[Interstitial pneumonia and venlafaxine use]. / Interstitiële pneumonie bij venlafaxine-gebruik.

We describe a 71-year-old woman who developed interstitial pneumonia within a complex somatic state. Diagnostic clearance suggested venlafaxine-induced interstitial pneumonia. In the literature, we found 13 cases of venlafaxine-induced interstitial pneumonia. Case reports were also described for other antidepressants. Based on these case reports, there is consensus in the literature that antidepressants may in rare cases give rise to (sub)acute or chronic interstitial pneumonia. Although a rare side effect, it seems important to be aware of this as a psychiatrist.

A risk algorithm that predicts alcohol use disorders among college students.

The first year of college may carry especially high risk for onset of alcohol use disorders. We assessed the one-year incidence of alcohol use disorders (AUD) among incoming first-year students, predictors of AUD-incidence, prediction accuracy and population impact. A prospective cohort study of first-year college students (baseline: N = 5843; response rate = 51.8%; 1-year follow-up: n = 1959; conditional response rate = 41.6%) at a large university in Belgium was conducted. AUD were evaluated with the AUDIT and baseline predictors with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Screening Scales (CIDI-SC). The one-year incidence of AUD was 3.9% (SE = 0.4). The most important individual-level baseline predictors of AUD incidence were being male (OR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.12-2.10), a break-up with a romantic partner (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.08-2.59), hazardous drinking (OR = 3.36; 95% CI = 1.31-8.63), and alcohol use characteristics at baseline (ORs between 1.29 and 1.38). Multivariate cross-validated prediction (cross-validated AUC = 0.887) shows that 55.5% of incident AUD cases occurred among the 10% of students at highest predicted risk (20.1% predicted incidence in this highest-risk subgroup). Four out of five students with incident AUD would hypothetically be preventable if baseline hazardous drinking was to be eliminated along with a reduction of one standard deviation in alcohol use characteristics scores, and another 15.0% would potentially be preventable if all 12-month stressful events were eliminated. Screening at college entrance is a promising strategy to identify students at risk of transitioning to more problematic drinking and AUD, thus improving the development and deployment of targeted preventive interventions.

[A suspected case of factitious disorder]. / Een vermoeden van nagebootste stoornis.

Factitious disorder (FD) is defined as the intentional production or feigning of disease in oneself to relieve emotional distress by assuming the role of a sick person. We describe a case of a 46-year-old woman with unexplained prolongation of the prothrombin time and hematomas. A careful evaluation, history taking and multidisciplinary discussion led to a suspected diagnosis of factitious disorder. With this case report we want to emphasize the importance of being attentive to this complex diagnosis and the need for more research.

[Major depressive episode in college freshmen: prevalence, academic functioning and receipt of treatment]. / Depressieve stoornis bij Belgische eerstejaarsstudenten: voorkomen, academische impact en zorggebruik.

Background Little is known about the epidemiology of Major Depressive Episode (mde) in university students. Aim To investigate the prevalence of mde, psychiatric comorbidity, and the association with academic performance among first-year university students, and to investigate to what extent these students use professional mental health services. Method All first-year students at the ku Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) were invited to complete a computer-assisted survey with a weighted cross-sectional design (N=5,460; response rate corrected for drop-out=51.8%). mde was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview - Screening Scales (cidi-sc) with dsm-iv criteria. Results We found that 13.6% of first-year students met criteria for a cidi-sc mde in the past year. mde was associated with a wide range of other comorbid disorders (such as generalized anxiety disorder or hypo[mania]) and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. mde was associated with significantly lower academic year percentage (-3.6 to -6.4%) and elevated odds of academic year failure (ors=1.5-2.0). Professional service use was estimated at 21.5%. Conclusion mde is common among first-year university students and is associated with a high degree of psychiatric comorbidity and poor academic performance. It is therefore surprising that so few students actually receive treatment for their psychiatric and emotional problems. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 63(2021)1, 24-31.

[Delirium due to intoxication with quetiapine: a systematic literature review]. / Delier ten gevolge van intoxicatie met quetiapine: een systematisch literatuuronderzoek.

BACKGROUND: Quetiapine is a frequently prescribed antipsychotic and therefore often used in overdose. Delirium (with anticholinergic delirium as a specific condition) is described as a serious complication of quetiapine intoxication.
AIM: To assess the scientific literature on delirium as a side effect of quetiapine intoxication: incidence, symptoms and treatment.
METHOD: A systematic Medline literature search.
RESULTS: The systematic literature search resulted in 36 papers: 11 cohort studies, 24 case reports (22 papers) and 3 review papers. The reported incidence varied greatly, probably due to different quality of assessment. The clinical picture is characterized by a varying combination of peripheral and central symptoms, with agitation occurring frequently. Treatment is mainly supportive. Physostigmine is described as a specific treatment for anticholinergic delirium/toxidrome. Effectiveness of other pharmacological interventions remains unclear.
CONCLUSION: Delirium due to quetiapine intoxication is described repeatedly. Presumably there is an underreporting of this condition and associated symptoms. Better knowledge could lead to better detection and treatment.

The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among college students: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence and young adulthood carry risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviours (STB). An increasing subpopulation of young people consists of college students. STB prevalence estimates among college students vary widely, precluding a validated point of reference. In addition, little is known on predictors for between-study heterogeneity in STB prevalence. METHODS: A systematic literature search identified 36 college student samples that were assessed for STB outcomes, representing a total of 634 662 students [median sample size = 2082 (IQR 353-5200); median response rate = 74% (IQR 37-89%)]. We used random-effects meta-analyses to obtain pooled STB prevalence estimates, and multivariate meta-regression models to identify predictors of between-study heterogeneity. RESULTS: Pooled prevalence estimates of lifetime suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts were 22.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 19.5-25.3%], 6.1% (95% CI 4.8-7.7%), and 3.2% (95% CI 2.2-4.5%), respectively. For 12-month prevalence, this was 10.6% (95% CI 9.1-12.3%), 3.0% (95% CI 2.1-4.0%), and 1.2% (95% CI 0.8-1.6%), respectively. Measures of heterogeneity were high for all outcomes (I 2 = 93.2-99.9%), indicating substantial between-study heterogeneity not due to sampling error. Pooled estimates were generally higher for females, as compared with males (risk ratios in the range 1.12-1.67). Higher STB estimates were also found in samples with lower response rates, when using broad definitions of suicidality, and in samples from Asia. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the currently available evidence, STB seem to be common among college students. Future studies should: (1) incorporate refusal conversion strategies to obtain adequate response rates, and (2) use more fine-grained measures to assess suicidal ideation.

Long-term electrical stimulation of bed nucleus of stria terminalis for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

We previously reported that bilateral electrical stimulation in the anterior limb of the internal capsule/bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (IC/BST) effectively reduces symptoms in severe treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. Here we used a linear mixed model to investigate the evolution of symptomatic and functional status of our patients (n=24) and examined if baseline variables could predict this evolution. Data were collected during routine, clinical psychiatric visits. Our analysis showed a long-term, sustained effect of electrical stimulation in the IC/BST. After a fast initial decline of OCD symptoms, these symptoms remain relatively stable. In addition, we found a strong ON/OFF effect of stimulation (e.g., due to battery depletion). Our data also show that it is not the surgical procedure but rather the electrical stimulation that drives the improvement in Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at baseline was the only predictor significantly related to the evolution of the Y-BOCS. A higher BDI at baseline seemed to be related to a smaller decrease of the Y-BOCS over time. In conclusion, electrical stimulation in the IC/BST has a fast and sustained effect on OCD and comorbid symptoms and functional status of patients.

Psychotic experiences and religiosity: data from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys.

OBJECTIVES: Religiosity is often associated with better health outcomes. The aim of the study was to examine associations between psychotic experiences (PEs) and religiosity in a large, cross-national sample. METHODS: A total of 25 542 adult respondents across 18 countries from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys were assessed for PEs, religious affiliation and indices of religiosity, DSM-IV mental disorders and general medical conditions. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between PEs and religiosity with various adjustments. RESULTS: Of 25 542 included respondents, 85.6% (SE = 0.3) (n = 21 860) respondents reported having a religious affiliation. Overall, there was no association between religious affiliation status and PEs. Within the subgroup having a religious affiliation, four of five indices of religiosity were significantly associated with increased odds of PEs (odds ratios ranged from 1.3 to 1.9). The findings persisted after adjustments for mental disorders and/or general medical conditions, as well as religious denomination type. There was a significant association between increased religiosity and reporting more types of PEs. CONCLUSIONS: Among individuals with religious affiliations, those who reported more religiosity on four of five indices had increased odds of PEs. Focussed and more qualitative research will be required to unravel the interrelationship between religiosity and PEs.

[The Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review of secondary psychiatric comorbidities]. / Het klinefeltersyndroom: een systematisch overzicht van de secundaire psychiatrische aandoeningen.

BACKGROUND Klinefelter syndrome (ks) is the most common type of sex chromosome aneuploidy and is associated with psychiatric comorbidities. ks is only diagnosed in less than half of the cases due to the heterogeneous phenotype.
AIM: This study investigates the prevalence of secondary psychiatric diseases and their treatment in ks patients.
METHOD: Relevant articles were identified using the PubMed database. We included articles published in the last ten years, concerning ks patients who were assessed for comorbidities.
RESULTS: A total of 50 articles were included. The most prevalent comorbidities were language disorders and autism spectrum symptoms. Only half the ks population was treated (50.4%) with the primary treatment consisting of hormone therapy. 14% of patients were never treated hormonally.
CONCLUSION: Psychiatric comorbidities were observed in many patients with ks. The early diagnosis of ks in patients is important, given that inadequate treatment of ks patients can lead to reduced social functioning.

The cross-national epidemiology of specific phobia in the World Mental Health Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Although specific phobia is highly prevalent, associated with impairment, and an important risk factor for the development of other mental disorders, cross-national epidemiological data are scarce, especially from low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents epidemiological data from 22 low-, lower-middle-, upper-middle- and high-income countries. METHOD: Data came from 25 representative population-based surveys conducted in 22 countries (2001-2011) as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys initiative (n = 124 902). The presence of specific phobia as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition was evaluated using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: The cross-national lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of specific phobia were, respectively, 7.4% and 5.5%, being higher in females (9.8 and 7.7%) than in males (4.9% and 3.3%) and higher in high- and higher-middle-income countries than in low-/lower-middle-income countries. The median age of onset was young (8 years). Of the 12-month patients, 18.7% reported severe role impairment (13.3-21.9% across income groups) and 23.1% reported any treatment (9.6-30.1% across income groups). Lifetime co-morbidity was observed in 60.5% of those with lifetime specific phobia, with the onset of specific phobia preceding the other disorder in most cases (72.6%). Interestingly, rates of impairment, treatment use and co-morbidity increased with the number of fear subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Specific phobia is common and associated with impairment in a considerable percentage of cases. Importantly, specific phobia often precedes the onset of other mental disorders, making it a possible early-life indicator of psychopathology vulnerability.

Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Research on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following natural and human-made disasters has been undertaken for more than three decades. Although PTSD prevalence estimates vary widely, most are in the 20-40% range in disaster-focused studies but considerably lower (3-5%) in the few general population epidemiological surveys that evaluated disaster-related PTSD as part of a broader clinical assessment. The World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys provide an opportunity to examine disaster-related PTSD in representative general population surveys across a much wider range of sites than in previous studies. METHOD: Although disaster-related PTSD was evaluated in 18 WMH surveys, only six in high-income countries had enough respondents for a risk factor analysis. Predictors considered were socio-demographics, disaster characteristics, and pre-disaster vulnerability factors (childhood family adversities, prior traumatic experiences, and prior mental disorders). RESULTS: Disaster-related PTSD prevalence was 0.0-3.8% among adult (ages 18+) WMH respondents and was significantly related to high education, serious injury or death of someone close, forced displacement from home, and pre-existing vulnerabilities (prior childhood family adversities, other traumas, and mental disorders). Of PTSD cases 44.5% were among the 5% of respondents classified by the model as having highest PTSD risk. CONCLUSION: Disaster-related PTSD is uncommon in high-income WMH countries. Risk factors are consistent with prior research: severity of exposure, history of prior stress exposure, and pre-existing mental disorders. The high concentration of PTSD among respondents with high predicted risk in our model supports the focus of screening assessments that identify disaster survivors most in need of preventive interventions.

Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys.

BACKGROUND: Although mental disorders are significant predictors of educational attainment throughout the entire educational career, most research on mental disorders among students has focused on the primary and secondary school years. METHOD: The World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys were used to examine the associations of mental disorders with college entry and attrition by comparing college students (n = 1572) and non-students in the same age range (18-22 years; n = 4178), including non-students who recently left college without graduating (n = 702) based on surveys in 21 countries (four low/lower-middle income, five upper-middle-income, one lower-middle or upper-middle at the times of two different surveys, and 11 high income). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence and age-of-onset of DSM-IV anxiety, mood, behavioral and substance disorders were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). RESULTS: One-fifth (20.3%) of college students had 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders; 83.1% of these cases had pre-matriculation onsets. Disorders with pre-matriculation onsets were more important than those with post-matriculation onsets in predicting subsequent college attrition, with substance disorders and, among women, major depression the most important such disorders. Only 16.4% of students with 12-month disorders received any 12-month healthcare treatment for their mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Mental disorders are common among college students, have onsets that mostly occur prior to college entry, in the case of pre-matriculation disorders are associated with college attrition, and are typically untreated. Detection and effective treatment of these disorders early in the college career might reduce attrition and improve educational and psychosocial functioning.

[The epidemiology of ADHD in first-year university students]. / De epidemiologie van ADHD bij universiteitsstudenten.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in university students. AIM: To investigate the prevalence of adult ADHD and comorbid psychiatric symptoms and their effect on the academic performance of first-year university students, and to find out to what extent these students make use of the mental health services of the university. METHOD: All first-year students at the University of Leuven in Belgium were asked to complete a computer-assisted survey with a weighted cross-sectional design (n=4,921, response rate=65.4%). The ADHD of these students was measured with the help of the ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-6). RESULTS: On the basis of the threshold used, we found that between 1.4 and 8.3% of the entire population of first-year students met the criteria for ADHD. Even after controlling for sociodemographic variables, we found that ADHD was associated with a wide range of emotional problems including suicide attempts (OR=9.10; Cohen's d=0.53), binge eating (OR=5.87; Cohen's d=0.42), or psychotic symptoms (ORS 4.44-4.69; Cohen's d=0.36-0.37). Students with ADHD were 2.46-3.84 times more likely to have a total grading percentage below 50 at the end of the academic year. Current use and lifetime use of the professional mental health services were estimated in the 7.6-15.5% and 26.5-41.5% range, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adult ADHD is common among first-year university students and is associated with comorbid psychiatric symptoms and poor academic performance. It is therefore surprising that so few students actually receive treatment for their psychiatric and emotional problems.

[The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and mental health in adulthood. A systematic literature review]. / Het verband tussen traumatische gebeurtenissen in de kindertijd en angst, depressie en middelenmisbruik in de volwassenheid; een systematisch literatuuroverzicht.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic childhood experiences are important societal problems and have far-reaching mental and somatic consequences. There is a considerable amount of literature concerning the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and anxiety, depression and substance abuse in adulthood. AIM: To integrate systematically all available research data on this relationship. METHOD: We studied the literature via PubMed and PsycINFO using the search terms 'ACEs', 'anxiety', 'depression', 'substance abuse', and 'impact'. RESULTS: 65 publications were included in our study. Child abuse, substance abuse and parents' divorce were found to be very frequent risk factors. On average, the occurrence of emotional, sexual and physical child abuse was the most important risk factor for the development of depression. The greatest risk factors for anxiety disorders were sexual child abuse and family violence. Strong correlations were also found between family violence or physical neglect and substance abuse. CONCLUSION: Strong correlations were shown to exist between various ACEs and later symptoms or diagnoses of depressive and anxiety disorders in persons abusing drugs or alcohol. It seems to be mainly child abuse and family violence which have a major impact on the future mental health of victims.

Parenthood motives, well-being and disclosure among men from couples ready to start treatment with intrauterine insemination using their own sperm or donor sperm.

BACKGROUND: As pregnancy and childbirth have long been considered women's issues and male infertility has long been surrounded by taboo, limited research has focused on the experience of infertile men. The purpose of this study was to compare male motives for parenthood, male well-being and disclosure patterns concerning the method of conception among men from couples starting treatment with IUI using their own sperm (autologous sperm recipient, ASR) or donor sperm (donor sperm recipient, DSR). METHODS: This prospective study included 46 DSR- and 151 ASR-couples. Self-report questionnaires assessing parenthood motives, well-being and disclosure patterns concerning the method of conception were administered to both men and women prior to treatment. Unpaired T-tests and Fisher's exact tests were used to test for significant differences. RESULTS: When compared with ASR-men, DSR-men expect more positive effects from parenthood on relationships and feelings of fulfilment, and report less negative effects of infertility on sexuality, but a lower self-image and more guilt. DSR-men plan to disclose the method of conception less frequently and have so far disclosed to a lesser degree than ASR-men. CONCLUSIONS: DSR-men feel differently about parenthood and infertility compared with ASR-men, and their higher expectations combined with lower self-esteem need (more) attention during counselling.

[Is there a causal link between idiopathic intracranial hypertension and the use of lithium? A case-study and a review of the literature]. / Intracraniële hypertensie bij lithiumgebruik: gevalsbeschrijving en systematisch literatuuronderzoek.

BACKGROUND: The first case-study of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) linked to the use of lithium appeared in 1978. Since then several new case-studies have been published sporadically. A recurrent problem for therapists seems to be whether to continue or discontinue treatment with lithium. AIM: To review the literature on the alleged link between IIH and the use of lithium. METHOD: We performed a systematic review of published papers relating to the use of lithium in the treatment of IIH. RESULTS: We found 16 cases. The typical clinical picture of IIH was present in most of the cases. There was a large variation in the course of the illness. In many cases the nature of the link (coincidental or causal) remained unclear. Strong arguments in favour of a causal link were found in only two cases. CONCLUSIONS: IIH linked to the use of lithium is a very rare condition. In most cases it is not clear whether the link is coincidental or causal. If a patient being treated with lithium is definitely diagnosed with IIH and no other more plausible cause is found, then it is advisable to discontinue treatment with lithium. However, the therapist should feel free to re-start treatment with lithium in certain circumstances, for instance if patients have clearly benefited from lithium in previous maintenance treatment, if there is an unclear association between lithium and the onset and course of pseudotumour cerebri (PTC), or if the patient's condition has clearly deteriorated after lithium treatment has been discontinued.

A multinational study of mental disorders, marriage, and divorce.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate predictive associations of mental disorders with marriage and divorce in a cross-national sample. METHOD: Population surveys of mental disorders included assessment of age at first marriage in 19 countries (n = 46,128) and age at first divorce in a subset of 12 countries (n = 30,729). Associations between mental disorders and subsequent marriage and divorce were estimated in discrete time survival models. RESULTS: Fourteen of 18 premarital mental disorders are associated with lower likelihood of ever marrying (odds ratios ranging from 0.6 to 0.9), but these associations vary across ages of marriage. Associations between premarital mental disorders and marriage are generally null for early marriage (age 17 or younger), but negative associations come to predominate at later ages. All 18 mental disorders are positively associated with divorce (odds ratios ranging from 1.2 to 1.8). Three disorders, specific phobia, major depression, and alcohol abuse, are associated with the largest population attributable risk proportions for both marriage and divorce. CONCLUSION: This evidence adds to research demonstrating adverse effects of mental disorders on life course altering events across a diverse range of socioeconomic and cultural settings. These effects should be included in considerations of public health investments in preventing and treating mental disorders.

Gender and the relationship between marital status and first onset of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders.

BACKGROUND: Prior research on whether marriage is equally beneficial to the mental health of men and women is inconsistent due to methodological variation. This study addresses some prior methodological limitations and investigates gender differences in the association of first marriage and being previously married, with subsequent first onset of a range of mental disorders. METHOD: Cross-sectional household surveys in 15 countries from the WHO World Mental Health survey initiative (n=34493), with structured diagnostic assessment of mental disorders using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0. Discrete-time survival analyses assessed the interaction of gender and marital status in the association with first onset of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. RESULTS: Marriage (versus never married) was associated with reduced risk of first onset of most mental disorders in both genders; but for substance use disorders this reduced risk was stronger among women, and for depression and panic disorder it was confined to men. Being previously married (versus stably married) was associated with increased risk of all disorders in both genders; but for substance use disorders, this increased risk was stronger among women and for depression it was stronger among men. CONCLUSIONS: Marriage was associated with reduced risk of the first onset of most mental disorders in both men and women but there were gender differences in the associations between marital status and onset of depressive and substance use disorders. These differences may be related to gender differences in the experience of multiple role demands within marriage, especially those concerning parenting.