[Research progress of Codonopsis Radix and prediction of its Q-markers].

Codonopsis Radix is a traditional tonic medicine commonly used in China, which has the effects of strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lung, as well as nourishing blood and engendering liquid. The chemical constituents of Codonopsis species are mainly polyacetylenes, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, terpenoids and saponins, flavonoids, steroids, organic acids, saccharides, and so on. Modern pharmacological studies showed that Codonopsis Radix also has a variety of pharmacological effects such as enhancing body immunity, protecting gastrointestinal mucosa and resisting ulcers, promoting hematopoietic function, regulating blood sugar, and delaying aging. In this paper, the chemical constituents of Codonopsis species and the pharmacological effects of Codonopsis Radix were summarized, and on this basis, the quality markers of Codonopsis Radix were analyzed. It was predicted that lobetyolin, tangshenoside I, codonopyrrolidium A, and the oligosaccharides were the possible Q-markers of Codonopsis Radix. This paper will provide scientific references for the quality evaluation and profound research and the development of Codonopsis Radix.

[Discrimination of quality markers of Shujin Huoxue Capsules based on five principles coupled with cobweb model].

The quality markers(Q-markers) of Shujin Huoxue Capsules were comprehensively discriminated based on the five principles of transfer and traceability, specificity, compatibility, effectiveness and measurability. The compounds that could be transferred from the original medicinal materials to the preparation were selected with the principle of transfer and traceability. The specific components in the prescription were screened by reviewing literature with the principle of specificity. According to the principle of compatibility, the attributes of compounds were evaluated by the sovereign, minister, assistant and guide combination rules of the original medicinal materials in the prescription. According to the principle of measurability, the measurable components were summarized by reference to the pharmacopoeia and literature combined with the content. The mechanism of Shujin Huoxue Capsules in the treatment of osteoporosis was studied through network pharmacology based on the principle of effectiveness, which was the evaluation index of effectiveness. The chemical components screened out above were regarded as candidate Q-markers, and the cobweb model was plotted to obtain the comprehensive score of Q-markers. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, trachelosid, eleutheroside B, α-cyperone, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde and 4-methoxy salicylaldehyde were discriminated as the Q-markers of Shujin Huoxue Capsules based on the five principles combined with cobweb model.

[Research progress of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and predictive analysis on its quality markers].

Angelicae Sinensis Radix, as a medicinal and edible Chinese medicinal herb, is widely used in clinical practice. It is mainly cultivated in Minxian, Tanchang, Zhangxian and Weiyuan counties of Gansu province. In recent years, with the comprehensive and in-depth study of Angelicae Sinensis Radix in China and abroad, its chemical composition, pharmacological effects and application and development have attracted much attention. In this study, the chemical composition, traditional efficacy, and modern pharmacological effects of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were summarized. On this basis, combined with the core concept of quality markers(Q-markers), the Q-markers of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were discussed from the aspects of mass transfer and traceability and chemical composition specificity, availability, and measurability, which provided scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Angelicae Sinensis Radix.

[Quantitative identification of Q-markers of Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba based on AHP-CRITIC comprehensive weighting method].

This study investigated the quality markers(Q-markers) of Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)-criteria importance through intercriteria correlation(CRITIC) comprehensive weighting method. The Q-markers evaluation system was constructed based on the AHP-CRITIC comprehensive weighting method with quantitative identification of Q-markers of Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba as the target layer. The index weights of the factor layer and the control layer were integrated based on the weights of three indicators(effectiveness, testability, and specificity) in the factor layer calculated by the AHP method and weights of eight indicators(anti-inflammatory inhibitory rate, coagulation shortening rate, anti-cancer inhibition rate, component degree value, component test batch, component average content, content variation coefficient, and number of medicinal materials retrieved according to components) in the control layer calculated by the CRITIC method. The comprehensive score of the chemical components of Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba was weighted and ranked to identify the Q-markers of Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba. In terms of comprehensive scores, top 10 potential Q-markers of Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba were ranked as cynaroside > quercetin > gallic acid > apigenin > luteolin > apigenin-7-O-glucoside > quercetin-7-O-glucoside > ellagic acid > astragalin > ethyl gallate. This study provides a reference for the quality control of Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba and a methodological reference for the quantitative identification of Q-markers of Chinese medicine.

[Identification of Q-markers for Cistanches Herba based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology].

This study aims to establish a method for analyzing the chemical constituents in Cistanches Herba by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), and to reveal the pharmacological mechanism based on network pharmacology for mining the quality markers(Q-markers) of Cistanches Herba. The chemical constituents of Cistanche deserticola and C. tubulosa were analyzed via HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The potential targets and pathways of Cistanches Herba were predicted via SwissTargetPrediction and DAVID. The compound-target-pathway-pharmacological action-efficacy network was constructed via Cytoscape. A total of 47 chemical constituents were identified, involving 95 targets and 56 signaling pathways. We preliminarily elucidated the pharmacological mechanisms of echinacoside, acteoside, isoacteoside, cistanoside F, 2'-acetylacteoside, cistanoside A, campneoside Ⅱ, salidroside, tubuloside B, 6-deoxycatalpol, 8-epi-loganic acid, ajugol, bartsioside, geniposidic acid, and pinoresinol 4-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, and predicted them to be the Q-markers of Cistanches Herba. This study identified the chemical constituents of Cistanches Herba, explained the pharmacological mechanism of the traditional efficacy of Cistanches Herba based on network pharmacology, and introduced the core concept of Q-markers to improve the quality evaluation of Cistanches Herba.

[Q-markers of Yuquan Capsules based on serum pharmacochemistry of Chinese medicine].

This study analyzed the quality markers(Q-markers) of Yuquan Capsules(YQC) based on serum pharmacochemistry of Chinese medicine and detected the components and metabolites of YQC absorbed into the blood by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UNIFI systems. As a result, 32 components of YQC were detected, including 17 prototype components and 15 metabolized components. Among them, 12 prototype components(ginsenoside Rh_2, genistein, formononetin, puerarin, daidzein, schizandrin A, schizandrin B, schizandrin C, schizandrol A, schizandrol B, gomisin D, and ononin) and 12 metabolized components(ginsenoside Rg_1, ginsenoside Rg_2, ginsenoside Rg_3, ginsenoside Ro, 3'-methoxypuerarin, daidzin, astragaloside Ⅱ, astragaloside Ⅳ, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, and verbascoside) showed inhibitory effects and pharmacological activities against diabetes, and these 24 blood-entering components against diabetes were identified as Q-markers of YQC.

[Research progress on Astragali Radix and prediction of its quality markers (Q-markers)].

Astragali Radix, a medicinal herb for invigorating Qi, has anti-aging, anti-tumor, immunoregulatory, blood sugar-and lipid-lowering, anti-fibrosis, anti-radiation and other pharmacological effects. This article reviewed the studies about the chemical components and pharmacological effects of Astragali Radix. According to the theory of quality markers(Q-markers) of Chinese medicinal materials, we predicted the Q-markers of Astragali Radix from traditional efficacy, chemical component validity, measurability, plant phylogeny, and pharmacokinetis. The results showed that total polysaccharides, flavonoids(e.g., calycosin-7-O-ß-D-glucoside, formononetin, calycosin, quercetin, and ononin), and saponins(e.g., astragalosides Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ) can be taken as the main Q-markers. This review lays a foundation for regulating the quality research and standard establishment of Astragali Radix, and benefits the control and quality supervision of the production process of Astragali Radix and its related products.

[Modern research progress of traditional Chinese medicine Paeoniae Radix Alba and prediction of its Q-markers].

Paeoniae Radix Alba is the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora, which was first recorded in the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica and listed as the top grade. It is a common blood-tonifying herb, and its chemical components are mainly monoterpenes and their glycosides, triterpenes, flavonoids and so on. Modern research has demonstrated that Paeoniae Radix Alba has the activities of anti-inflammation, pain easing, liver protection, and anti-oxidation, and thus it is widely used in clinical practice and has broad development prospects. In this paper, the research progress on the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and quality control of Paeoniae Radix Alba were summarized. On this basis, the Q-markers of Paeoniae Radix Alba were predicted from the aspects of mass transfer and traceability, chemical composition specificity, and availability and measurability of chemical components, which will provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Paeoniae Radix Alba.

Advances in the chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, and clinical application of Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma: A review and predictive analysis of quality markers (Q-markers).

Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma (SGR) is recognized in traditional Chinese medicine for its distinctive therapeutic properties and abundant supply. Its phytochemical profile is diverse, encompassing flavonoids, steroids, saccharides, phenolic glycosides, volatile constituents, organic acids, phenylpropanoids, stilbenoids, among others. Recent pharmacological investigations reveal that SGR possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects with multifaceted clinical applications. This review collates the current knowledge on SGR's chemical composition, pharmacological activities, and its clinical utility. Utilizing network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches, this study provides a preliminary identification of potential quality markers (Q-Markers) within SGR. The findings suggest that compounds such as astilbin, isoengelitin, neoisoastilbin, neoastilbin, astragaloside, diosgenin, resveratrol, stigmasterol, ß-sitosterol, and quercetin in SGR are promising candidates for Q-Markers. While flavonoids are the most extensively studied, there is a pressing need to further explore the active monomeric compounds within SGR. The introduction of Q-Markers is instrumental in developing standardized quality metrics. Specifically, astilbin has been noted for its antitumor, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-hyperuricemic, and hepatoprotective potential, warranting further research for therapeutic applications.

Screening of potential antioxidant bioactive Q-markers of paeoniae radix rubra based on an integrated multimodal strategy.

Background: Paeoniae Radix Rubra (PRR) has been used widely to promote blood circulation and eliminate blood stasis in China clinical practice owing to its extensive pharmacological effects. However, the "quality markers" (Q-markers) of the antioxidant effects remains unknown. Object: To explore the Q-markers of antioxidant activity based on multiple strategies, which would provide reference for the quality evaluation of PRR based on specific pharmacodynamic-oriented. Methods: Firstly, the "fingerprint" profiles of 15 batches of PRR were acquired and identified by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS) and the common peaks extracted. Meanwhile, the MTT assay was used to evaluate the effect of 15 batches of PRR on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HT-22 cells. The antioxidant activity of PRR was investigated simultaneously by superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) commercial kits. The relationship between common peaks and antioxidant indexes were constructed by grey relational analysis (GRA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for the identification of preselected Q-markers. Secondly, experimental verification was conducted to investigate the protective effect of the preliminary components on HT-22 cells undergoing oxidative stress. Finally, for the further validation of effectiveness of antioxidant Q-markers, network pharmacology was applied to explore potential targets, and the molecular docking technology was used to value the binding ability of the potential active components of PRR to the antioxidant targets. Results: Thirty-seven common peaks from 15 batches of PRR were identified qualitatively by UHPLC-Q-TOF MS/MS. The MTT assay showed that PRR could reduce the oxidative damage induced by H2O2 upon HT-22 cells according to the index of MDA, SOD and GSH. Eight potential antioxidant components were screened by spectrum-effect correlation analysis: paeoniflorin, galloylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin, 1,2,3,4,6-o-pentagalloylglucose, benzoylpaeoniflorin, pinocembrin, oleanic acid, and isorhamnetin-3-o-nehesperidine. Each of these preliminary components showed significant protections on cellular oxidative stress (P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6), protein kinase B (AKT1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were predicted to be the major potential targets of PRR, and the good binding ability were presented between the potential active components of PRR and each target as a whole. Conclusion: Eight components were identified as the antioxidant Q-markers of PRR based on an integrated multimodal strategy.

Quality Markers of Dendrobium officinale by "Oligosaccharide-Spectrum-Effect" Relationships.

Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and a functional food for thousands of years. Carbohydrate is one of the most important effective substances and indicative components in D. officinale. However, since the qualitative and quantitative analysis of polysaccharides in D. officinale remains a challenge and limitation, herein, an oligosaccharide-quality marker approach was newly developed for quality assessment of D. officinale by spectrum-effect relationships between high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) fingerprints and anti-inflammatory effects. The HPLC fingerprints of 48 batches of oligosaccharides from D. officinale (DOOS) were developed and analyzed with similarity analysis (SA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and eight common peaks were identified. In vitro screening experiment indicated that DOOS potentially inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and effectively reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß in RAW 264.7 cells, thereby reducing the inflammatory response of cells. Finally, the HPLC fingerprint of different batches of DOOS was combined with in vitro anti-inflammatory activity to assess the spectrum-effect relationships of DOOS by gray correlation analysis (GCA), in addition, the purified oligosaccharide components were identified and validated for NO inhibitory activity. Our results showed four DOOS (maltotetraose, maltopentaose, maltohexaose, and mannohexaose) were relevant to anti-inflammatory effects and could be as quality markers for the quality control of D. officinale. It suggests that the "oligosaccharide-spectrum-effect" relationships approach is a simple and reliable method for the quality control of herb medicines or nutritious foods.

Chemical Components and Pharmacological Action for Angelica dahurica Sinensis and Predictive Analysis on its Q-marker / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Angelica dahurica,as a medicinal and edible traditional Chinese medicine,is widely used in clinical practice.It is mainly cultivated in Henan,Hebei,Sichuang and Zhejiang provinces.At present,the study found that the main chemical components of this plant contained coumarins,volatile oil,polysaccharides,alkaloids,and amino acids and other components.It has anti-inflammatory,analgesic,anti-oxidant,anti-tumor,whitening effect and other pharmacological activities.In this paper,the chemical composition,pharmacological action of Angelica dahurica were summarized.Based on the core concepts of quality markers,the quality markers of Angelica dahurica were predicted and analyzed from the aspects of plant relativity and chemical component specificity,traditional medicinal properties,traditional efficacy,measurability of chemical components,Sulfur Fumigated,so as to provide reference for establishment and development of quality evaluation system of Angelica dahurica.

Research progress of Codonopsis Radix and prediction of its Q-markers / 中国中药杂志

Codonopsis Radix is a traditional tonic medicine commonly used in China, which has the effects of strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lung, as well as nourishing blood and engendering liquid. The chemical constituents of Codonopsis species are mainly polyacetylenes, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, terpenoids and saponins, flavonoids, steroids, organic acids, saccharides, and so on. Modern pharmacological studies showed that Codonopsis Radix also has a variety of pharmacological effects such as enhancing body immunity, protecting gastrointestinal mucosa and resisting ulcers, promoting hematopoietic function, regulating blood sugar, and delaying aging. In this paper, the chemical constituents of Codonopsis species and the pharmacological effects of Codonopsis Radix were summarized, and on this basis, the quality markers of Codonopsis Radix were analyzed. It was predicted that lobetyolin, tangshenoside I, codonopyrrolidium A, and the oligosaccharides were the possible Q-markers of Codonopsis Radix. This paper will provide scientific references for the quality evaluation and profound research and the development of Codonopsis Radix.

Discrimination of quality markers of Shujin Huoxue Capsules based on five principles coupled with cobweb model / 中国中药杂志

The quality markers(Q-markers) of Shujin Huoxue Capsules were comprehensively discriminated based on the five principles of transfer and traceability, specificity, compatibility, effectiveness and measurability. The compounds that could be transferred from the original medicinal materials to the preparation were selected with the principle of transfer and traceability. The specific components in the prescription were screened by reviewing literature with the principle of specificity. According to the principle of compatibility, the attributes of compounds were evaluated by the sovereign, minister, assistant and guide combination rules of the original medicinal materials in the prescription. According to the principle of measurability, the measurable components were summarized by reference to the pharmacopoeia and literature combined with the content. The mechanism of Shujin Huoxue Capsules in the treatment of osteoporosis was studied through network pharmacology based on the principle of effectiveness, which was the evaluation index of effectiveness. The chemical components screened out above were regarded as candidate Q-markers, and the cobweb model was plotted to obtain the comprehensive score of Q-markers. Hydroxysafflor yellow A, trachelosid, eleutheroside B, α-cyperone, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde and 4-methoxy salicylaldehyde were discriminated as the Q-markers of Shujin Huoxue Capsules based on the five principles combined with cobweb model.

Identification of Q-markers for Cistanches Herba based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to establish a method for analyzing the chemical constituents in Cistanches Herba by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), and to reveal the pharmacological mechanism based on network pharmacology for mining the quality markers(Q-markers) of Cistanches Herba. The chemical constituents of Cistanche deserticola and C. tubulosa were analyzed via HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The potential targets and pathways of Cistanches Herba were predicted via SwissTargetPrediction and DAVID. The compound-target-pathway-pharmacological action-efficacy network was constructed via Cytoscape. A total of 47 chemical constituents were identified, involving 95 targets and 56 signaling pathways. We preliminarily elucidated the pharmacological mechanisms of echinacoside, acteoside, isoacteoside, cistanoside F, 2'-acetylacteoside, cistanoside A, campneoside Ⅱ, salidroside, tubuloside B, 6-deoxycatalpol, 8-epi-loganic acid, ajugol, bartsioside, geniposidic acid, and pinoresinol 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and predicted them to be the Q-markers of Cistanches Herba. This study identified the chemical constituents of Cistanches Herba, explained the pharmacological mechanism of the traditional efficacy of Cistanches Herba based on network pharmacology, and introduced the core concept of Q-markers to improve the quality evaluation of Cistanches Herba.

Q-markers of Yuquan Capsules based on serum pharmacochemistry of Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

This study analyzed the quality markers(Q-markers) of Yuquan Capsules(YQC) based on serum pharmacochemistry of Chinese medicine and detected the components and metabolites of YQC absorbed into the blood by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and UNIFI systems. As a result, 32 components of YQC were detected, including 17 prototype components and 15 metabolized components. Among them, 12 prototype components(ginsenoside Rh_2, genistein, formononetin, puerarin, daidzein, schizandrin A, schizandrin B, schizandrin C, schizandrol A, schizandrol B, gomisin D, and ononin) and 12 metabolized components(ginsenoside Rg_1, ginsenoside Rg_2, ginsenoside Rg_3, ginsenoside Ro, 3'-methoxypuerarin, daidzin, astragaloside Ⅱ, astragaloside Ⅳ, glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, and verbascoside) showed inhibitory effects and pharmacological activities against diabetes, and these 24 blood-entering components against diabetes were identified as Q-markers of YQC.

Research progress on Astragali Radix and prediction of its quality markers (Q-markers) / 中国中药杂志

Astragali Radix, a medicinal herb for invigorating Qi, has anti-aging, anti-tumor, immunoregulatory, blood sugar-and lipid-lowering, anti-fibrosis, anti-radiation and other pharmacological effects. This article reviewed the studies about the chemical components and pharmacological effects of Astragali Radix. According to the theory of quality markers(Q-markers) of Chinese medicinal materials, we predicted the Q-markers of Astragali Radix from traditional efficacy, chemical component validity, measurability, plant phylogeny, and pharmacokinetis. The results showed that total polysaccharides, flavonoids(e.g., calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, formononetin, calycosin, quercetin, and ononin), and saponins(e.g., astragalosides Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ) can be taken as the main Q-markers. This review lays a foundation for regulating the quality research and standard establishment of Astragali Radix, and benefits the control and quality supervision of the production process of Astragali Radix and its related products.

Analysis of Q-markers of Arisaema Cum Bile Acting on Stroke Based on UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and TCMIP v2.0 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo predict the possible quality markers （Q-markers） of Arisaema Cum Bile in the prevention and treatment of stroke based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spetrometry （UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS） and Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCMIP） v2.0. MethodUPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was employed with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution （A）-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution （B） for gradient elution （0-3 min， 0.2%-5%B； 3-5 min， 5%-8%B； 5-8 min， 8%-10%B； 8-14 min， 10%-25%B； 14-18 min， 25%-50%B； 18-20 min， 50%-70%B； 20-21 min， 70%-98%B； 21-23 min， 98%B； 23-24 min， 98%-0.2%B； 24-26 min， 0.2%B）， the flow rate of 0.5 mL·min-1 and electrospray ionization （ESI）. High quality MS/MS data were scanned in positive and negative ion modes with scanning range of m/z 50-1 500. A local database of the chemical constituents in Arisaema Cum Bile was established by UNIFI 1.8. Then the chemical constituents in Arisaema Cum Bile were characterized by matching with the local database and comparing with the reference substances and literature information. TCMIP v2.0 was used to obtain the targets corresponding to the identified components of Arisaema Cum Bile and stroke， and the "disease-formula" correlation analysis was carried out to screen the core targets by topological eigenvalues. DAVID 6.8 was used for enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway of core targets. According to the "five principles" of Q-markers and combined with literature reports， the Q-markers of Arisaema Cum Bile in the prevention and treatment of stroke were predicted， and the core components acting on these target genes were obtained. Cytoscape 3.8.0 was employed to draw the network diagram of "medicinal materials-active ingredients-target genes-pathways". Finally， AutoDock Vina 1.2.2 was used to calculate and verify the molecular docking between the candidate components and the key targets. ResultA total of 76 chemical components was identified in positive and negative ion modes， 85 core targets were collected for Arisaema Cum Bile in the prevention and treatment of stroke. A total of 31 stroke-related pathways， 23 target genes and 9 main active components of Arisaema Cum Bile acting on these genes were screened， and then we determined 4 possible Q-markers for Arisaema Cum Bile in the prevention and treatment of stroke according to the "five principles". ConclusionThe possible Q-markers of Arisaema Cum Bile for stroke are gallic acid， apigenin-6，8-di-C-glucoside， apigenin and cholic acid， and the target of these four components may be estrogen receptor alpha （ESR1）.

Modern research progress of traditional Chinese medicine Paeoniae Radix Alba and prediction of its Q-markers / 中国中药杂志

Paeoniae Radix Alba is the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora, which was first recorded in the Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica and listed as the top grade. It is a common blood-tonifying herb, and its chemical components are mainly monoterpenes and their glycosides, triterpenes, flavonoids and so on. Modern research has demonstrated that Paeoniae Radix Alba has the activities of anti-inflammation, pain easing, liver protection, and anti-oxidation, and thus it is widely used in clinical practice and has broad development prospects. In this paper, the research progress on the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and quality control of Paeoniae Radix Alba were summarized. On this basis, the Q-markers of Paeoniae Radix Alba were predicted from the aspects of mass transfer and traceability, chemical composition specificity, and availability and measurability of chemical components, which will provide a scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Paeoniae Radix Alba.

A pattern of hierarchical progression for quality standard of Chinese materia medica based on "herbal origin-material basis-quality markers-quality control method" / 中草药

Quality control of Chinese materia medica (CMM) is an effective measure to ensure the safety and effectiveness of CMM in clinical practice, which is also a bottleneck to restrict the modernization process of CMM. Regarding the current quality evaluation model of CMM, we reviewed the research strategies of quality control for CMM at the present stage from the perspectives of "discrimination of authenticity" and "assessment of superiority" to state the research status and development tendency of quality standard of CMM. What's more, we put forward a new quality control pattern of CMM based on "identification of herbal origin, study on material basis, discrimination of quality markers (Q-markers), and development of quality control method". An in-depth study of material basis based on authentic CMM was implemented to discriminate "Q-markers", and further developed a quality control method to control the quality of CMM. Finally, a quality control standard has been established to meet the characteristic of CMM.