. Both compounds have been previously prepared as pure compounds: CsTlCl(3) in a tetragonal (I4/m) and a cubic (Fm3Ì m) perovskite polymorph and CsTlF(3) as a cubic perovskite (Fm3Ì m). In this work, substitution of Tl in CsTlCl(3) with Hg is reported, in an attempt to hole-dope the system and induce superconductivity. The whole series CsTl(1-x)HgxCl(3) (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) was prepared. CsTl(0.9)Hg(0.1)Cl(3) is tetragonal as the more stable phase of CsTlCl(3). However, CsTl(0.8)Hg(0.2)Cl(3) is already cubic with the space group Fm3Ì m and with two different positions for Tl(+) and Tl(3+). For x = 0.4 and 0.5, solid solutions could not be formed. For x ≥ 0.6, the samples are primitive cubic perovskites with one crystallographic position for Tl(+), Tl(3+), and Hg(2+). All of the samples formed are insulating, and there is no signature of superconductivity. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicates that all of the samples have a mixed-valence state of Tl(+) and Tl(3+). Raman spectroscopy shows the presence of the active Tl-Cl-Tl stretching mode over the whole series and the intensity of the Tl-Cl-Hg mode increases with increasing Hg content. First-principle calculations confirmed that the phases are insulators in their ground state and that Hg is not a good dopant in the search for superconductivity in this system.
RESUMEN
Polar oxides are technically of great interest but difficult to prepare. Our recent discoveries predicted that polar oxides can be synthesized in the corundum-derivative A2BB'O6 family with unusually small cations at the A-site and a d(0) electron configuration ion at B'-site. When magnetic transition-metal ions are incorporated more interesting polar magnetic oxides can form. In this work we experimentally verified this prediction and prepared LiNbO3 (LN)-type polar magnetic Zn2FeTaO6 via high pressure and temperature synthesis. The crystal structure analysis indicates highly distorted ZnO6 and (Fe/Ta)O6 octahedra, and an estimated spontaneous polarization (PS) of â¼50 µC/cm(2) along the c-axis was obtained from point charge model calculations. Zn2Fe(3+)Ta(5+)O6 has a lower magnetic transition temperature (TN â¼ 22 K) than the Mn2FeTaO6 analogue but is less conductive. The dielectric and polarization measurements indicate a potentially switchable component.
RESUMEN
Above-room-temperature polar magnets are of interest due to their practical applications in spintronics. Here we present a strategy to design high-temperature polar magnetic oxides in the corundum-derived A2BB'O6 family, exemplified by the non-centrosymmetric (R3) Ni3TeO6-type Mn(2+)2Fe(3+)Mo(5+)O6, which shows strong ferrimagnetic ordering with TC = 337â K and demonstrates structural polarization without any ions with (n-1)d(10)ns(0), d(0), or stereoactive lone-pair electrons. Density functional theory calculations confirm the experimental results and suggest that the energy of the magnetically ordered structure, based on the Ni3TeO6 prototype, is significantly lower than that of any related structure, and accounts for the spontaneous polarization (68â µC cm(-2)) and non-centrosymmetry confirmed directly by second harmonic generation. These results motivate new directions in the search for practical magnetoelectric/multiferroic materials.
RESUMEN
Innovations in resistive switching devices constitute a core objective for the development of ultralow-power computing devices. Forming-free resistive switching is a type of resistive switching that eliminates the need for an initial high voltage for the formation of conductive filaments and offers promising opportunities to overcome the limitations of traditional resistive switching devices. Here, we demonstrate mixed charge state oxygen vacancy-engineered electroforming-free resistive switching in NiFe2O4 (NFO) thin films, fabricated as asymmetric Ti/NFO/Pt heterostructures, for the first time. Using pulsed laser deposition in a controlled oxygen atmosphere, we tune the oxygen vacancies together with the cationic valence state in the nickel ferrite phase, with the latter directly affecting the charge state of the oxygen vacancies. The structural integrity and chemical composition of the films are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. Electrical transport studies reveal that resistive switching characteristics in the films can be significantly altered by tuning the amount and charge state of the oxygen vacancy concentration during the deposition of the films. The resistive switching mechanism is seen to depend upon the migration of both singly and doubly charged oxygen vacancies formed as a result of changes in the nickel valence state and the consequent formation/rupture of conducting filaments in the switching layer. This is supported by the existence of an optimum oxygen vacancy concentration for efficient low-voltage resistive switching, below or above which the switching process is inhibited. Along with the filamentary switching mechanism, the Ti top electrode also enhances the resistive switching performance due to interfacial effects. Time-resolved measurements on the devices display both long- and short-term potentiation in the optimized vacancy-engineered NFO resistive switches, ideal for solid-state synapses achieved in a single system. Our work on correlated oxide forming-free resistive switches holds significant potential for CMOS-compatible low-power, nonvolatile resistive memory and neuromorphic circuits.
RESUMEN
A magnetic perovskite-spinel oxide nanocomposite synthesized through a sol-gel self-combustion process is used for the first time as an adsorbent to remove toxic heavy metals (i.e., Pb2+). The synthesized LaFeO3:CoFe2O4 ((LFO)1:(CFO)x) (x = 0.11-0.87) nanocomposites possess good stability, abundant oxygenated active binding sites, and unique structural features, making them suitable for removing divalent Pb2+ ions. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, magnetization measurements, zeta-potential analyses, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to analyze the nanocomposites, and their structural changes after Pb2+ ions adsorption. Batch tests confirmed that (LFO)1:(CFO)x efficiently removes Pb2+ from water with a maximum adsorption capacity of 105.96 mg/g. The detailed quantitative study indicates that the interaction of hydroxyl groups with Pb2+ ions occurs through electrostatic interactions and complex formation. We also demonstrate a new ring-magnetic separator system that allows magnetic separation of the toxic ions at a higher speed compared to traditional block magnets. The unique structure, high porosity, large specific surface area, and oxygenated functional groups of (LFO)1:(CFO)x nanocomposites make them promising materials for removal of heavy metal ions and possibly other environmental pollutants. This study provides a new approach to preparing nanocomposites of magnetic spinel ferrites with perovskite oxides for environmental applications.
RESUMEN
The nature of magnetism in the doubly-diluted spinel ZnTiCoO4= (Zn2+)A[Ti4+Co2+]BO4is reported here employing the temperature and magnetic field (H) dependence of dc susceptibility (χ), ac susceptibilities (χ' andχâ³), and heat capacity (Cp) measurements. Whereas antiferromagnetic (AFM) Néel temperatureTN= 13.9 K is determined from the peak in the ∂(χT)/∂TvsTplot, the fit of the relaxation timeτ(determined from the peak in theχâ³ vsTdata at different frequencies) to the Power law:τ=τ0[(T-TSG)/TSG]-zνyields the spin glass freezing temperatureTSG= 12.9 K,zνâ¼ 11.75, andτ0â¼ 10-12s. Since the magnitudes ofτ0andzνdepend on the magnitude ofTSG, a procedure is developed to find the optimum value ofTSG= 12.9 K. A similar procedure is used to determine the optimumT0= 10.9 K in the Vogel-Fulcher law:τ=τ0 exp[Ea/kB(T-T0)] yieldingEa/kB= 95 K, andτ0= 1.6 × 10-13s. It is argued that the comparatively large magnitude of the Mydosh parameter Ω = 0.026 andkBT0/Ea= 0.115 (âª1) suggests cluster spin-glass state in ZnTiCoO4below TSG. In theCpvsTdata from 1.9 K to 50 K, only a broad peak near 20 K is observed. This and absence ofλ-type anomaly nearTNorTSGcombined with the reduced value of change in magnetic entropy from 50 K to 1.9 K suggests only short-range AFM ordering in the system, consistent with spin-glass state. The field dependence ofTSGshows slight departure (Ïâ¼ 4.0) from the non-mean-field Almeida-Thouless lineTSG(H) =TSG(0) (1 -AH2/Ï). Strong temperature dependence of magnetic viscositySand coercivityHCwithout exchange bias, both tending to zero on approach toTSGfrom below, further support the spin-glass state which results from magnetic dilution driven by diamagnetic Zn2+and Ti4+ions leading to magnetic frustration. Magnetic phase diagram in theH-Tplane is established using the high-field magnetization dataM(H,T) forT
RESUMEN
MAX phases are the parent materials used for the formation of MXenes, and are generally obtained by etching using the highly corrosive acid HF. To develop a more environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of MXenes, in this work, titanium aluminum carbide MAX phase (Ti2AlC) was fabricated and etched using NaOH. Further, magnetic properties were induced during the etching process in a single-step etching process that led to the formation of a magnetic composite. By carefully controlling etching conditions such as etching agent concentration and time, different structures could be produced (denoted as M.Ti2CTx). Magnetic nanostructures with unique physico-chemical characteristics, including a large number of binding sites, were utilized to adsorb radionuclide Sr2+ and Cs+ cations from different matrices, including deionized, tap, and seawater. The produced adsorbents were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The synthesized materials were found to be very stable in the aqueous phase, compared with corrosive acid-etched MXenes, acquiring a distinctive structure with oxygen-containing functional moieties. Sr2+ and Cs+ removal efficiencies of M.Ti2CTx were assessed via conventional batch adsorption experiments. M.Ti2CTx-AIII showed the highest adsorption performance among other M.Ti2CTx phases, with maximum adsorption capacities of 376.05 and 142.88 mg/g for Sr2+ and Cs+, respectively, which are among the highest adsorption capacities reported for comparable adsorbents such as graphene oxide and MXenes. Moreover, in seawater, the removal efficiencies for Sr2+ and Cs+ were greater than 93% and 31%, respectively. Analysis of the removal mechanism validates the electrostatic interactions between M.Ti2C-AIII and radionuclides.
RESUMEN
We report the slow spin dynamics of cluster spin-glass (SG) spinel Zn(Fe1-xRux)2O4by means of detaileddc-magnetization andac-susceptibility studies combined with the heat capacity analysis. Two specific compositions (x = 0.5, 0.75) have been investigated in detail along with the substitution of Jahn-Teller (JT) active spin-1/2 Cu2+ions at B-sites. Measurements based on the frequency and temperature dependence ofac-susceptibility (χac(f,T)) and the subsequent analysis using the empirical scaling laws such as: (a) Vogel-Fulcher law and (b) Power law reveal the presence of cluster SG state below the characteristic freezing temperatureTSG(17.77 K (x = 0.5) and 14 K (x = 0.75)). Relaxation dynamics of both the compositions follow the non-mean field de Almeida-Thouless (AT)-line approach(TSG(H)=TSG(0)(1-AH2/Ï)), with an ideal value ofφ = 3. Nevertheless, the analysis of temperature dependent high fielddc-susceptibility,χhf(2kOe ⩽ HDC ⩽ 20kOe,T) provides evidence for Gabay-Toulouse type mixed-phase (coexistence of SG and ferrimagnetic (FiM)) behaviour. Further, in the case of Cu0.2Zn0.8FeRuO4system, slowly fluctuating magnetic clusters persist even above the short-range FiM ordering temperature (TFiM) and their volume fraction vanishes completely across â¼6TFiM. This particular feature of the dynamics has been very well supported by the time decay of the thermoremanent magnetization and heat-capacity studies. We employed the high temperature series expansion technique to determine the symmetric exchange coupling (JS) between the spins which yieldsJS=-3.02×10-5 eV for Cu0.2Zn0.8FeRuO4representing the dominant intra-sublattice ferromagnetic interactions due to the dilute incorporation of the JT active Cu2+ions. However, the antiferromagnetic coupling is predominant in ZnFeRuO4and Cu0.2Zn0.8Fe0.5Ru1.5O4systems. Finally, we deduced the magnetic phase diagram in theHDC-Tplane using the characteristic parameters obtained from the field variations of bothac- anddc-magnetization measurements.
RESUMEN
Adherence of metal oxides to graphene is of fundamental significance to graphene nanoelectronic and spintronic interfaces. Titanium oxide and aluminum oxide are two widely used tunnel barriers in such devices, which offer optimum interface resistance and distinct interface conditions that govern transport parameters and device performance. Here, we reveal a fundamental difference in how these metal oxides interface with graphene through electrical transport measurements and Raman and photoelectron spectroscopies, combined with ab initio electronic structure calculations of such interfaces. While both oxide layers cause surface charge transfer induced p-type doping in graphene, in sharp contrast to TiOx, the AlOx/graphene interface shows the presence of appreciable sp3 defects. Electronic structure calculations disclose that significant p-type doping occurs due to a combination of sp3 bonds formed between C and O atoms at the interface and possible slightly off-stoichiometric defects of the aluminum oxide layer. Furthermore, the sp3 hybridization at the AlOx/graphene interface leads to distinct magnetic moments of unsaturated bonds, which not only explicates the widely observed low spin-lifetimes in AlOx barrier graphene spintronic devices but also suggests possibilities for new hybrid resistive switching and spin valves.
RESUMEN
Engineering magnetic proximity effects-based devices requires developing efficient magnetic insulators. In particular, insulators, where magnetic phases show dramatic changes in texture on the nanometric level, could allow us to tune the proximity-induced exchange splitting at such distances. In this paper, we report the fabrication and characterization of highly ordered two-dimensional arrays of LaFeO3 (LFO)-CoFe2O4 (CFO) biphasic magnetic nanowires, grown on silicon substrates using a unique combination of bottom-up and top-down synthesis approaches. The regularity of the patterns was confirmed using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques, whereas magnetic force microscopy images established the magnetic homogeneity of the patterned nanowires and absence of any magnetic debris between the wires. Transmission electron microscopy shows a close spatial correlation between the LFO and CFO phases, indicating strong grain-to-grain interfacial coupling, intrinsically different from the usual core-shell structures. Magnetic hysteresis loops reveal the ferrimagnetic nature of the composites up to room temperature and the presence of a strong magnetic coupling between the two phases, and electrical transport measurements demonstrate the strong insulating behavior of the LFO-CFO composite, which is found to be governed by Mott-variable range hopping conduction mechanisms. A shift in the Raman modes in the composite sample compared to those of pure CFO suggests the existence of strain-mediated elastic coupling between the two phases in the composite sample. Our work offers ordered composite nanowires with strong interfacial coupling between the two phases that can be directly integrated for developing multiphase spin insulatronic devices and emergent magnetic interfaces.
RESUMEN
Establishing ultimate spin current efficiency in graphene over industry-standard substrates can facilitate research and development exploration of spin current functions and spin sensing. At the same time, it can resolve core issues in spin relaxation physics while addressing the skepticism of graphene's practicality for planar spintronic applications. In this work, we reveal an exceptionally long spin communication capability of 45 µm and highest to date spin diffusion length of 13.6 µm in graphene on SiO2/Si at room temperature. Employing commercial chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene, we show how contact-induced surface charge transfer doping and device doping contributions, as well as spin relaxation, can be quenched in extremely long spin channels and thereby enable unexpectedly long spin diffusion lengths in polycrystalline CVD graphene. Extensive experiments show enhanced spin transport and precession in multiple longest channels (36 and 45 µm) that reveal the highest spin lifetime of â¼2.5-3.5 ns in graphene over SiO2/Si, even under ambient conditions. Such performance, made possible due to our devices approaching the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling of â¼20 µeV in graphene, reveals the role of the D'yakonov-Perel' spin relaxation mechanism in graphene channels as well as contact regions. Our record demonstration, fresh device engineering, and spin relaxation insights unlock the ultimate spin current capabilities of graphene on SiO2/Si, while the robust high performance of commercial CVD graphene can proliferate research and development of innovative spin sensors and spin computing circuits.
RESUMEN
Static and dynamic magnetic properties of normal spinel Co2RuO4 = (Co2+)[Formula: see text] are reported based on our investigations of the temperature (T), magnetic field (H) and frequency (f) dependence of the ac-magnetic susceptibilities and dc-magnetization (M) covering the temperature range T = 2 K-400 K and H up to 90 kOe. These investigations show that Co2RuO4 exhibits an antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition at T N â¼ 15.2 K, along with a spin-glass state at slightly lower temperature (T SG) near 14.2 K. It is argued that T N is mainly governed by the ordering of the spins of Co2+ ions occupying the A-site, whereas the exchange interaction between the Co2+ ions on the A-site and randomly distributed Ru3+ on the B-site triggers the spin-glass phase, Co3+ ions on the B-site being in the low-spin non-magnetic state. Analysis of measurements of M (H, T) for T < T N are used to construct the H-T phase diagram showing that T SG shifts to lower T varying as H2/3.2 expected for spin-glass state whereas T N is nearly H-independent. For T > T N, analysis of the paramagnetic susceptibility (χ) vs. T data are fit to the modified Curie-Weiss law, χ = χ 0 + C/(T + θ), with χ 0 = 0.0015 emu mol-1Oe-1 yielding θ = 53 K and C = 2.16 emu-K mol-1Oe-1, the later yielding an effective magnetic moment µ eff = 4.16 µ B comparable to the expected value of µ eff = 4.24 µ B per Co2RuO4. Using T N, θ and high temperature series for χ, dominant exchange constant J 1/k B â¼ 6 K between the Co2+ on the A-sites is estimated. Analysis of the ac magnetic susceptibilities near T SG yields the dynamical critical exponent zν = 5.2 and microscopic spin relaxation time τ 0 â¼ 1.16 × 10-10 sec characteristic of cluster spin-glasses and the observed time-dependence of M(t) is supportive of the spin-glass state. Large M-H loop asymmetry at low temperatures with giant exchange bias effect (H EB â¼ 1.8 kOe) and coercivity (H C â¼ 7 kOe) for a field cooled sample further support the mixed magnetic phase nature of this interesting spinel. The negative magnetocaloric effect observed below T N is interpreted to be due to the AFM and SG ordering. It is argued that the observed change from positive MCE (magnetocaloric effect) for T > T N to inverse MCE for T < T N observed in Co2RuO4 (and reported previously in other systems also) is related to the change in sign of (∂M/∂T) vs. T data.
RESUMEN
In this paper we report transport properties at low temperatures (3 K < or = T < or = 300 K) in nanostructured functional oxides. Electrical resistivity in the nanoparticles of La0.5CoO3 (LSCO), a ferromagnet, show a gradual change-over from a completely metallic state (in the bulk sample) to a completely insulating state (in the sample with the smallest particle size of approximately 35 nm), while still remaining a ferromagnet, albeit with a lower Tc. In the LSCO nanoparticles (diameter <60 nm) there is a change-over in the temperature dependence of the resistivity at the lowest temperature (T <10 K) which we could identify as arising from the Coulomb blockade in the conducting grains which are separated by insulating grain boundaries that allow transport by tunneling. However, nanoparticles of the nonmagnetic material, LaNiO3 (LNO) remain metallic (similar to the bulk sample) throughout the temperature range studied with the resistivity reaching a temperature independent value at the lowest temperature measured. We suggest that the essential difference between the electrical transport in these nanostructured materials arises due to the physical nature of the grain boundaries which is insulating in LSCO due to absence of long range spin order that is needed for the metallic state.
RESUMEN
In this paper we report size-induced collapse of charge ordering in nanoparticles of La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 (LCMO). This happens when the particle size approximately 100 nm or below. The investigation shows that a tuning of size can tune the nature of ground state in manganites. The particles were synthesized by sol-gel route (polyol based) and were characterized by X-ray-diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The collapse of charge ordering stabilizes the ferromagnetic phase with metallic character. The resulting phase appears to be electronically phase segregated. We base our conclusions on detailed magnetization and resistivity measurements as well as the evolution of the structure on size reduction. The observed data have been explained as arising due to a combined effect of both phases. Size reduction reduces the orthorhombic distortion and enhances the Double exchange that stabilizes the ferromagnetic phase and increases the band width. It is likely that this enhanced band-width leads to weakening of the charge-ordering and its eventual collapse.
RESUMEN
In this paper we report the observation of a proposed Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of magnons in a temperature range of around 15-20 K in nanostructured films of Gd with grain sizes that are much larger than the size range where superparamagentism is expected. The observation was carried out using magnetic as well as high precision resistivity and magnetoresistance (MR) measurements performed to low temperatures. We observe that the experimental observations depend crucially on one parameter, namely softening of the spin wave stiffness parameter D at BEC and the resistivity as well as MR can be related quantitatively to magnetic measurements through the temperature variation of the constant D in the vicinity of the transition. This paper establishes that the BEC reported before in nanocrystalline Gd can be extended to a somewhat larger size range.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The influenza genome is highly variable due primarily to two mechanisms: antigenic drift and antigenic shift. A third mechanism for genetic change, known as copy choice or template switching, can arise during replication when, if two viral strains infect a cell, a part of a gene from the second viral strain can be copied into the growing progeny of a gene of the first viral strain as replacement leading to a new variety of the virus. This template switching between the same genes of the two strains is known as homologous recombination. While genetic drift and shift are well-understood, the presence or absence of intra-segment homologous recombination in influenza genomes is controversial. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE OF STUDY: We are interested to study the possibility of subunit-wise homologous recombination. The idea is that where well-defined subunits are separated by consensus sequences, it might be possible for template switching to take place at such junctions. The influenza hemagglutinin gene has basically two subunits, HA1 and HA2, with HA1 being mostly surface exposed and containing the active site for binding to cells, while HA2 secures the hemagglutinin to the viral coat. We undertook a thorough search of the major human infecting influenza hemagglutinin gene sequences, viz., the H1N1, H5N1, H3N2 and H7N9 subtypes, over the period 2010-2014 in Asia to determine if certain sequences could be identified that had HA1 from a previous strain and HA2 from another. RESULTS: Our search yielded several instances where sequence identities between segments of various strains could be interpreted as indicating possibilities of segment exchange. In some cases, on closer examination they turn out to differ by a few mutations in each segment, due perhaps to the short time span of our database. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS: The study reported here, and in combination with our earlier observations on the neuraminidase, shows that subunit-wise recombination-like events in the influenza genes may be occurring more often than have been accounted for and merits further detailed studies.
Asunto(s)
Biología Computacional/estadística & datos numéricos , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Recombinación Homóloga , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/estadística & datos numéricos , Algoritmos , Animales , Biología Computacional/métodos , Evolución Molecular , Genes Virales/genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Virus de la Influenza A/metabolismo , Modelos Genéticos , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN/métodosRESUMEN
The sudden emergence of a human infecting strain of H7N9 influenza virus in China in 2013 leading to fatalities in about 30% of the cases has caused wide concern that additional mutations in the strain leading to human to human transmission could lead to a deadly pandemic. It may happen in a short time span as the outbreak of H7N9 is more and more recurrent, which implies that H7N9 evolution is speeding up. H7N9 flu strains were not known to infect humans before this attack in China in February 2013 and it was solely an avian strain. While currently available drugs such as oseltamivir have been found to be largely effective against the H7N9, albeit with recent reported cases of development of resistance to the drug, there is a necessity to identify alternatives to combat this disease, especially if it assumes pandemic proportions. In our work, we have tried to investigate for the genetic changes in hemagglutinin (HA) protein sequence that lead to human infection by an avian infecting virus and identify possible peptide targets to design vaccines to control this upcoming risk. We identified three highly conserved regions in all H7 subtypes, of which one particular immunogenic surface exposed region was found to be well conserved in all human infecting H7N9 strains (accessed up to 27th March 2014). Compared to H7N9 avian strains, we identified two mutations in this conserved region at the receptor binding site of all post-February 2013 human-infecting H7N9China hemagglutinin protein sequences. One of the mutations is very close (3.6 Å) to the hemagglutinin sialic acid binding pocket that may lead to better binding to human host's sialic acid due to the changes in hydrophobicity of the microenvironment of the binding site. We found that the peptide region with these mutational changes that are specific for human infecting H7N9 virus possess the possibility of being used as target for a peptide vaccine.