A Status Review on Health-Promoting Properties and Global Regulation of Essential Oils.

Since ancient times, essential oils (EOs) have been known for their therapeutic potential against many health issues. Recent studies suggest that EOs may contribute to the regulation and modulation of various biomarkers and cellular pathways responsible for metabolic health as well as the development of many diseases, including cancer, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial infections. During metabolic dysfunction and even infections, the immune system becomes compromised and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines that lead to serious health consequences. The bioactive compounds present in EOs (especially terpenoids and phenylpropanoids) with different chemical compositions from fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants confer protection against these metabolic and infectious diseases through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. In this review, we have highlighted some targeted physiological and cellular actions through which EOs may exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. In addition, it has been observed that EOs from specific plant sources may play a significant role in the prevention of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, microbial infections, and increasing breast milk production, along with improvements in heart, liver, and brain health. The current status of the bioactive activities of EOs and their therapeutic effects are covered in this review. However, with respect to the health benefits of EOs, it is very important to regulate the dose and usage of EOs to reduce their adverse health effects. Therefore, we specified that some countries have their own regulatory bodies while others follow WHO and FAO standards and legislation for the use of EOs.

Microbiological quality of kitchens sponges used in university student dormitories.

BACKGROUND: Kitchen sponges are a major source of cross-contamination as they can transfer foodborne pathogens, infectious agents and spoilage causing microorganisms to food contact surfaces. Several studies have revealed that university students adopt poor practices regarding food safety, hygiene, and the handling of kitchen cleaning equipment. METHODS: A total of fifty kitchen sponges were collected along with a questionnaire addressing social demographics and kitchen sponge usage by students living at the University of Sharjah dormitories. The effect of storage (3 and 10 days) on the microbial population of kitchen sponges at room temperature (21 °C) was assessed. Enterobacteriaceae isolated from sponges were identified and their antibiotic resistance determined. RESULTS: Student responses revealed that kitchen sponges used to clean food contact surfaces were also used to clean the oven (32%), sink (26%), refrigerator (10%), and to clean spills on the floor (4%). Kitchen sponges contained high counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria (7.9 log10/cm3), coliform (7.2 log10/cm3), Enterobacteriaceae (7.3 log10/cm3) and yeasts and molds (7.0 log10/cm3). After storage of the sponges at room temperature (21 °C) for 3 and 10 days, the number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform, Enterobacteriaceae and yeasts and molds decreased by 0.4 and 1.3 log10/cm3, 0.7 and 1.4 log10/cm3, 0.4 and 1.1 log10/cm3, and 0.6 and 1.3 log10/cm3, respectively. The most frequently isolated Enterobacteriaceae were Enterobacter cloacae (56%) and Klebsiella oxytoca (16%). All E. cloacae isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, cefalotin, cefoxitin and cefuroxime axetil. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that students living in dormitories lacked good hygienic practices and were at increased risk of food poisoning. Kitchen sponges were highly contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria which could be transferred from the general kitchen environment to food contact surfaces and consequently lead to food contamination.

Survival of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in Ready-to-Eat "Guacamole": Role of Added Antimicrobials.

Ensuring the microbiological safety of food products is majorly important to regulatory agencies, producers, and consumers. This study aimed to examine the effects of three different antimicrobial agents, including chitosan (CH), mastic oil (M), and citric acid (CA), individually or as a combination, against Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes (artificially inoculated) in Guacamole, a ready-to-eat (RTE) avocado-based salad. The Guacamole samples included untreated samples, designated as CNL, and samples treated as follows: CA 0.15% and CA 0.30% with citric acid added at 0.15% and 0.30% v/w; CH 0.5% and CH 1% with chitosan at 0.5 and 1% v/w; M 0.2% and M 0.4% with mastic essential oil (EO) at 0.2% and 0.4% v/w; CACH with CA 0.30% and CH 1% v/w; CAM with CA 0.30% and M 0.4% v/w; CHM with CH 1% and M 0.4% v/w; and CACHM with CA 0.30%, CH 1%, and M 0.4% v/w. Microbiological evaluation, monitoring of the pH values, and proximate analyses (moisture, fat, protein, ash, and water activity) were performed at different time intervals (days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7) at two storage temperatures (4 and 10 °C). Antimicrobial treatments, particularly CH 1% and CACHM, effectively (p < 0.05) reduced Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 populations at 4 °C, while CACHM showed the most efficacy against L. monocytogenes. However, at 10 °C, antimicrobials had limited impact, and the bacterial counts exhibited an increasing trend during storage. The pH values in the avocado-based salad samples showed, in general, higher decreases at 10 compared to 4 °C, with the CHM combination showing the highest antimicrobial effect.

Effect of yogurt-based marinade combined with essential oils on the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in camel meat chunks during storage.

The present study evaluated the effect of yogurt-based marinade combined with active essential oil components (EOs) namely: thymol (TH), carvacrol (CA), and cinnamaldehyde (CI) on Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in camel meat (CM) chunks during storage at 4 and 10 °C. Fresh cocktail mixtures of L.monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. strains were inoculated on CM samples. Subsequently, a yogurt-based marinade, with or without 1% or 2% of the added EOs, was mixed with the CM chunks. After treatment, marinated camel samples were stored at 4 and 10 °C for 0, 1, 4 and 7 days. Adding yogurt-based marinade to the CM samples did not cause any significant changes in L.monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. numbers at 4 °C, but at 10 °C resulted in a significant decrease in numbers on day 4 and 7 of storage by 1.4-1.5; 2.7-2.1 and 2.5-2.8 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to untreated CM samples. The incorporation of EOs into the CM with marination (CMM) further enhanced the microbial reduction of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella. At 10 °C, the synergistic effect of EOs with marinade was greater than at 4 °C. Increasing the concentration of the EOs used in this study from 1% to 2%, enhanced E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. reduction during storage at 4 and 10 °C while L.monocytogenes numbers were not affected. Increasing active EO component concentrations to 2% caused further significant reductions in Salmonella spp. in the CMM samples during storage by 1.0-2.7 log CFU/g (P ˂ 0.05) at 4 and 10 °C. At 10 °C, increasing the concentration of CI and TH to 2% caused a further reduction (P ˂ 0.05) of E. coli O157:H7 numbers by days 4 and 7 in the range of 3.6-4.4 log CFU/g. Among all tested EOs, 2% TH and 2% CI had the greatest effect against E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in CMM during storage at 4 and 10 °C. In comparison to CMM, the highest scores of all examined sensory attributes were found in CMM samples with 1% and 2% CI added. Results indicate that the EO component CI can be used as an effective tool to decrease populations of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in CM with minor sensory changes.

Effect of active essential oils added to chicken tawook on the behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage.

The objective of the study was to assess the antimicrobial effect of active essential oil components (EOs) namely (carvacrol (CA), cinnamaldehyde (CI) and thymol (TH)) on Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in chicken tawook during storage at 4 and 10 °C. A marinade consisting of ingredients commonly used in the chicken tawook recipe was prepared and mixed with 1% and 2% v/v CA, CI or TH. The marinade with or without EOs was added to fresh chicken breast cubes inoculated with the foodborne pathogens. Afterward, marinated chicken "tawook" was stored at 4 and 10 °C covered with cling wrap to mimic chill and mild abuse storage conditions for up to 7 days. At 10 °C, the marinade decreased L. monocytogenes numbers on day 4 and 7 by about 2.4 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. Adding EOs to chicken tawook did not change L. monocytogenes numbers during storage at 4 and 10 °C. For Salmonella spp., the marinade decreased the numbers during 10 °C storage on day 4 and 7 by about 4.9 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. At 4 °C, EOs at 2% decreased Salmonella spp. on day 7 by 0.5 log10 CFU/g. One percent CI significantly decreased Salmonella by 1.5 log10 CFU/g, at day 4 of storage. At 10 °C, 1% CA, 2% CI, 1% and 2% TH decreased Salmonella spp. in the samples by 0.5 log10 CFU/g on day 7. The marinade decreased E. coli O157:H7 numbers on the chicken samples during 10 °C storage on day 4 and 7 by about 3.3 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. Regardless of storage day at 4 °C, EOs decreased E. coli O157:H7 populations in chicken tawook by ≤2.4 log10 CFU/g compared to samples without EOs, where the decrease was ≤1.4 log10 CFU/g. Moreover, no significant decrease in E. coli O157:H7 populations could be attributed to the addition of EOs in samples which were stored at 10 °C. Increasing the concentration of EOs from 1 to 2% seemed to have no significant effect in reducing the tested foodborne pathogen populations.

Effect of Essential Oils and Vacuum Packaging on Spoilage-Causing Microorganisms of Marinated Camel Meat during Storage.

The use of essential oils (EOs) and/or vacuum packaging (VP) with meats could increase product shelf-life. However, no studies investigating the effect of EOs and VP on camel meat background microbiota have been conducted previously. The study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial effect of essential oils (EOs) carvacrol (CA), cinnamaldehyde (CI), and thymol (TH) at 1 or 2% plus vacuum packaging (VP) on the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms in marinated camel meat chunks during storage at 4 and 10 °C. VP is an effective means to control spoilage in unmarinated camel meat (CM) and marinated camel meat (MCM) compared to aerobic packaging (AP). However, after EO addition to MCM, maximum decreases in spoilage-causing microorganisms were observed under AP on day 7. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 10 °C under AP increased the rate of spoilage-causing bacterial growth in CM and MCM; however, EOs were more effective at 10 °C. At 10 °C the maximum reductions in total mesophilic plate counts, yeast and molds, mesophilic lactic Acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas spp. were 1.2, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, and 4.8 log CFU/g, respectively. Incorporating EOs at 2% in MCM, held aerobically under temperature abuse conditions, delayed spoilage.

Growth behaviour and thermal inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in ground lean camel meat.

This study aimed to evaluate growth behaviour of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and background microbiota in ground lean camel meat during refrigerated storage for up to 7 d, and determine thermal inactivation parameters (D and z-values) of the pathogens in the meat. Fresh ground camel meat samples were individually inoculated with two isolates of each E. coli O157:H7 strains and Salmonella serovars. Inoculated and uninoculated samples were stored aerobically at 4 °C and abusive temperature (10 °C) for 1, 4 and 7 d. Inoculated samples were also heat-treated in a circulating water bath at 55-65 °C. Upon storage for 7 d at 4 °C, the population of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella cells decreased significantly in samples. In contrast, samples stored at 10 °C showed significant increases in microbial populations. With storage, the populations of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria, mesophilic total plate counts, yeasts and molds, Pseudomonas spp., as well as Enterobacteriaceae increased significantly. E. coli O157:H7 strains showed average D-values at 57.5 to 65 °C ranging from 1.8 to 0.067 min while Salmonella spp. at 55 to 62.5 °C showed D-values ranging from 2.2 to 0.057 min. The z-values of E. coli O157:H7 strains were 4.6 and 5.0 °C and were 5.1 and 5.5 °C for Salmonella spp. This study provides information to assist food industry and retail meat processors to enhance safety and storage quality of camel meat and facilitate validation of thermal processing of camel meat products.