Noble-Gas Difluoride Complexes of MOF4 (M=Mo, W); Syntheses, Structures and Bonding of NgF2 ⋠MOF4 and XeF2 ⋠2MOF4 (Ng=Kr, Xe).

The NgF2 ⋅ MOF4 (Ng=Kr, Xe; M=Mo, W) and XeF2 ⋅ 2MOF4 complexes were synthesized in anhydrous HF (aHF) solvent and melts, respectively. Their single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) structures show NgF2 ⋅ MOF4 and XeF2 ⋅ 2MOF4 have Ft -Ng-Fb - - -M arrangements, in which the NgF2 ligands coordinate to MOF4 through Ng-Fb - - -M bridges. The XeF2 ligands of XeF2 ⋅ 2MOF4 also coordinate to F3 OM-Fb '- - -M'OF4 moieties through Xe-Fb - - -M bridges to form Ft -Xe-Fb - - -M(OF3 )-Fb '- - -M'OF4 , where XeF2 coordinates trans to the M=O bond and Fb ' coordinates trans to the M'=O bond. The Ng-Ft , Ng-Fb , and M- - -Fb bond lengths of NgF2 ⋅ nMOF4 are consistent with MOF4 and F3 OM-Fb '- - -M'OF4 fluoride-ion affinity trends: CrOF4

Utilization of Healthcare Resources by HIV-Positive Children in the United States: A National Perspective.

OBJECTIVE: We characterized and estimated the cost of inpatient hospital utilization by US pediatric patients who tested positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: The 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database was analyzed to provide a descriptive assessment of national inpatient hospital utilization. We analyzed a stratified probability sampling of 3.2 million pediatric hospital discharges weighted to 6.7 million national discharges. Descriptive statistics for hospital and patient characteristics were identified and binary variables were analyzed using the Student t test. The Kids' Inpatient Database is the largest available all-payer pediatric (20 years old and younger) inpatient care database in the United States, yielding national estimates of hospital inpatient stays. Children aged 17 years and younger were included in the study and conditions related to pregnancy and delivery. RESULTS: We estimated that 1344 pediatric discharges were associated with an HIV diagnosis, totaling 10,704 inpatient days at a cost of $91 million. Among pediatric patients with HIV, 55% were African American, 20% were white, 15% were Asian/Pacific Islander, 8% were other races (including Hispanics and Native Americans), and 51% were female. Children who were HIV positive were more likely to have longer mean hospital stays, have higher mean hospital charges, be of a higher median age (8 years and older), have Medicaid insurance, come from lower-income families, be treated in urban teaching hospitals, and be more likely to die during hospitalization (P < 0.01 for all). Among non-HIV-related pediatric discharges, 20% occurred in households with a mean annual income >$63,000 compared with only 12% for children who were HIV positive. During hospitalization, at least one procedure was performed in 56.6% of children with HIV compared with 45.65% of hospitalized children without HIV. The most frequently observed diagnoses associated with children infected with HIV were gastrointestinal disorders, mental disorders, and bacterial infections and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that pediatric patients who were HIV positive were significantly older, from lower-income areas, and members of minority groups. They underwent more procedures during hospitalization, incurred more than twice the total cost, stayed in the hospital twice as long, and had statistically higher in-hospital mortality than children who were HIV negative. As we continue to explore effective and judicious treatment options for patients who are HIV positive, our national estimates of resource utilization can be used to conduct a more detailed examination of current medical practices and specific patterns of diagnoses associated with HIV infection in the US pediatric population.

Syntheses, Structures, and Bonding of NgF2 ⋠CrOF4 , NgF2 ⋠2CrOF4 (Ng=Kr, Xe), and (CrOF4 )∞.

The noble-gas difluoride adducts, NgF2 ⋅CrOF4 and NgF2 ⋅2CrOF4 (Ng=Kr and Xe), have been synthesized and structurally characterized at low temperatures by Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The low fluoride ion affinity of CrOF4 renders it incapable of inducing fluoride ion transfer from NgF2 (Ng=Kr and Xe) to form ion-paired salts of the [NgF]+ cations having either the [CrOF5 ]- or [Cr2 O2 F9 ]- anions. The crystal structures show the NgF2 ⋅CrOF4 adducts are comprised of Ft -Ng-Fb - - -Cr(O)F4 structural units in which NgF2 is weakly coordinated to CrOF4 by means of a fluorine bridge, Fb , in which Ng-Fb is elongated relative to the terminal Ng-Ft bond. In contrast with XeF2 ⋅2MOF4 (M=Mo or W) and KrF2 ⋅2MoOF4 , in which the Lewis acidic, F4 (O)M- - -Fb - - -M(O)F3 moiety coordinates to Ng through a single M- - -Fb -Ng bridge, both fluorine ligands of NgF2 coordinate to CrOF4 molecules to form F4 (O)Cr- - -Fb -Ng-Fb - - -Cr(O)F4 adducts in which both Ng-Fb bonds are only marginally elongated relative to the Ng-F bonds of free NgF2 . Quantum-chemical calculations show that the Cr-Fb bonds of NgF2 ⋅CrOF4 and NgF2 ⋅2CrOF4 are predominantly electrostatic with a small degree of covalent character that accounts for their nonlinear Cr- - -Fb -Ng bridge angles and staggered O-Cr- - -Fb -Ng-Ft dihedral angles. The crystal structures and Raman spectra of two CrOF4 polymorphs have also been obtained. Both are comprised of fluorine-bridged chains that are cis- and trans-fluorine-bridged with respect to oxygen.

Coordination of KrF2 to a Naked Metal Cation, Mg2.

Examples of coordination compounds in which KrF2 functions as a ligand are very rare. In contrast, XeF2 provides a rich coordination chemistry with a variety of main-group and transition metal cations. The reactions of Mg(AsF6 )2 and KrF2 in HF or BrF5 solvent have afforded [Mg(KrF2 )4 (AsF6 )2 ] and [Mg(KrF2 )4 (AsF6 )2 ]⋅2 BrF5 , respectively, the first examples of a metal cation ligated by KrF2 . Their X-ray crystal structures and Raman spectra show that the KrF2 ligands and [AsF6 ]- anions are F-coordinated to a naked Mg2+ cation. Quantum-chemical calculations are consistent with essentially non-covalent ligand-metal bonding. These compounds significantly extend the XeF2 -KrF2 analogy and the limited chemistry of krypton by introducing a new class of coordination compound in which KrF2 functions as a ligand towards a naked metal cation.

Ethnic differences in the consistency and accuracy of perceived exertion.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effect of weight loss and weight regain on accuracy of perceived exertion (APE) in previously overweight African American (AA) and European American (EA) women. METHODS: Formerly overweight women (n = 102, age 20-44 years) completed a weight loss program to achieve BMI < 25 kg/m(2) . Physiological variable of exertion and rating of perceived exertion (RPE, Borg's 6-20 Scale) were recorded during submaximal aerobic exercise prior to, immediately following, and approximately 1 year after weight loss. APE was defined as the composite score of physiological variables (heart rate, ventilation rate, and respiratory exchange ratio) minus RPE. RESULTS: APE was significantly different from the composite score of physiological variables at baseline and at 1-year follow-up for EA women (0.347 ± 0.88 P < 0.05 and 0.53 ± 0.92, P < 0.01, respectively) and at 1-year follow-up for AA (-0.37 ± 1.1, P < 0.01). EA women had lower physiological effort at baseline and 1-year follow-up states (-0.24 ± 0.66 P < 0.05; and, -0.27 ± 0.84 P < 0.05, respectively). AA women had higher physiological effort, at 1-year follow-up state (0.21 ± 0.61, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Physiologic effort and perceived exertion contributed independently to the racial differences in APE, and APE may be an important trait to evaluate before planning an exercise intervention. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:398-404, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[H(OXeF2)n][AsF6] and [FXe(II)(OXe(IV)F2)n][AsF6] (n = 1, 2): examples of xenon(IV) hydroxide fluoride and oxide fluoride cations and the crystal structures of [F3Xe---FH][Sb2F11] and [H5F4][SbF6]·2[F3Xe---FH][Sb2F11].

The xenon(IV) hydroxide fluoride and oxide fluoride salts, [H(OXeF2)n][AsF6] and [FXe(II)(OXe(IV)F2)n][AsF6] (n = 1, 2), have been synthesized as the natural abundance and the (18)O- and (2)H-enriched salts and structurally characterized by low-temperature Raman spectroscopy. Quantum-chemical calculations have been used to arrive at vibrational assignments. The experimental vibrational frequencies and isotopic shift trends are reproduced by the calculated gas-phase frequencies at several levels of theory. The cation chain is limited to one or two OXeF2 subunits, which are oxygen-bridged and strongly ion-paired with the AsF6(-) anion. The reaction of XeOF2·xHF with a superacidic HF/SbF5 solvent mixture yielded crystals of [H5F4][SbF6]·2[XeF3·HF][Sb2F11], [XeF3·HF][Sb2F11], and [XeF3][SbF6]. The XeF3(+) cations of each salt are very similar, displaying T-shaped primary coordination of xenon to three fluorine atoms (AX3E2 VSEPR arrangement) and a secondary contact to the fluorine atom of HF in [H5F4][SbF6]·2[XeF3·HF][Sb2F11] and [XeF3·HF][Sb2F11] or to a fluorine atom of SbF6(-) in [XeF3][SbF6]. The secondary coordination spheres of xenon in [H5F4][SbF6]·2[XeF3·HF][Sb2F11] and [XeF3·HF][Sb2F11] are similar; however, the F3Xe---FH(+) cation of the latter salt is disordered. An additional contact between the XeF3(+) cation and the SbF6(-) anion in [H5F4][SbF6]·2[XeF3·HF][Sb2F11] presumably alters the crystal packing sufficiently to give an ordered F3Xe---FH(+) cation, a rare example in which HF is coordinated to a noble gas. The latter compound also provides the first documentation of the H5F4(+) acidium ion, which forms a zigzag F4-chain terminated by SbF6(-) anions. Enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of reaction obtained from Born-Fajans-Haber thermochemical cycles support the proposed decomposition pathways.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of quality of life outcome measures in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an effective and safe therapy for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study assessed quality of life (QOL) and functional status outcomes for depressed patients after an acute course of TMS. METHODS: Forty-two, U.S.-based, clinical TMS practice sites treated 307 outpatients with a primary diagnosis of MDD and persistent symptoms despite prior adequate antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Treatment parameters were based on individual clinical considerations and followed the labeled procedures for use of the approved TMS device. Patient self-reported QOL outcomes included change in the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the EuroQol 5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) ratings from baseline to end of the acute treatment phase. RESULTS: Statistically significant improvement in functional status on a broad range of mental health and physical health domains was observed on the SF-36 following acute TMS treatment. Similarly, statistically significant improvement in patient-reported QOL was observed on all domains of the EQ-5D and on the General Health Perception and Health Index scores. Improvement on these measures was observed across the entire range of baseline depression symptom severity. CONCLUSION: These data confirm that TMS is effective in the acute treatment of MDD in routine clinical practice settings. This symptom benefit is accompanied by statistically and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported QOL and functional status outcomes.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for major depression: a multisite, naturalistic, observational study of acute treatment outcomes in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in real-world clinical practice settings. METHODS: Forty-two US-based clinical TMS practice sites treated 307 outpatients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and persistent symptoms despite antidepressant pharmacotherapy. Treatment was based on the labeled procedures of the approved TMS device. Assessments were performed at baseline, week 2, at the point of maximal acute benefit, and at week 6 when the acute course extended beyond 6 weeks. The primary outcome was change in the Clinician Global Impressions-Severity of Illness from baseline to end of acute phase. Secondary outcomes were change in continuous and categorical outcomes on self-report depression scales (9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9], and Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self Report [IDS-SR]). RESULTS: Patients had a mean ± SD age of 48.6 ± 14.2 years and 66.8% were female. Patients received an average of 2.5 (± 2.4) antidepressant treatments of adequate dose and duration without satisfactory improvement in this episode. There was a significant change in CGI-S from baseline to end of treatment (-1.9 ± 1.4, P < .0001). Clinician-assessed response rate (CGI-S) was 58.0% and remission rate was 37.1%. Patient-reported response rate ranged from 56.4 to 41.5% and remission rate ranged from 28.7 to 26.5%, (PHQ-9 and IDS-SR, respectively). CONCLUSION: Outcomes demonstrated response and adherence rates similar to research populations. These data indicate that TMS is an effective treatment for those unable to benefit from initial antidepressant medication.

The effect of an unstructured, moderate to vigorous, before-school physical activity program in elementary school children on academics, behavior, and health.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity has been deemed a significant, contributing factor to childhood overweight and obesity. In recent years, many school systems removed recess and/or physical education from their curriculum due to growing pressure to increase academic scores. With the vast majority of children's time spent in school, alternative strategies to re-introduce physical activity back into schools are necessary. A creative yet underutilized solution to engage children in physical activity may be in before-school programs. The objective of the proposed study is to examine the effect of an unstructured, moderate to vigorous, before-school physical activity program on academic performance, classroom behavior, emotions, and other health related measures. METHODS/DESIGN: Children in 3rd-5th grade will participate in a before-school (7:30-8:15 a.m.), physical activity program for 12 weeks, 3 days a week. Children will be able to choose their preferred activity and asked to sustain physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity with individual heart rate monitored during each session. DISCUSSION: The proposed study explores an innovative method of engaging and increasing physical activity in children. The results of this study will provide evidence to support the feasibility of an unstructured, moderate to vigorous, before-school physical activity program in children and provide insight regarding the ideal physical activity intensity and duration necessary to achieve a positive increase in academic performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01505244.

Low-dose recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator enhances clot resolution in brain hemorrhage: the intraventricular hemorrhage thrombolysis trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage have a reported mortality of 50% to 80%. We evaluated a clot lytic treatment strategy for these patients in terms of mortality, ventricular infection, and bleeding safety events, and for its effect on the rate of intraventricular clot lysis. METHODS: Forty-eight patients were enrolled at 14 centers and randomized to treatment with 3 mg recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) or placebo. Demographic characteristics, severity factors, safety outcomes (mortality, infection, bleeding), and clot resolution rates were compared in the 2 groups. RESULTS: Severity factors, including admission Glasgow Coma Scale, intracerebral hemorrhage volume, intraventricular hemorrhage volume, and blood pressure were evenly distributed, as were adverse events, except for an increased frequency of respiratory system events in the placebo-treated group. Neither intracranial pressure nor cerebral perfusion pressure differed substantially between treatment groups on presentation, with external ventricular device closure, or during the active treatment phase. Frequency of death and ventriculitis was substantially lower than expected and bleeding events remained below the prespecified threshold for mortality (18% rtPA; 23% placebo), ventriculitis (8% rtPA; 9% placebo), symptomatic bleeding (23% rtPA; 5% placebo, which approached statistical significance; P=0.1). The median duration of dosing was 7.5 days for rtPA and 12 days for placebo. There was a significant beneficial effect of rtPA on rate of clot resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose rtPA for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage with intraventricular hemorrhage has an acceptable safety profile compared to placebo and historical controls. Data from a well-designed phase III clinical trial, such as CLEAR III, will be needed to fully evaluate this treatment.

Synthesis of the missing oxide of xenon, XeO2, and its implications for Earth's missing xenon.

The missing Xe(IV) oxide, XeO(2), has been synthesized at 0 °C by hydrolysis of XeF(4) in water and 2.00 M H(2)SO(4(aq)). Raman spectroscopy and (16/18)O isotopic enrichment studies indicate that XeO(2) possesses an extended structure in which Xe(IV) is oxygen bridged to four neighboring oxygen atoms to give a local square-planar XeO(4) geometry based on an AX(4)E(2) valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) arrangement. The vibrational spectra of Xe(16)O(2) and Xe(18)O(2) amend prior vibrational assignments of xenon doped SiO(2) and are in accordance with prior speculation that xenon depletion from the Earth's atmosphere may occur by xenon insertion at high temperatures and high pressures into SiO(2) in the Earth's crust.

Research on professional organizations: A review of theoretical traditions, themes, methods and locations.

This research note presents an overview of the contemporary "professional organization" research area. We begin with the historical roots and evolution of research into professionals and the organizations in which they work, identifying five theoretical traditions-namely sociology of organization, sociology of the professions, professional organization, professional service firms, and public professionalism. Reviewing recent research in these areas allows us to identify important research phenomena-such as hybridity, institutional work, internationalization, and professional identity-and to understand how the institutional view within the "sociology of the professions" tradition has become a dominant paradigm for this research. This review also reveals the extent to which various occupations, methodological approaches, and academic fields, and locations have assumed positions of importance in recent years. Finally, future directions relevant to sociology researchers are discussed.

Cette note de recherche présente un aperçu du domaine de recherche contemporain sur les " organisations professionnelles ". Nous commençons par les racines historiques et l'évolution de la recherche sur les professionnels et les organisations dans lesquelles ils travaillent, en identifiant cinq traditions théoriques - à savoir la sociologie de l'organisation, la sociologie des professions, l'organisation professionnelle, les entreprises de services professionnels et le professionnalisme public. L'examen des recherches récentes dans ces domaines nous permet d'identifier des phénomènes de recherche importants - tels que l'hybridité, le travail institutionnel, l'internationalisation et l'identité professionnelle - et de comprendre comment la vision institutionnelle au sein de la tradition de la "sociologie des professions" est devenue un paradigme dominant pour cette recherche. Cette revue révèle également dans quelle mesure diverses professions, approches méthodologiques, domaines académiques et lieux ont pris des positions d'importance ces dernières années. Enfin, les orientations futures pertinentes pour les chercheurs en sociologie sont discutées.

XeOF3(-), an example of an AX3YE2 valence shell electron pair repulsion arrangement; syntheses and structural characterizations of [M][XeOF3] (M = Cs, N(CH3)4).

The XeOF(3)(-) anion has been synthesized as its Cs(+) and N(CH(3))(4)(+) salts and structurally characterized in the solid state by low-temperature Raman spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. Vibrational frequency assignments for [Cs][XeOF(3)] and [N(CH(3))(4)][XeOF(3)] were aided by (18)O enrichment. The calculated anion geometry is based on a square planar AX(3)YE(2) valence-shell electron-pair repulsion arrangement with the longest Xe-F bond trans to the oxygen atom. The F-Xe-F angle is bent away from the oxygen atom to accommodate the greater spatial requirement of the oxygen double bond domain. The experimental vibrational frequencies and trends in their isotopic shifts are reproduced by the calculated gas-phase frequencies at several levels of theory. The XeOF(3)(-) anion of the Cs(+) salt is fluorine-bridged in the solid state, whereas the anion of the N(CH(3))(4)(+) salt has been shown to best approximate the gas-phase anion. Although [Cs][XeOF(3)] and [N(CH(3))(4)][XeOF(3)] are shock-sensitive explosives, the decomposition pathways for the anions have been inferred from their decomposition products at 20 degrees C. The latter consist of XeF(2), [Cs][XeO(2)F(3)], and [N(CH(3))(4)][F]. Enthalpies and Gibbs free energies of reaction obtained from Born-Fajans-Haber thermochemical cycles support the proposed decomposition pathways and show that both disproportionation to XeF(2), [Cs][XeO(2)F(3)], and CsF and reduction to XeF(2), CsF, and O(2) are favorable for [Cs][XeOF(3)], while only reduction to XeF(2) accompanied by [N(CH(3))(4)][F] and O(2) formation are favorable for [N(CH(3))(4)][XeOF(3)]. In all cases, the decomposition pathways are dominated by the lattice enthalpies of the products.

Xe3OF3(+), a precursor to a noble-gas nitrate; syntheses and structural characterizations of FXeONO2, XeF2·HNO3, and XeF2·N2O4.

Xenon fluoride nitrate has been synthesized by reaction of NO(2)F with [FXeOXeFXeF][AsF(6)] at -50 °C. It was characterized in SO(2)ClF and CH(3)CN solutions by low-temperature (14)N, (19)F, and (129)Xe NMR spectroscopy and in the solid state by low-temperature Raman spectroscopy (-160 °C) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (-173 °C). The reactions were carried out using natural abundance and (18)O-enriched [FXeOXeFXeF][AsF(6)] and (15)NO(2)F to aid in the vibrational assignments of FXeONO(2) and to establish the likely reaction pathway. Raman spectroscopy showed that FXe(16)ON((16)O(18)O) was formed, along with XeF(2) and [NO(2)][AsF(6)], when an excess of N(16)O(2)F reacted with [FXe(18)OXeFXeF][AsF(6)]. A reaction mechanism consistent with these findings is discussed. The crystal structure consists of well-separated FXeONO(2) molecules which display no significant intermolecular interactions, providing geometric parameters that are in good agreement with the gas-phase values determined from quantum-chemical calculations. Decomposition of solid FXeONO(2) is proposed to occur by three reaction pathways to give XeF(2), Xe, O(2), N(2)O(5), N(2)O(4), and NO(2)F. Attempts to synthesize FXeONO(2) and Xe(ONO(2))(2) by reaction of XeF(2) with HNO(3) in SO(2)ClF solution below -30 °C led to XeF(2)·HNO(3). The structure of XeF(2)·HNO(3) includes a hydrogen bond between HNO(3) and a fluorine atom of XeF(2), as well as an interaction between the xenon atom and an oxygen atom of HNO(3), leading to a crystal lattice comprised of layered sheets. A molecular addition compound between XeF(2) and N(2)O(4) crystallized from liquid N(2)O(4) below 0 °C. The crystal structure of XeF(2)·N(2)O(4) displayed weak interactions between the xenon atom of XeF(2) and the oxygen atoms of N(2)O(4). Quantum-chemical calculations have been used to assign the vibrational spectra of FXeONO(2), XeF(2)·HNO(3), and XeF(2)·N(2)O(4) and to better understand the nature of the interactions of HNO(3) and N(2)O(4) with XeF(2). The synthesis of [XeONO(2)][AsF(6)] was attempted by the reaction of FXeONO(2) with excess liquid AsF(5) between -78 and -50 °C, but resulted in slow formation of [NO(2)][AsF(6)], Xe, and O(2). Thermodynamic calculations show that the pathways to [XeONO(2)][AsF(6)] formation and decomposition are exothermic and spontaneous under standard conditions and at -78 °C.

A rare example of a krypton difluoride coordination compound: [BrOF2][AsF6] x 2 KrF2.

The synthesis of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)] x 2 KrF(2), its structural characterization, and bonding are described in this study. Although several KrF(2) adducts with transition metal centers have been previously reported, none have been crystallographically characterized. The solid-state Raman spectrum of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)] x 2 KrF(2) has been assigned with the aid of quantum-chemical calculations. The low-temperature (-173 degrees C) X-ray crystal structure of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)] x 2 KrF(2) consists of isolated molecular units and represents an example of KrF(2) coordinated to a main-group atom. The coordination geometry around the BrOF(2)(+) cation renders the free valence electron lone pair more compact than in free BrOF(2)(+). The KrF(2) ligands are coordinated trans to the fluorine atoms of BrOF(2)(+) with the AsF(6)(-) anion coordinated trans to oxygen. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and electron localization function (ELF) analyses have been carried out in order to define the nature of the bonding in the complex. A significant amount of charge (0.25 e) is transferred to BrOF(2)(+) from the two KrF(2) ligands (0.10 e each) and from the AsF(6)(-) anion (0.05 e). Significant polarization also occurs within the KrF(2) ligands, which enhances the anionic characters of the fluorine bridges. The interaction energy is mostly governed by the electrostatic interaction of the positively charged bromine atom with the surrounding fluorine atoms.

XeF(2) coordination to a halogen center; Raman spectra (n = 1, 2) and X-ray crystal structures (n = 2) of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].nXeF(2) and [XOF(2)][AsF(6)] (X = Cl, Br).

The syntheses and structural characterizations of the [XOF(2)][AsF(6)] (X = Cl, Br) salts and the XeF(2) adduct-salts, [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].nXeF(2) (n = 1, 2), are described. Although the [XOF(2)][AsF(6)] salts have been known for some time, their crystal structures had not been reported until the present study. The crystal structure of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)] shows a positional disorder among the oxygen atom and the fluorine atoms. Both ClOF(2)(+) and BrOF(2)(+) have pseudo-octahedral coordination with a primary tripodal coordination sphere consisting of an oxygen atom and two fluorine atoms and a secondary coordination sphere consisting of three long contacts to fluorine atoms of different AsF(6)(-) anions. The low-temperature Raman spectra of [XOF(2)][AsF(6)] have been assigned on the basis of the crystal structures and with the aid of quantum-chemical calculations using [XOF(2)][AsF(6)](3)(2-) as a model for the crystallographic environment of XOF(2)(+). Several examples of XeF(2) coordinated through fluorine to transition metal centers are known, but no crystallographically characterized examples of XeF(2) coordinated to a nonmetal center other than xenon are known. The complex cation salts, [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].nXeF(2) (n = 1, 2), were synthesized, and their Raman spectra have been assigned with the aid of quantum-chemical calculations. Although the structure of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].2XeF(2) is similar to that of the recently reported krypton analogue, notable differences occur. The contact distances between bromine and the fluorine atoms of NgF(2) (Ng = Kr, Xe) are shorter in [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].2XeF(2) than in the KrF(2) analogue, which is attributed to the more polar natures of the Xe-F bonds. Unlike [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].2KrF(2), which has been shown in the prior study to be stable in HF solution at room temperature, [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].2XeF(2) enters into a dissociative equilibrium in which fluoride ion abstraction by BrOF(2)(+) occurs to give Xe(2)F(3)(+) and BrOF(3). The ELF and QTAIM analyses of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)](3)(2-) and [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].2XeF(2) were carried out and are compared with those of [BrOF(2)][AsF(6)].2KrF(2) and for free BrOF(2)(+) to better understand the effect of Br(V) coordination number on the localization domain of the Br(V) valence electron lone pair.

Perception of others' body size influences weight loss and regain for European American but not African American women.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated whether European American (EA) and African American (AA) women took longer to lose weight, and were less likely to maintain weight loss if they perceived others to be overweight. DESIGN: Overweight EA and AA women completed a Figure Rating Scale and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire prior to a weight loss intervention. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry prior to and following weight loss. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: rate of weight loss, % body fat at follow-up. RESULTS: For EA, but not AA women, perception of others' body size was inversely associated with rate of weight loss and cognitive restraint, and positively associated with body fat gain following intervention. In linear regression modeling, EA, but not AA, women who perceived others as large, subsequently had greater percent body fat 1 year after weight loss than did those who perceived others as lean, independent of age, baseline body fat, and body size deemed "acceptable." Inclusion of cognitive restraint in the model weakened this effect. CONCLUSION: Among EA but not AA women, perception of others' body size influenced weight loss and maintenance. This effect may have been mediated by cognitive restraint.

Depressive Symptoms and All-Cause Mortality in Older American Indians with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: American Indians experience disproportionately high rates of poor mental health and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We examined the association between depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality in older American Indians with T2DM. DESIGN: We used the Native Elder Care Study survey data from community-dwelling American Indians aged 55 years or older, linked to data extracted from participants' electronic health records. We focused on those who had an International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision diagnosis of T2DM in their electronic health records. SETTING: The study was conducted with a federally-recognized tribe with approximately 16,000 enrolled members, most of whom reside on or near tribally-owned lands that span several rural counties. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were among the Native Elder Care Study participants with a final analytic sample of 222. MEASUREMENTS: We measured depressive symptoms with the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality in the final analytic sample of 222 subjects. RESULTS: Survival curves revealed that individuals in the third and fourth CES-D scale categories had higher mortality than those in the first and second categories. Mortality risk was significantly higher for participants with CES-D scale scores in the third highest compared with the lowest category (hazard ratio = 2.07; 95% confidence interval = 1.07-4.04), after adjustment for demographic characteristics, health behaviors, obesity, and prevalent T2DM complications. Analyses with the CES-D scale as a continuous variable also showed a positive association with mortality. CONCLUSION: The impact of mental health on older American Indians with T2DM is often overlooked, yet it is vital to clinical and public health practice. Our findings underscore the importance of addressing the mental health needs of this population, particularly because depression in older patients is often undetected or inadequately treated. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1940-1945, 2019.

Interaction between levodopa and enteral nutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To report and discuss a drug-nutrient interaction involving levodopa and protein in enteral nutrition. CASE SUMMARY: A 77-year-old male with Parkinson's disease was admitted to an intensive care unit for an intracerebral hemorrhage. To provide nutritional support, an oral gastric tube was placed and continuous enteral nutrition was initiated, with 1.4 g/kg of protein administered daily. The following medications were continued during hospitalization: immediate-release carbidopa/levodopa 25 mg/100 mg, with 1.5 tablets administered 4 times daily; pramipexole 1.5 mg 3 times daily; and entacapone 200 mg 4 times daily. Despite this drug therapy, the patient developed severe rigidity. A review of the literature revealed a potential interaction between levodopa and protein intake. To resolve this interaction, the amount of protein in the enteral nutrition was decreased to 0.9 g/kg/day and the nutritional administration was changed from continuous enteral feeding to bolus feeding, with levodopa given between boluses. After these adjustments, the patient showed marked improvement of parkinsonian symptoms. DISCUSSION: The drug-nutrient interaction between protein and levodopa in outpatient settings has been reported widely in the literature; however, this interaction has not been previously reported with continuous enteral nutrition. Decreased parkinsonian symptom control, despite adherence to an established medication regimen, together with dramatic improvement observed after manipulation of enteral nutrition delivery and content, strongly suggest interference with levodopa absorption. Use of the Naranjo probability scale supports a probable interaction between the protein content in tube feeds and levodopa, resulting in decreased levodopa efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be cognizant of the potential drug-nutrient interaction between levodopa and enteral nutrition.