Interventional device tracking under MRI via alternating current controlled inhomogeneities.

PURPOSE: To introduce alternating current-controlled, conductive ink-printed marker that could be implemented with both custom and commercial interventional devices for device tracking under MRI using gradient echo, balanced SSFP, and turbo spin-echo sequences. METHODS: Tracking markers were designed as solenoid coils and printed on heat shrink tubes using conductive ink. These markers were then placed on three MR-compatible test samples that are typically challenging to visualize during MRI scans. MRI visibility of markers was tested by applying alternating and direct current to the markers, and the effects of applied current parameters (amplitude, frequency) on marker artifacts were tested for three sequences (gradient echo, turbo spin echo, and balanced SSFP) in a gel phantom, using 0.55T and 1.5T MRI scanners. Furthermore, an MR-compatible current supply circuit was designed, and the performance of the current-controlled markers was tested in one postmortem animal experiment using the current supply circuit. RESULTS: Direction and parameters of the applied current were determined to provide the highest conspicuity for all three sequences. Marker artifact size was controlled by adjusting the current amplitude, successfully. Visibility of a custom-designed, 20-gauge nitinol needle was increased in both in vitro and postmortem animal experiments using the current supply circuit. CONCLUSION: Current-controlled conductive ink-printed markers can be placed on custom or commercial MR-compatible interventional tools and can provide an easy and effective solution to device tracking under MRI for three sequences by adjusting the applied current parameters with respect to pulse sequence parameters using the current supply circuit.

An interventional MRI guidewire combining profile and tip conspicuity for catheterization at 0.55T.

PURPOSE: We describe a clinical grade, "active", monopole antenna-based metallic guidewire that has a continuous shaft-to-tip image profile, a pre-shaped tip-curve, standard 0.89 mm (0.035″) outer diameter, and a detachable connector for catheter exchange during cardiovascular catheterization at 0.55T. METHODS: Electromagnetic simulations were performed to characterize the magnetic field around the antenna whip for continuous tip visibility. The active guidewire was manufactured using medical grade materials in an ISO Class 7 cleanroom. RF-induced heating of the active guidewire prototype was tested in one gel phantom per ASTM 2182-19a, alone and in tandem with clinical metal-braided catheters. Real-time MRI visibility was tested in one gel phantom and in-vivo in two swine. Mechanical performance was compared with commercial equivalents. RESULTS: The active guidewire provided continuous "profile" shaft and tip visibility in-vitro and in-vivo, analogous to guidewire shaft-and-tip profiles under X-ray. The MRI signal signature matched simulation results. Maximum unscaled RF-induced temperature rise was 5.2°C and 6.5°C (3.47 W/kg local background specific absorption rate), alone and in tandem with a steel-braided catheter, respectively. Mechanical characteristics matched commercial comparator guidewires. CONCLUSION: The active guidewire was clearly visible via real-time MRI at 0.55T and exhibits a favorable geometric sensitivity profile depicting the guidewire continuously from shaft-to-tip including a unique curved-tip signature. RF-induced heating is clinically acceptable. This design allows safe device navigation through luminal structures and heart chambers. The detachable connector allows delivery and exchange of cardiovascular catheters while maintaining guidewire position. This enhanced guidewire design affords the expected performance of X-ray guidewires during human MRI catheterization.

Integrated particle image velocimetry and fluid-structure interaction analysis for patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm studies.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the hemodynamics of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is crucial for risk assessment and treatment planning. This study introduces a low-cost, patient-specific in vitro AAA model to investigate hemodynamics using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and flow-simulating circuit, validated through fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations. METHODS: In this study, 3D printing was employed to manufacture a flexible patient-specific AAA phantom using a lost-core casting technique. A pulsatile flow circuit was constructed using off-the-shelf components. A particle image velocimetry (PIV) setup was built using an affordable laser source and global shutter camera, and finally, the flow field inside the AAA was analyzed using open-source software. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulations were performed to enhance our understanding of the flow field, and the results were validated by PIV analysis. Both steady-state and transient flow conditions were investigated. RESULTS: Our experimental setup replicated physiological conditions, analyzing arterial wall deformations and flow characteristics within the aneurysm. Under constant flow, peak wall deformations and flow velocities showed deviations within - 12% to + 27% and - 7% to + 5%, respectively, compared to FSI simulations. Pulsatile flow conditions further demonstrated a strong correlation (Pearson coefficient 0.85) in flow velocities and vectors throughout the cardiac cycle. Transient phenomena, particularly the formation and progression of vortex structures during systole, were consistently depicted between experimental and numerical models. CONCLUSIONS: By bridging high-fidelity experimental observations with comprehensive computational analyses, this study underscores the potential of integrated methodologies in enhancing our understanding of AAA pathophysiology. The convergence of realistic AAA phantoms, precise PIV measurements at affordable cost point, and validated FSI models heralds a new paradigm in vascular research, with significant implications for personalized medicine and bioengineering innovations.

Real-time device tracking under MRI using an acousto-optic active marker.

PURPOSE: This work aims to demonstrate the use of an "active" acousto-optic marker with enhanced visibility and reduced radiofrequency (RF) -induced heating for interventional MRI. METHODS: The acousto-optic marker was fabricated using bulk piezoelectric crystal and π-phase shifted fiber Bragg grating (FBGs) and coupled to a distal receiver coil on an 8F catheter. The received MR signal is transmitted over an optical fiber to mitigate RF-induced heating. A photodetector converts the optical signal into electrical signal, which is used as the input signal to the MRI receiver plug. Acousto-optic markers were characterized in phantom studies. RF-induced heating risk was evaluated according to ASTM 2182 standard. In vivo real-time tracking capability was tested in an animal model under a 0.55T scanner. RESULTS: Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels suitable for real-time tracking were obtained by using high sensitivity FBG and piezoelectric transducer with resonance matched to Larmor frequency. Single and multiple marker coils integrated to 8F catheters were readout for position and orientation tracking by a single acousto-optic sensor. RF-induced heating was significantly reduced compared to a coax cable connected reference marker. Real-time distal tip tracking of an active device was demonstrated in an animal model with a standard real-time cardiac MR sequence. CONCLUSION: Acousto-optic markers provide sufficient SNR with a simple structure for real-time device tracking. RF-induced heating is significantly reduced compared to conventional active markers. Also, multiple RF receiver coils connected on an acousto-optic modulator can be used on a single catheter for determining catheter orientation and shape.

A 20-gauge active needle design with thin-film printed circuitry for interventional MRI at 0.55T.

PURPOSE: This work aims to fabricate RF antenna components on metallic needle surfaces using biocompatible polyester tubing and conductive ink to develop an active interventional MRI needle for clinical use at 0.55 Tesla. METHODS: A custom computer numeric control-based conductive ink printing method was developed. Based on electromagnetic simulation results, thin-film RF antennas were printed with conductive ink and used to fabricate a medical grade, 20-gauge (0.87 mm outer diameter), 90-mm long active interventional MRI needle. The MRI visibility performance of the active needle prototype was tested in vitro in 1 gel phantom and in vivo in 1 swine. A nearly identical active needle constructed using a 44 American Wire Gauge insulated copper wire-wound RF receiver antenna was a comparator. The RF-induced heating risk was evaluated in a gel phantom per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 2182-19. RESULTS: The active needle prototype with printed RF antenna was clearly visible both in vitro and in vivo under MRI. The maximum RF-induced temperature rise of prototypes with printed RF antenna and insulated copper wire antenna after a 3.96 W/kg, 15 min. long scan were 1.64°C and 8.21°C, respectively. The increase in needle diameter was 98 µm and 264 µm for prototypes with printed RF antenna and copper wire-wound antenna, respectively. CONCLUSION: The active needle prototype with conductive ink printed antenna provides distinct device visibility under MRI. Variations on the needle surface are mitigated compared to use of a 44 American Wire Gauge copper wire. RF-induced heating tests support device RF safety under MRI. The proposed method enables fabrication of small diameter active interventional MRI devices having complex geometries, something previously difficult using conventional methods.

A cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) safe metal braided catheter design for interventional CMR at 1.5 T: freedom from radiofrequency induced heating and preserved mechanical performance.

BACKGROUND: Catheter designs incorporating metallic braiding have high torque control and kink resistance compared with unbraided alternatives. However, metallic segments longer than a quarter wavelength (~ 12 cm for 1.5 T scanner) are prone to radiofrequency (RF) induced heating during cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) catheterization. We designed a braid-reinforced catheter with interrupted metallic segments to mitigate RF-induced heating yet retain expected mechanical properties for CMR catheterization. METHODS: We constructed metal wire braided 6 Fr catheter shaft subassemblies using electrically insulated stainless-steel wires and off-the-shelf biocompatible polymers. The braiding was segmented, in-situ, using lasers to create non-resonant wire lengths. We compared the heating and mechanical performance of segmented- with un-segmented- metal braided catheter shaft subassemblies. RESULTS: The braiding segmentation procedure did not significantly alter the structural integrity of catheter subassemblies, torque response, push-ability, or kink resistance compared with non-segmented controls. Segmentation shortened the electrical length of individually insulated metallic braids, and therefore inhibited resonance during CMR RF excitation. RF-induced heating was reduced below 2 °C under expected use conditions in vitro. CONCLUSION: We describe a simple modification to the manufacture of metallic braided catheters that will allow CMR catheterization without RF-induced heating under contemporary scanning conditions at 1.5 T. The proposed segmentation pattern largely preserves braid structure and mechanical integrity while interrupting electrical resonance. This inexpensive design may be applicable to both diagnostic and interventional catheters and will help to enable a range of interventional procedures using real time CMR.

Thin film based semi-active resonant marker design for low profile interventional cardiovascular MRI devices.

OBJECTIVES: A new microfabrication method to produce low profile radio frequency (RF) resonant markers on catheter shafts was developed. A semi-active RF resonant marker incorporating a solenoid and a plate capacitor was constructed on the distal shaft of a 5 Fr guiding catheter. The resulting device can be used for interventional cardiovascular MRI procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unlike current semi-active device visualization techniques that require rigid and bulky analog circuit components (capacitor and solenoid), we fabricated a low profile RF resonant marker directly on guiding the catheter surface by thin film metal deposition and electroplating processes using a modified physical vapor deposition system. RESULTS: The increase of the overall device profile thickness caused by the semi-active RF resonant marker (130 µm thick) was lowered by a factor of 4.6 compared with using the thinnest commercial non-magnetic and rigid circuit components (600 µm thick). Moreover, adequate visibility performance of the RF resonant marker in different orientations and overall RF safety were confirmed through in vitro experiments under MRI successfully. CONCLUSION: The developed RF resonant marker on a clinical grade 5 Fr guiding catheter will enable several interventional congenital heart disease treatment procedures under MRI.

Positive contrast spiral imaging for visualization of commercial nitinol guidewires with reduced heating.

BACKGROUND: CMR-guidance has the potential to improve tissue visualization during cardiovascular catheterization procedures and to reduce ionizing radiation exposure, but a lack of commercially available CMR guidewires limits widespread adoption. Standard metallic guidewires are considered to be unsafe in CMR due to risks of RF-induced heating. Here, we propose the use of RF-efficient gradient echo (GRE) spiral imaging for reduced guidewire heating (low flip angle, long readout), in combination with positive contrast for guidewire visualization. METHODS: A GRE spiral sequence with 8 interleaves was used for imaging. Positive contrast was achieved using through-slice dephasing such that the guidewire appeared bright and the background signal suppressed. Positive contrast images were interleaved with anatomical images, and real-time image processing was used to produce a color overlay of the guidewire on the anatomy. Temperature was measured with a fiber-optic probe attached to the guidewire in an acrylic gel phantom and in vivo. RESULTS: Left heart catheterization was performed on swine using the real-time color overlay for procedural guidance with a frame rate of 6.25 frames/second. Using our standard Cartesian real-time imaging (flip angle 60°), temperature increases up to 50 °C (phantom) and 4 °C (in vivo) were observed. In comparison, spiral GRE images (8 interleaves, flip angle 10°) generated negligible heating measuring 0.37 °C (phantom) and 0.06 °C (in vivo). CONCLUSIONS: The ability to use commercial metallic guidewires safely during CMR-guided catheterization could potentially expedite clinical translation of these methods.

Segmented nitinol guidewires with stiffness-matched connectors for cardiovascular magnetic resonance catheterization: preserved mechanical performance and freedom from heating.

BACKGROUND: Conventional guidewires are not suitable for use during cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) catheterization. They employ metallic shafts for mechanical performance, but which are conductors subject to radiofrequency (RF) induced heating. To date, non-metallic CMR guidewire designs have provided inadequate mechanical support, trackability, and torquability. We propose a metallic guidewire for CMR that is by design intrinsically safe and that retains mechanical performance of commercial guidewires. METHODS: The NHLBI passive guidewire is a 0.035" CMR-safe, segmented-core nitinol device constructed using short nitinol rod segments. The electrical length of each segment is less than one-quarter wavelength at 1.5 Tesla, which eliminates standing wave formation, and which therefore eliminates RF heating along the shaft. Each of the electrically insulated segments is connected with nitinol tubes for stiffness matching to assure uniform flexion. Iron oxide markers on the distal shaft impart conspicuity. Mechanical integrity was tested according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. CMR RF heating safety was tested in vitro in a phantom according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) F-2182 standard, and in vivo in seven swine. Results were compared with a high-performance commercial nitinol guidewire. RESULTS: The NHLBI passive guidewire exhibited similar mechanical behavior to the commercial comparator. RF heating was reduced from 13 °C in the commercial guidewire to 1.2 °C in the NHLBI passive guidewire in vitro, using a flip angle of 75°. The maximum temperature increase was 1.1 ± 0.3 °C in vivo, using a flip angle of 45°. The guidewire was conspicuous during left heart catheterization in swine. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a simple and intrinsically safe design of a metallic guidewire for CMR cardiovascular catheterization. The guidewire exhibits negligible heating at high flip angles in conformance with regulatory guidelines, yet mechanically resembles a high-performance commercial guidewire. Iron oxide markers along the length of the guidewire impart passive visibility during real-time CMR. Clinical translation is imminent.

Real-time MRI-guided right heart catheterization in adults using passive catheters.

AIMS: Real-time MRI creates images with superb tissue contrast that may enable radiation-free catheterization. Simple procedures are the first step towards novel interventional procedures. We aim to perform comprehensive transfemoral diagnostic right heart catheterization in an unselected cohort of patients entirely using MRI guidance. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed X-ray and MRI-guided transfemoral right heart catheterization in consecutive patients undergoing clinical cardiac catheterization. We sampled both cavae and both pulmonary arteries. We compared success rate, time to perform key steps, and catheter visibility among X-ray and MRI procedures using air-filled or gadolinium-filled balloon-tipped catheters. Sixteen subjects (four with shunt, nine with coronary artery disease, three with other) underwent paired X-ray and MRI catheterization. Complete guidewire-free catheterization was possible in 15 of 16 under both. MRI using gadolinium-filled balloons was at least as successful as X-ray in all procedure steps, more successful than MRI using air-filled balloons, and better than both in entering the left pulmonary artery. Total catheterization time and individual procedure steps required approximately the same amount of time irrespective of image guidance modality. Catheter conspicuity was best under X-ray and next-best using gadolinium-filled MRI balloons. CONCLUSION: In this early experience, comprehensive transfemoral right heart catheterization appears feasible using only MRI for imaging guidance. Gadolinium-filled balloon catheters were more conspicuous than air-filled ones. Further workflow and device enhancement are necessary for clinical adoption.

Real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance subxiphoid pericardial access and pericardiocentesis using off-the-shelf devices in swine.

BACKGROUND: Needle access or drainage of pericardial effusion, especially when small, entails risk of bystander tissue injury or operator uncertainty about proposed trajectories. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) might allow enhanced imaging guidance. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used real-time CMR to guide subxiphoid pericardial access in naïve swine using commercial 18G titanium puncture needles, which were exchanged for pericardial catheters. To test the value of CMR needle pericardiocentesis, we also created intentional pericardial effusions of a range of volumes, via a separate transvenous-transatrial catheter. We performed these procedures in 12 animals. CONCLUSIONS: CMR guided pericardiocentesis is attractive because the large field of view and soft tissue imaging depict global anatomic context in arbitrary planes, and allow the operator to plan trajectories that limit inadvertent bystander tissue injury. More important, CMR provides continuous visualization of the needle and target throughout the procedure. Using even passive needle devices, CMR enabled rapid pericardial needle access and drainage. We believe this experience supports clinical testing of real-time CMR guided needle access or drainage of the pericardial space. We suspect this would be especially helpful in "difficult" pericardial access, for example, in distorted thoracic anatomy or loculated effusion.

Transthoracic delivery of large devices into the left ventricle through the right ventricle and interventricular septum: preclinical feasibility.

BACKGROUND: We aim to deliver large appliances into the left ventricle through the right ventricle and across the interventricular septum. This transthoracic access route exploits immediate recoil of the septum, and lower transmyocardial pressure gradient across the right versus left ventricular free wall. The route may enhance safety and allow subxiphoid rather than intercostal traversal. METHODS: The entire procedure was performed under real-time CMR guidance. An "active" CMR needle crossed the chest, right ventricular free wall, and then the interventricular septum to deliver a guidewire then used to deliver an 18Fr introducer. Afterwards, the right ventricular free wall was closed with a nitinol occluder. Immediate closure and late healing of the unrepaired septum and free wall were assessed by oximetry, angiography, CMR, and necropsy up to four weeks afterwards. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 9 of 11 pigs. One failed because of refractory ventricular fibrillation upon needle entry, and the other because of inadequate guidewire support. In all ten attempts, the right ventricular free wall was closed without hemopericardium. There was neither immediate nor late shunt on oximetry, X-ray angiography, or CMR. The interventricular septal tract fibrosed completely. Transventricular trajectories planned on human CT scans suggest comparable intracavitary working space and less acute entry angles than a conventional atrial transseptal approach. CONCLUSION: Large closed-chest access ports can be introduced across the right ventricular free wall and interventricular septum into the left ventricle. The septum recoils immediately and heals completely without repair. A nitinol occluder immediately seals the right ventricular wall. The entry angle is more favorable to introduce, for example, prosthetic mitral valves than a conventional atrial transseptal approach.

A phantom study: Evaluation of a novel three-lumen balloon catheter for potential treatment of intractable limb ischemia.

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the most severe form of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) which induces extremity rest pain, extremity gangrene or ulcers that mostly might lead to limb loss. One of the most common criteria of CLI is 50 mmHg or less systolic ankle arterial pressure. In this study, a custom made three-lumen catheter (9 Fr) including a distal inflatable balloon in between the inflow and outflow lumen holes was designed and fabricated based on the patented design of Hyper Perfusion Catheter. The proposed catheter design aims to increase ankle systolic pressure to 60 mmHg or more to promote healing and/or alleviating severe pain due to intractable ischemia for patients with CLI. To simulate the blood circulation of related anatomy, in vitro CLI model phantom was designed and constructed by using a modified hemodialysis circuit, a hemodialysis pump and a tube set for cardio-pulmonary bypass surgery. A blood mimicking fluid (BMF) with dynamic viscosity of 4.1 mPa.s was used at 22 ºC to prime the phantom. The data was collected by a custom-made circuit design in real time and all measurements were verified with commercial certificated medical devices. The results of in vitro CLI model phantom experiments have shown that it is feasible to elevate the pressure distal to the occlusion (representing ankle pressure) above 80 mmHg without affecting the systemic pressure.

A deflectable guiding catheter for real-time MRI-guided interventions.

PURPOSE: To design a deflectable guiding catheter that omits long metallic components yet preserves mechanical properties to facilitate therapeutic interventional MRI procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The catheter shaft incorporated Kevlar braiding. A 180° deflection was attained with a 5-cm nitinol slotted tube, a nitinol spring, and a Kevlar pull string. We tested three designs: passive, passive incorporating an inductively coupled coil, and active receiver. We characterized mechanical properties, MRI properties, RF induced heating, and in vivo performance in swine. RESULTS: Torque and tip deflection force were satisfactory. Representative procedures included hepatic and azygos vein access, laser cardiac septostomy, and atrial septal defect crossing. Visualization was best in the active configuration, delineating profile and tip orientation. The passive configuration could be used in tandem with an active guidewire to overcome its limited conspicuity. There was no RF-induced heating in all configurations under expected use conditions in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: Kevlar and short nitinol component substitutions preserved mechanical properties. The active design offered the best visibility and usability but reintroduced metal conductors. We describe versatile deflectable guiding catheters with a 0.057" lumen for interventional MRI catheterization. Implementations are feasible using active, inductive, and passive visualization strategies to suit application requirements.

Active delivery cable tuned to device deployment state: enhanced visibility of nitinol occluders during preclinical interventional MRI.

PURPOSE: To develop an active delivery system that enhances visualization of nitinol cardiac occluder devices during deployment under real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We constructed an active delivery cable incorporating a loopless antenna and a custom titanium microscrew to secure the occluder devices. The delivery cable was tuned and matched to 50Ω at 64 MHz with the occluder device attached. We used real-time balanced steady state free precession in a wide-bore 1.5T scanner. Device-related images were reconstructed separately and combined with surface-coil images. The delivery cable was tested in vitro in a phantom and in vivo in swine using a variety of nitinol cardiac occluder devices. RESULTS: In vitro, the active delivery cable provided little signal when the occluder device was detached and maximal signal with the device attached. In vivo, signal from the active delivery cable enabled clear visualization of occluder device during positioning and deployment. Device release resulted in decreased signal from the active cable. Postmortem examination confirmed proper device placement. CONCLUSION: The active delivery cable enhanced the MRI depiction of nitinol cardiac occluder devices during positioning and deployment, both in conventional and novel applications. We expect enhanced visibility to contribute to the effectiveness and safety of new and emerging MRI-guided treatments.

MRI active guidewire with an embedded temperature probe and providing a distinct tip signal to enhance clinical safety.

BACKGROUND: The field of interventional cardiovascular MRI is hampered by the unavailability of active guidewires that are both safe and conspicuous. Heating of conductive guidewires is difficult to predict in vivo and disruptive to measure using external probes. We describe a clinical-grade 0.035" (0.89 mm) guidewire for MRI right and left heart catheterization at 1.5 T that has an internal probe to monitor temperature in real-time, and that has both tip and shaft visibility as well as suitable flexibility. METHODS: The design has an internal fiberoptic temperature probe, as well as a distal solenoid to enhance tip visibility on a loopless antenna. We tested different tip-solenoid configurations to balance heating and signal profiles. We tested mechanical performance in vitro and in vivo in comparison with a popular clinical nitinol guidewire. RESULTS: The solenoid displaced the point of maximal heating ("hot spot") from the tip to a more proximal location where it can be measured without impairing guidewire flexion. Probe pullback allowed creation of lengthwise guidewire temperature maps that allowed rapid evaluation of design prototypes. Distal-only solenoid attachment offered the best compromise between tip visibility and heating among design candidates. When fixed at the hot spot, the internal probe consistently reflected the maximum temperature compared external probes.Real-time temperature monitoring was performed during porcine left heart catheterization. Heating was negligible using normal operating parameters (flip angle, 45°; SAR, 1.01 W/kg); the temperature increased by 4.2°C only during high RF power mode (flip angle, 90°; SAR, 3.96 W/kg) and only when the guidewire was isolated from blood cooling effects by an introducer sheath. The tip flexibility and in vivo performance of the final guidewire design were similar to a popular commercial guidewire. CONCLUSIONS: We integrated a fiberoptic temperature probe inside a 0.035" MRI guidewire. Real-time monitoring helps detect deleterious heating during use, without impairing mechanical guidewire operation, and without impairing MRI visibility. We therefore need not rely on prediction to ensure safe clinical operation. Future implementations may modulate specific absorption rate (SAR) based on temperature feedback.

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Coated Inorganic Nanoparticles: Fabrication and Biomedical Applications.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) continue to gain increasing attention as functional materials due to their unique characteristics such as higher stability, simple preparation, robustness, better binding capacity, and low cost. In particular, MIP-coated inorganic nanoparticles have emerged as a promising platform for various biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery to bioimaging. The integration of MIPs with inorganic nanomaterials such as silica (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe3O4), gold (Au), silver (Ag), and quantum dots (QDs) combines several attributes from both components to yield highly multifunctional materials. These materials with a multicomponent hierarchical structure composed of an inorganic core and an imprinted polymer shell exhibit enhanced properties and new functionalities. This review aims to provide a general overview of key recent advances in the fabrication of MIPs-coated inorganic nanoparticles and highlight their biomedical applications, including drug delivery, biosensor, bioimaging, and bioseparation.

Adaptive noise cancellation to suppress electrocardiography artifacts during real-time interventional MRI.

PURPOSE: To develop a system for artifact suppression in electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings obtained during interventional real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We characterized ECG artifacts due to radiofrequency pulses and gradient switching during MRI in terms of frequency content. A combination of analog filters and digital least mean squares adaptive filters were used to filter the ECG during in vivo experiments and the results were compared with those obtained with simple low-pass filtering. The system performance was evaluated in terms of artifact suppression and ability to identify arrhythmias during real-time MRI. RESULTS: Analog filters were able to suppress artifacts from high-frequency radiofrequency pulses and gradient switching. The remaining pulse artifacts caused by intermittent preparation sequences or spoiler gradients required adaptive filtering because their bandwidth overlapped with that of the ECG. Using analog and adaptive filtering, a mean improvement of 38 dB (n = 11, peak QRS signal to pulse artifact noise) was achieved. This filtering system was successful in removing pulse artifacts that obscured arrhythmias such as premature ventricular complexes and complete atrioventricular block. CONCLUSION: We have developed an online ECG monitoring system employing digital adaptive filters that enables the identification of cardiac arrhythmias during real-time MRI-guided interventions.

MRI-guided vascular access with an active visualization needle.

PURPOSE: To develop an approach to vascular access under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as a component of comprehensive MRI-guided cardiovascular catheterization and intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We attempted jugular vein access in healthy pigs as a model of "difficult" vascular access. Procedures were performed under real-time MRI guidance using reduced field of view imaging. We developed an "active" MRI antenna-needle having an open-lumen, distinct tip appearance and indicators of depth and trajectory in order to enhance MRI visibility during the procedure. We compared performance of the active needle against an unmodified commercial passively visualized needle, measured by procedure success among operators with different levels of experience. RESULTS: MRI-guided central vein access was feasible using both the active needle and the unmodified passive needle. The active needle required less time (88 vs. 244 sec, P = 0.022) and fewer needle passes (4.5 vs. 9.1, P = 0.028), irrespective of operator experience. CONCLUSION: MRI-guided access to central veins is feasible in our animal model. When image guidance is necessary for vascular access, performing this component under MRI will allow wholly MRI-guided catheterization procedures that do not require adjunctive imaging facilities such as x-ray or ultrasound. The active needle design showed enhanced visibility, as expected. These capabilities may permit more complex catheter-based cardiovascular interventional procedures enabled by enhanced image guidance.