An Adaptive Filtering Method for Cooperative Localization in Leader-Follower AUVs.

In the complex and variable marine environment, the navigation and localization of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are very important and challenging. When the conventional Kalman filter (KF) is applied to the cooperative localization of leader-follower AUVs, the outliers in the sensor observations will have a substantial adverse effect on the localization accuracy of the AUVs. Meanwhile, inaccurate noise covariance matrices may result in significant estimation errors. In this paper, we proposed an improved Sage-Husa adaptive extended Kalman filter (improved SHAEKF) for the cooperative localization of multi-AUVs. Firstly, the measurement anomalies were evaluated by calculating the Chi-square test statistics based on the innovation. The detection threshold was determined according to the confidence level of the Chi-square test, and the Chi-square test statistics exceeding the threshold were regarded as measurement abnormalities. When measurement anomalies occurred, the Sage-Husa adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm was improved by suboptimal maximum a posterior estimation using weighted exponential fading memory, and the measurement noise covariance matrix was adjusted online. The numerical simulation of leader-follower multi-AUV cooperative localization verified the effectiveness of the improved SHAEKF and demonstrated that the average root mean square and the average standard deviation of the localization errors based on the improved SHAEKF were significantly reduced in the case of the presence of measurement abnormalities.

Diabetic wound healing: The impact of diabetes on myofibroblast activity and its potential therapeutic treatments.

Diabetes is a systemic disease in which the body cannot regulate the amount of sugar, namely glucose, in the blood. High glucose toxicity has been implicated in the dysfunction of diabetic wound healing, following insufficient production (Type 1) or inadequate usage (Type 2) of insulin. Chronic non-healing diabetic wounds are one of the major complications of both types of diabetes, which are serious concerns for public health and can impact the life quality of patients significantly. In general, diabetic wounds are characterized by deficient chemokine production, an unusual inflammatory response, lack of angiogenesis and epithelialization, and dysfunction of fibroblasts. Increasing scientific evidence from available experimental studies on animal and cell models strongly associates impaired wound healing in diabetes with dysregulated fibroblast differentiation to myofibroblasts, interrupted myofibroblast activity, and inadequate extracellular matrix production. Myofibroblasts play an important role in tissue repair by producing and organizing extracellular matrix and subsequently promoting wound contraction. Based on these studies, hyperglycaemic conditions can interfere with cytokine signalling pathways (such as growth factor-ß pathway) affecting fibroblast differentiation, alter fibroblast apoptosis, dysregulate dermal lipolysis, and enhance hypoxia damage, thus leading to damaged microenvironment for myofibroblast formation, inappropriate extracellular matrix modulation, and weakened wound contraction. In this review, we will focus on the current available studies on the impact of diabetes on fibroblast differentiation and myofibroblast function, as well as potential treatments related to the affected pathways.

Different structural transitions of rapidly supercooled tantalum melt under pressure.

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to study the effects of pressure (P) on the crystallization of tantalum (Ta) under different pressures from [0, 100] GPa. The average potential energy of atoms in the system, the pair distribution function and largest standard cluster analysis (LSCA) have been employed to analyze the structure evolution. It was found that the solidified state at 100 K changes from the complex crystal (ß-Ta) through the body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal (α-Ta) to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal with increasing pressure. At P ≤ 3 GPa, the favorable state is ß-Ta, which is composed of Z12, Z14 and Z15 atoms, and crystallization starts at the same temperature of crystallization (Tc = 1897 K), while there is a stochastic relationship between the crystallinity and pressure. At P ∈ [3, 57.5] GPa, the melt is always crystallized into rather perfect α-Ta, and Tc is nearly linear to pressure. However, when P > 57.5 GPa, a quite perfect bcc crystal is first formed and then transforms to a hcp crystal via a solid-solid (bcc-hcp) phase transition. Moreover, if the new hcp atoms formed in the bcc stage are arranged in regular grains, the bcc-hcp transition would take a multiple-intermediate-state pathway else, a single-intermediate-state pathway is the possibilty. Additionaly, the parameter δs readily reflects the crystallinity of the ß-Ta, and smaller the value of δs, higher is the crystallinity of the ß-Ta. Finally, during the bcc-hcp transition under high pressure, the volume reduction is due to the rearrangement of atoms rather than the reduction in the atomic radius; a slight increase in the number of nearest neighboring pairs results in a significant increase of the system energy.

Topologically close-packed characteristic of amorphous tantalum.

The structural evolution of tantalum (Ta) during rapid cooling was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation, in terms of the system energy, the pair distribution function and the largest standard cluster analysis. It was found that the critical cooling rate for vitrification was about R ≥ 0.25 K ps-1, two orders lower than other metals (such as Au, Ag, Al, Zr and Zn) and that the meta-stable σ phase (ß-Ta) not only appears on the pathway from liquid to the stable body-centred cubic crystal, but is also easily obtained at room temperature as a long-lived metastable phase with some probability. The most interesting point is that the liquid, amorphous and ß-Ta phases share a nontrivial structural homology; the intrinsic topologically close-packed (TCP) structures in liquids are inherited and developed in different ways, resulting in amorphous or crystalline solids, respectively. With highly local packing fractions and geometrical incompatibility with the global close-packed (such as hcp, fcc and bcc) crystals, TCP structures inevitably result in structural heterogeneity and favour vitrification. As a superset of icosahedrons, TCP structures are ubiquitous in metallic melts, and just before the onset of crystallization reach their maximal number, which is much bigger in Ta than in other poor-GFA metals; so we argue that the strong forming ability of TCP local structures significantly enhances the glass forming ability of pure metals. These findings open up a new perspective that could have a profound impact on the research into metallic glasses.

Comprehensive kinetic modeling and product distribution for pyrolysis of pulp and paper mill sludge.

Pyrolysis holds immense potential for clean treatment of pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS), enabling efficient energy and chemical recovery. However, current understanding of PPMS pyrolysis kinetics and product characteristics remains incomplete. This study conducted detailed modeling of pyrolysis kinetics for two typical PPMSs from a wastepaper pulp and paper mill, namely, deinking sludge (PPMS-DS) and sewage sludge (PPMS-SS), and analyzed comprehensively pyrolysis products. The results show that apparent activation energy of PPMS-DS (169.25-226.82 kJ/mol) and PPMS-SS (189.29-411.21 kJ/mol) pyrolysis undergoes significant change, with numerous parallel reactions present. A distributed activation energy model with dual logistic distributions proves to be suitable for modeling thermal decomposition kinetics of both PPMS-DS and PPMS-SS, with coefficient of determination >0.999 and relative root mean square error <1.99 %. High temperature promotes decomposition of solid organic materials in PPMS, and maximum tar yield for both PPMS-DS (53.90 wt%, daf) and PPMS-SS (56.48 wt%, daf) is achieved at around 500 °C. Higher levels of styrene (24.45 % for PPMS-DS and 14.71 % for PPMS-SS) and ethylbenzene (8.61 % for PPMS-DS and 8.33 % for PPMS-SS) are detected in tar and could be used as chemicals. This work shows great potential to propel development of PPMS pyrolysis technology, enabling green and sustainable production in pulp and paper industry.

First-principles study of phase transition in theα-In2Se3/metal heterostructures.

With the discovery of two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectric materials such as CuInP2S6andα-In2Se3, the ferroelectric field effect transistors (Fe-FETs) based on these materials have entered a rapid-development period. The metal/semiconductor contact is an unavoidable topic in the construction of devices. In this paper, heterostructuresα-In2Se3/metals (Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag and Au) are discussed. According to different stacking types, the structures and energy of 160 heterostructures are calculated and compared. Whenα-In2Se3contacts with the Pd, Pt and Cu, theα-In2Se3may transforms intoß-In2Se3. This phenomenon has hardly been mentioned or analyzed in previous reports. Contacting with the Au and Ag, theα-In2Se3maintains the original structure. The internal physical mechanism of phase transition is explained from the binding energy and the charge transfer. The paper provides sufficient theoretical support for research and development of the Fe-FETs based onα-In2Se3.

A Novel Method to Describe Large-Range Stress-Strain Relations of Elastic-Plastic Materials Based on Energy Equivalence Principle.

Due to the unique structure of tensile sheet specimens with a circular hole (CHS specimen), a novel method is proposed to predict the large-range uniaxial stress-strain relations of elastic-plastic materials analytically. Based on the energy equivalence principle, a load-displacement semi-analytical model of the CHS specimen is proposed. Subsequently, a semi-analytical model of constitutive parameters of elastic-plastic materials is developed by virtue of the load-displacement relation of the CHS specimen, and the prediction of the material's stress-strain relations is obtained. To examine the validity of the models, numerical simulations with a series of materials were performed. The results demonstrated that the dimensionless load-displacement curves and stress-strain relations obtained using the proposed models correspond well with those obtained using finite element analysis. In addition, tensile tests were performed on the CHS specimen for four elastic-plastic materials (T225 titanium alloy, 6061 aluminum alloy, Q345 steel, and 3Cr13 steel), and the validity of the models is also verified by the experimental results. Compared with the conventional uniaxial tensile tests, the stress-strain relation of elastic-plastic material captured by the novel method corresponds to a larger strain, which is of great importance for engineering design and safety assessment.

Mechanical Properties of GFRP Bolts and Its Application in Tunnel Face Reinforcement.

As a new type of pre-reinforcement material for tunnel faces, glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bolts can effectively and safely improve the stability of tunnel faces in soft surrounding rocks and speed up excavation. Therefore, in this paper, systematic research is carried out on the bond strength of GFRP bolts in tunnel faces and their relative pre-reinforcement parameters. Firstly, the effects of rebar diameter, anchorage length, and mortar strength on the bonding properties of GFRP bars were studied by indoor pull-out tests. The bond strength-slip curves under different working conditions were obtained, and the curves showed that the ultimate bond strength between GFRP bars and mortar was negatively correlated with the diameter of GFRP bars but positively correlated with the strength of the mortar. In addition, the increase in anchorage length led to a reduction in bonding strength. Secondly, inverse analysis was used to analyse the mechanical parameters of the bond performance of the anchor bars by the finite difference software FLAC3D, and the results indicated that 1/5 of the compressive strength of the GFRP bar grouting body can be taken as the ultimate bond strength to calculate the cohesive strength of the grout. Additionally, the formula of GFRP bar grouting body stiffness was revised. Finally, based on the results of laboratory tests and the inverse analysis, the numerical simulation analysis results showed that the optimal reinforcement configuration for a shallow buried tunnel face surrounded by weak rock is to use GFRP bars with a length of 17 m arranged in the center circle of the tunnel face with a reasonable reinforcement density of 1.0 bolt/m2. The calculation formula of the stiffness and cohesion strength of the GFRP bar grouting body and the reinforcement scheme proposed in this paper can provide a reference for the construction of shallowly buried rock tunnels in soft surrounding rock.

Autologous bone marrow infusion via portal vein combined with splenectomy for decompensated liver cirrhosis: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: In a previous study, autologous bone marrow infusion (ABMI) was performed in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and achieved good results, but whether splenectomy affected outcome was unclear. AIM: To investigate the efficacy of ABMI combined with splenectomy for treatment of DLC. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with DLC were divided into an intervention group (43 cases) and control group (40 cases) according to whether splenectomy was performed. The control group was treated with ABMI through the right omental vein, and the intervention group was additionally treated with splenectomy. RESULTS: After ABMI, the prothrombin time, serum total bilirubin levels, ascites volume and model for end-stage liver disease score in both groups were significantly lower, while the albumin levels were significantly higher than before ABMI (P < 0.01), but there were no significant differences between the groups (P > 0.05). After ABMI, the white blood cell and platelets counts in both groups were significantly higher than before ABMI (P < 0.01), and the counts in the intervention group were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.01). After ABMI the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts in both groups were significantly higher than before ABMI (P < 0.01). The CD8+ T cell counts in the intervention group increased continuously and the increase had a shorter duration compared with control group. CONCLUSION: ABMI through the portal vein in patients with DLC can significantly improve liver synthetic and secretory functions, and splenectomy promotes improvement of bone marrow hematopoietic and cellular immune functions.

Implantation of Ommaya reservoir in extremely low weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a cautious option.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate effects and complications of the implantation of Ommaya reservoir in premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). METHODS: The effects and complications of the implantation of Ommaya reservoir in seven premature infants with PHH were retrospectively analyzed. Intracapsular puncture of the reservoir was performed for draining cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS: Seven extremely low-weight premature infants with PHH (birthweight less than 1,000 g) were treated with the placement of an Ommaya reservoir. Ommaya reservoirs in five infants were removed, but were retained in two infants. Two premature infants had to undergo ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Postsurgical major complications (including skin dehiscence, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection, ventricular hemorrhage, and CSF leak) occurred in 57% of all patients. Three infants of skin dehiscence and CSF leak occurred. Two infants of CSF infection occurred, as well as one clinically significant secondary hemorrhage. Six infants survived, and one died. CONCLUSION: The implantation of Ommaya reservoir is a cautious option of treating low-weight premature infants with PHH because of a relatively high complication rate. However, VP shunt surgery may be avoided in some infants.

The role of endocervical curettage in detection and treatment of cervical canal lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To screen out high-risk groups of endocervical lesions, explore the effect of length of excision on margin status in women with abnormal endocervical curettage (ECC) and explore the role of ECC in the additional detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse (HSIL+) under colposcopy and lesion-targeted biopsies. METHODS: The study included 936 patients who underwent loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for cervical lesions which were diagnosed by cervical biopsy and ECC at the cervical clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2014 and December 2018. The correlations among abnormal ECC, human papillomavirus (HPV) type, cytology, margin of excision, and age were analyzed by Pearson's χ² test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Abnormal ECC was associated with HPV-16 infection (P<0.001), or HSIL cervical cytology or worse (P<0.001), or aged 50 years old or older (P<0.001). Abnormal ECC was associated with positive margin of excision (P<0.001). For patients with abnormal ECC, the length of excision was independent of margin status (P=0.762). Among all the 491 patients with HSIL+ diagnosed by either cervical biopsy or ECC, the additional detection rate of HSIL+ by ECC was only 8.76% (43/491). CONCLUSION: In our study, ECC was recommended in women with HPV16 infection, HSIL cervical cytology or worse, aged 50 or older, or invisible transformation zone in colposcopy. At the same time, our results suggested that ECC abnormalities were associated with positive margin of excision. The data did not support performing a longer length of excision in patients with abnormal ECC, especially in women with fertility needs. In summary, patients with abnormal ECC should be given more attention and follow-up to avoid missing residual lesions.orse prognostic factor in breast cancer patients.

Therapeutic effect of autologous bone marrow cells injected into the liver under the guidance of B­ultrasound in the treatment of HBV­related decompensated liver cirrhosis.

The 5-year mortality rates associated with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) can reach 50%, which suggests that this condition poses a serious health risk. In previous studies conducted by our group, autologous bone marrow nucleated cells (ABMNCs) were used to treat HIV-positive patients with DLC through the right omental vein; however, trauma and poor compliance were encountered. In the present study, the percutaneous liver approach to inject ABMNCs under the guidance of B-ultrasound was employed for the treatment of DLC. A total of 108 patients with DLC were retrospectively divided into the routine drug treatment group (control group; 30 cases), the right omental vein infusion of ABMNCs group (observation group 1; 38 cases) and the B-ultrasound-guided liver injection of ABMNCs group (observation group 2; 40 cases). After treatment, the liver synthesis (prothrombin time, albumin and ascites) and secretion functions (total bilirubin) in observation groups 1 and 2 were significantly improved compared with those of the control group (P<0.01) and the bone marrow function was also significantly improved compared with that of the control group (P<0.01). While, the bone marrow function (white blood cell, platelet, and hemoglobin) in observation group 1 was significantly improved compared with that of observation group 2 at the end of treatment (P<0.01). After a 1-year follow-up, the case fatality rate was 2.5% (1/40) in observation group 2, which was significantly lower than the 20% fatality rate (6/30) recorded in the control group (P<0.05). The injection of ABMNCs into the liver under the guidance of B-ultrasound was significantly better than conventional drug therapy in treating DLC. This approach has obvious advantages such as no hospitalization, minimal trauma, rapid recovery and good compliance, all of which make it worthy of application in primary hospitals.

Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Infusion for the Treatment of Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

This study aimed to indicate whether autologous bone marrow cell infusion (ABMI) via the right omental vein (ROV) could have a regulatory effect on decompensated liver cirrhosis (DLC) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For this purpose, 24 DLC patients with T2DM were divided into observation group (n=14) and control group (n=10). Patients in the observation group were given ABMI through the ROV and right omental artery (ROA), and cases in the control group received ABMI through the ROV. At 1, 3, 6, and 12months after ABMI, it was revealed that the prothrombin time, the total bilirubin levels, and the amount of ascites were significantly lower, while the serum albumin levels in the two groups were markedly higher compared with those before ABMI (p<0.01), and there was no significant difference between the two groups at each time point (p>0.05). The fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels at 6 and 12months after ABMI in the two groups significantly decreased compared with those before ABMI (p<0.05 or p<0.01), while the decreased levels in the observation group were more obvious than those in the control group at each time point (p<0.01). The amount of insulin in the observation group at 3, 6, and 12months after ABMI was significantly less than that before ABMI in the control group (p<0.01). In summary, ABMI showed a significant therapeutic efficacy for DLC patients with T2DM through ROV and ROA.

Prevalence and genotype distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women with cervical cytological abnormalities in Chongqing, China, 2014-2020.

BACKGROUND: Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the main leading cause of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. This study aims to explore the epidemiological characteristics of HR-HPV genotypes and their correlation with the ThinPrep cytological test (TCT) results among women in Chongqing, in China. METHODS: In this retrospective study, cervical exfoliations of 14,548 women who visited Chongqing university cancer hospital were collected for detecting HR-HPV genotypes and TCT. RESULTS: Overall, the rate of HR-HPV infection was 14.26%. The three most common HR-HPV genotypes are HPV52 (4.39%), HPV58 (2.21%), and HPV16 (1.94%). In this study, the positive rate of cervical TCT was 4.54%. Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), atypical squamous cells that could not exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASU-H), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGC) were 2.99%, 0.20%, 0.92%, 0.29%, and 0.14%, respectively. Among the several types of cytological lesions, the HR-HPV infection rates of ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL, and (AGC) were 24.82%, 41.38%, 64.18%, 95.24%, and 23.81%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: HPV52, HPV 58, and HPV16 are the most common infection subtypes in Chongqing. When implementing HPV vaccine programs in Chongqing, HPV58 and HPV52 should be attached importance as HPV16 and HPV18.

Atomic structure evolutions and mechanisms of the crystallization pathway of liquid Al during rapid cooling.

The solidification of pure aluminum has been studied by a large-scale molecular dynamic simulation. The potential energy, position D, height H, and width W of the first peak and valley of PDF curves, and the local structures were investigated. It was found that the FCC-crystallization ability of pure Al is so strong that still local crystal regions exist in the amorphized solid. As the temperature decreases, besides the counter-intuitive increase in D p (D of the first peak), H p increases monotonically; W p, D v, and H v decrease monotonically; only W v first decreases and then increases. They all change critically when phase transition happens. After the nucleation, orientation-disordered HCP-regions, as the grain boundaries or defects of FCC crystals, rapidly transform into FCC structures, and then the surviving HCP-regions regularize into few parallel layers or orientation-disordered HCP-regions. If parallel layers result in dislocation pinning, structural evolution terminates; otherwise, it continues. These findings will have a positive impact on the development of the solidification and nucleation theory.

Poor sleep quality and its related risk factors among university students.

BACKGROUND: Poor sleep quality is a major health problem worldwide. In universities, poor sleep quality can effect student's ability to study and have a serious impact on their psychological and physical well-being. The aim of this study was to explore the quality of sleep among university students and identify risk factors associated with poor sleep quality. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale was used to measure sleep quality. The overall score of the PSQI ranges from 0 to 21, with a score of 4 or less indicating good sleep quality, a score of 5-10 indicating fairly good sleep quality, 11-15 indicating fairly bad sleep quality, and a score of 16-21 indicating poor sleep quality. RESULTS: A total of 1,317 subjects were enrolled in the study. Most subjects were female (64.6%) and rural based (69.2%). Low intensity sports activity more than once per week was reported by 81.9% of subjects and 59.8% reported they participated in high-intensity sports more than once a week. In addition, 72.8% of subjects took a nap more than three times per week. CONCLUSIONS: We found that physical activity and taking a nap may be important factors in improving sleep quality and preventing sleep disorders among university students.

Direct evidence of the evolutionary mechanism of zeolite monolayers on the substrate surface in a hydrothermal reaction.

The microstructure control and optimization of zeolite films and membranes is an indispensable challenge for various innovative applications. It can be steered by understanding the formation process. Here we design an unprecedented strategy to uncover direct evidence via the hydrothermal synthesis of chitosan-supported zeolite monolayers. The chitosan-supported layer involved in the hydrothermal reaction is observed using SEM, AFM, EPMA, and HRTEM while nucleation and crystal growth in the bulk synthesis solution are pursued with HRTEM, DLS, and SEM. The direct HRTEM observation is achieved on the chitosan-supported layer by peeling chitosan from its support. It reveals that a gel layer is initially formed on the chitosan layer where the subsequent crystal growth is fatally restrained. Our own experimental evidence and the literature reports clearly demonstrate that the formation mechanism is homogeneous for severely reduced crystal growth on the substrate but is heterogeneous when crystal growth on the substrate is significantly enhanced.

Postsynthetic Modification of ZIF-8 Membranes via Membrane Surface Ligand Exchange for Light Hydrocarbon Gas Separation Enhancement.

The ability to tailor the pore structure of metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes enables synthesis of new or modified MOF membranes with enhanced separation characteristics. This work employs a modified version of solvent-assisted ligand exchange, termed membrane surface ligand exchange (MSLE), to modify the pore structure of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) membranes. This paper is the first to perform a time-based, ex situ characterization and gas permeation study of ZIF-8 MSLE with 5,6-DBIM (DBIM, dimethylbenzimidazole) to effectively narrow the ZIF-8 pores, enhance light hydrocarbon gas-phase separations, and give insight into the exchange mechanism with respect to time and temperature. The results show that relatively fast exchange kinetics occur mainly at the outer surface of the ZIF-8 membrane during the initial 30 min of exchange and enables significant (40-70%) increases in propylene/propane selectivity with minimal (10-20%) propylene permeance losses for the modified ZIF-8 membranes. We postulate as the reaction time proceeds, the ligand-exchange rate slows as the DBIM linker diffuses into the ZIF-8 membrane beyond the external surface, exchanges with the original linker, disrupts the original framework's crystallinity, and then increases long-range order/crystallinity as the reaction proceeds. The H2/C2 separation factor increases with increased 5,6-DBIM content in the ZIF-8 framework which is facilitated by increased MSLE time and reaction temperature.

Updates and advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatectomy.

Introduction: The 5-year recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatic resection or local ablation is up to 70%. Adjuvant therapies to prevent HCC recurrence have been reported but are not currently recommended by EASL or AASLD guidelines. This review examined evidence from randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses and systematic reviews on the safety and efficacy of adjuvant therapies and chemotherapies in HCC patients after resection or local ablation.Areas covered: PubMed was searched through 15 June 2019. Available evidence was assessed based on the GRADE system.Expert commentary: Transarterial chemoembolization is the best adjuvant therapy for HCC patients at high risk of recurrence, antiviral therapy with nucleoside analogs is effective for preventing recurrence of HBV-related HCC, and interferon-α is effective for preventing recurrence of HCV-related HCC. Further studies are needed to clarify the efficacy of adjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors. Adjuvant sorafenib appears to offer negligible clinical benefit and high risk of adverse effects.

[An acute norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in a hospital].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze a case of acute norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak in a hospital. METHODS: Data were collected through the on-the-spot investigation and faecal specimens were tested by polymerase chain reaction-reverse transcription (RT-PCR). Serum specimens were tested by Western blot. RESULTS: The outbreak lasted 26 days. A total of 87 cases were reported, including 65 inpatients, 15 healthcare workers, 6 accompanies, and 1 pantryman. Twelve (60%) of 20 stool specimens were norovirus-positive by RT-PCR and 19 of 24 blood samples were norovirus-positive by Western blot. The outbreak was effectively controlled by isolating and treating the patients, extensive disinfection, and health education. CONCLUSION: The gastroenteritis outbreak was caused by norovirus with unkown infection source.