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1.
Cell ; 184(3): 723-740.e21, 2021 02 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33508230

RESUMO

Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of human brain evolution is essential to understanding human cognition and mental disorders. We generated multi-omics profiles and constructed a high-resolution map of 3D genome architecture of rhesus macaque during corticogenesis. By comparing the 3D genomes of human, macaque, and mouse brains, we identified many human-specific chromatin structure changes, including 499 topologically associating domains (TADs) and 1,266 chromatin loops. The human-specific loops are significantly enriched in enhancer-enhancer interactions, and the regulated genes show human-specific expression changes in the subplate, a transient zone of the developing brain critical for neural circuit formation and plasticity. Notably, many human-specific sequence changes are located in the human-specific TAD boundaries and loop anchors, which may generate new transcription factor binding sites and chromatin structures in human. Collectively, the presented data highlight the value of comparative 3D genome analyses in dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of brain development and evolution.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/embriologia , Evolução Molecular , Feto/embriologia , Genoma , Organogênese/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Cromatina/metabolismo , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis/genética , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos , Especificidade da Espécie , Sintenia/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo
2.
Mol Cell ; 83(10): 1710-1724.e7, 2023 05 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37141888

RESUMO

Bacterial double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) cytosine deaminase DddAtox-derived cytosine base editor (DdCBE) and its evolved variant, DddA11, guided by transcription-activator-like effector (TALE) proteins, enable mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) editing at TC or HC (H = A, C, or T) sequence contexts, while it remains relatively unattainable for GC targets. Here, we identified a dsDNA deaminase originated from a Roseburia intestinalis interbacterial toxin (riDddAtox) and generated CRISPR-mediated nuclear DdCBEs (crDdCBEs) and mitochondrial CBEs (mitoCBEs) using split riDddAtox, which catalyzed C-to-T editing at both HC and GC targets in nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Moreover, transactivator (VP64, P65, or Rta) fusion to the tail of DddAtox- or riDddAtox-mediated crDdCBEs and mitoCBEs substantially improved nuclear and mtDNA editing efficiencies by up to 3.5- and 1.7-fold, respectively. We also used riDddAtox-based and Rta-assisted mitoCBE to efficiently stimulate disease-associated mtDNA mutations in cultured cells and in mouse embryos with conversion frequencies of up to 58% at non-TC targets.


Assuntos
Edição de Genes , Transativadores , Camundongos , Animais , Transativadores/metabolismo , Citosina , Mutação , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas
3.
Cell ; 161(6): 1252-65, 2015 Jun 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26046436

RESUMO

Small-molecule probes can illuminate biological processes and aid in the assessment of emerging therapeutic targets by perturbing biological systems in a manner distinct from other experimental approaches. Despite the tremendous promise of chemical tools for investigating biology and disease, small-molecule probes were unavailable for most targets and pathways as recently as a decade ago. In 2005, the NIH launched the decade-long Molecular Libraries Program with the intent of innovating in and broadening access to small-molecule science. This Perspective describes how novel small-molecule probes identified through the program are enabling the exploration of biological pathways and therapeutic hypotheses not otherwise testable. These experiences illustrate how small-molecule probes can help bridge the chasm between biological research and the development of medicines but also highlight the need to innovate the science of therapeutic discovery.


Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , National Institutes of Health (U.S.) , Estados Unidos
4.
Nature ; 628(8009): 818-825, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38658687

RESUMO

Timothy syndrome (TS) is a severe, multisystem disorder characterized by autism, epilepsy, long-QT syndrome and other neuropsychiatric conditions1. TS type 1 (TS1) is caused by a gain-of-function variant in the alternatively spliced and developmentally enriched CACNA1C exon 8A, as opposed to its counterpart exon 8. We previously uncovered several phenotypes in neurons derived from patients with TS1, including delayed channel inactivation, prolonged depolarization-induced calcium rise, impaired interneuron migration, activity-dependent dendrite retraction and an unanticipated persistent expression of exon 8A2-6. We reasoned that switching CACNA1C exon utilization from 8A to 8 would represent a potential therapeutic strategy. Here we developed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to effectively decrease the inclusion of exon 8A in human cells both in vitro and, following transplantation, in vivo. We discovered that the ASO-mediated switch from exon 8A to 8 robustly rescued defects in patient-derived cortical organoids and migration in forebrain assembloids. Leveraging a transplantation platform previously developed7, we found that a single intrathecal ASO administration rescued calcium changes and in vivo dendrite retraction of patient neurons, suggesting that suppression of CACNA1C exon 8A expression is a potential treatment for TS1. Broadly, these experiments illustrate how a multilevel, in vivo and in vitro stem cell model-based approach can identify strategies to reverse disease-relevant neural pathophysiology.


Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico , Síndrome do QT Longo , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso , Sindactilia , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Processamento Alternativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Processamento Alternativo/genética , Transtorno Autístico/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Cálcio/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio Tipo L/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio Tipo L/genética , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dendritos/metabolismo , Éxons/genética , Síndrome do QT Longo/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome do QT Longo/genética , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/uso terapêutico , Organoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Organoides/metabolismo , Prosencéfalo/metabolismo , Prosencéfalo/citologia , Sindactilia/tratamento farmacológico , Sindactilia/genética , Interneurônios/citologia , Interneurônios/efeitos dos fármacos
5.
Nature ; 630(8016): 346-352, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38811731

RESUMO

Vertical three-dimensional integration of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors holds great promise, as it offers the possibility to scale up logic layers in the z axis1-3. Indeed, vertical complementary field-effect transistors (CFETs) built with such mixed-dimensional heterostructures4,5, as well as hetero-2D layers with different carrier types6-8, have been demonstrated recently. However, so far, the lack of a controllable doping scheme (especially p-doped WSe2 (refs. 9-17) and MoS2 (refs. 11,18-28)) in 2D semiconductors, preferably in a stable and non-destructive manner, has greatly impeded the bottom-up scaling of complementary logic circuitries. Here we show that, by bringing transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2, atop a van der Waals (vdW) antiferromagnetic insulator chromium oxychloride (CrOCl), the carrier polarity in MoS2 can be readily reconfigured from n- to p-type via strong vdW interfacial coupling. The consequential band alignment yields transistors with room-temperature hole mobilities up to approximately 425 cm2 V-1 s-1, on/off ratios reaching 106 and air-stable performance for over one year. Based on this approach, vertically constructed complementary logic, including inverters with 6 vdW layers, NANDs with 14 vdW layers and SRAMs with 14 vdW layers, are further demonstrated. Our findings of polarity-engineered p- and n-type 2D semiconductor channels with and without vdW intercalation are robust and universal to various materials and thus may throw light on future three-dimensional vertically integrated circuits based on 2D logic gates.

6.
Nature ; 634(8032): 80-84, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39322668

RESUMO

Monoatomic-layered carbon materials, such as graphene1 and amorphous monolayer carbon2,3, have stimulated intense fundamental and applied research owing to their unprecedented physical properties and a wide range of promising applications4,5. So far, such materials have mainly been produced by chemical vapour deposition, which typically requires stringent reaction conditions compared to solution-phase synthesis. Herein, we demonstrate the solution preparation of free-standing nitrogen-doped amorphous monolayer carbon with mixed five-, six- and seven-membered (5-6-7-membered) rings through the polymerization of pyrrole within the confined interlayer cavity of a removable layered-double-hydroxide template. Structural characterizations and first-principles calculations suggest that the nitrogen-doped amorphous monolayer carbon was formed by radical polymerization of pyrrole at the α, ß and N sites subjected to confinement of the reaction space, which enables bond rearrangements through the Stone-Wales transformation. The spatial confinement inhibits the C-C bond rotation and chain entanglement during polymerization, resulting in an atom-thick continuous amorphous layer with an in-plane π-conjugation electronic structure. The spatially confined radical polymerization using solid templates and ion exchange strategy demonstrates potential as a universal synthesis approach for obtaining two-dimensional covalent networks, as exemplified by the successful synthesis of monolayers of polythiophene and polycarbazole.

7.
Cell ; 159(2): 306-17, 2014 Oct 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25303527

RESUMO

Induction of beige cells causes the browning of white fat and improves energy metabolism. However, the central mechanism that controls adipose tissue browning and its physiological relevance are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that fasting and chemical-genetic activation of orexigenic AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus suppress the browning of white fat. O-linked ß-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins regulates fundamental cellular processes. The levels of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAc modification are enriched in AgRP neurons and are elevated by fasting. Genetic ablation of OGT in AgRP neurons inhibits neuronal excitability through the voltage-dependent potassium channel, promotes white adipose tissue browning, and protects mice against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. These data reveal adipose tissue browning as a highly dynamic physiological process under central control, in which O-GlcNAc signaling in AgRP neurons is essential for suppressing thermogenesis to conserve energy in response to fasting.


Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismo , Dieta , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferases/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Proteína Relacionada com Agouti/metabolismo , Animais , Jejum , Feminino , Grelina/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/citologia , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferases/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/prevenção & controle
8.
Nature ; 2023 Apr 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37019149

RESUMO

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, emerged in December 2019. Its origins remain uncertain. It has been reported that a number of the early human cases had a history of contact with the Huanan Seafood Market. Here we present the results of surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 within the market. From January 1st 2020, after closure of the market, 923 samples were collected from the environment. From 18th January, 457 samples were collected from 18 species of animals, comprising of unsold contents of refrigerators and freezers, swabs from stray animals, and the contents of a fish tank. Using RT-qPCR, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 73 environmental samples, but none of the animal samples. Three live viruses were successfully isolated. The viruses from the market shared nucleotide identity of 99.99% to 100% with the human isolate HCoV-19/Wuhan/IVDC-HB-01/2019. SARS-CoV-2 lineage A (8782T and 28144C) was found in an environmental sample. RNA-seq analysis of SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative environmental samples showed an abundance of different vertebrate genera at the market. In summary, this study provides information about the distribution and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Huanan Seafood Market during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak.

9.
Mol Cell ; 81(11): 2303-2316.e8, 2021 06 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33991485

RESUMO

Glutaminase regulates glutaminolysis to promote cancer cell proliferation. However, the mechanism underlying glutaminase activity regulation is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that kidney-type glutaminase (GLS) is highly expressed in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) specimens with correspondingly upregulated glutamine dependence for PDAC cell proliferation. Upon oxidative stress, the succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase ADP-forming subunit ß (SUCLA2) phosphorylated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at S79 dissociates from GLS, resulting in enhanced GLS K311 succinylation, oligomerization, and activity. Activated GLS increases glutaminolysis and the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and glutathione, thereby counteracting oxidative stress and promoting tumor cell survival and tumor growth in mice. In addition, the levels of SUCLA2 pS79 and GLS K311 succinylation, which were mutually correlated, were positively associated with advanced stages of PDAC and poor prognosis for patients. Our findings reveal critical regulation of GLS by SUCLA2-coupled GLS succinylation regulation and underscore the regulatory role of metabolites in glutaminolysis and PDAC development.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Glutaminase/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Succinato-CoA Ligases/genética , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/enzimologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/mortalidade , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glutaminase/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Glutationa/metabolismo , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , NADP/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidade , Fosforilação , Prognóstico , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Transdução de Sinais , Succinato-CoA Ligases/metabolismo , Ácido Succínico/metabolismo , Análise de Sobrevida , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo
10.
Immunity ; 50(1): 121-136.e5, 2019 01 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30594464

RESUMO

Dermal fibroblasts (dFBs) resist infection by locally differentiating into adipocytes and producing cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in response to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Here, we show that neonatal skin was enriched with adipogenic dFBs and immature dermal fat that highly expressed cathelicidin. The pool of adipogenic and antimicrobial dFBs declined after birth, leading to an age-dependent loss of dermal fat and a decrease in adipogenesis and cathelidicin production in response to infection. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), which acted on uncommitted embryonic and adult dFBs and inhibited their adipogenic and antimicrobial function, was identified as a key upstream regulator of this process. Furthermore, inhibition of the TGF-ß receptor restored the adipogenic and antimicrobial function of dFBs in culture and increased resistance of adult mice to S. aureus infection. These results provide insight into changes that occur in the skin innate immune system between the perinatal and adult periods of life.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/imunologia , Fibroblastos/fisiologia , Pele/metabolismo , Infecções Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologia , Gordura Subcutânea/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Adipócitos/metabolismo , Adipogenia , Animais , Anti-Infecciosos/metabolismo , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Embrião de Mamíferos , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Camundongos , Catelicidinas
11.
Nature ; 606(7913): 414-419, 2022 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35650436

RESUMO

All known triterpenes are generated by triterpene synthases (TrTSs) from squalene or oxidosqualene1. This approach is fundamentally different from the biosynthesis of short-chain (C10-C25) terpenes that are formed from polyisoprenyl diphosphates2-4. In this study, two fungal chimeric class I TrTSs, Talaromyces verruculosus talaropentaene synthase (TvTS) and Macrophomina phaseolina macrophomene synthase (MpMS), were characterized. Both enzymes use dimethylallyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate or hexaprenyl diphosphate as substrates, representing the first examples, to our knowledge, of non-squalene-dependent triterpene biosynthesis. The cyclization mechanisms of TvTS and MpMS and the absolute configurations of their products were investigated in isotopic labelling experiments. Structural analyses of the terpene cyclase domain of TvTS and full-length MpMS provide detailed insights into their catalytic mechanisms. An AlphaFold2-based screening platform was developed to mine a third TrTS, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides colleterpenol synthase (CgCS). Our findings identify a new enzymatic mechanism for the biosynthesis of triterpenes and enhance understanding of terpene biosynthesis in nature.


Assuntos
Ascomicetos , Talaromyces , Triterpenos , Ascomicetos/enzimologia , Colletotrichum/enzimologia , Ciclização , Difosfatos/metabolismo , Esqualeno/química , Especificidade por Substrato , Talaromyces/enzimologia , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/metabolismo
12.
Nature ; 610(7931): 319-326, 2022 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36224417

RESUMO

Self-organizing neural organoids represent a promising in vitro platform with which to model human development and disease1-5. However, organoids lack the connectivity that exists in vivo, which limits maturation and makes integration with other circuits that control behaviour impossible. Here we show that human stem cell-derived cortical organoids transplanted into the somatosensory cortex of newborn athymic rats develop mature cell types that integrate into sensory and motivation-related circuits. MRI reveals post-transplantation organoid growth across multiple stem cell lines and animals, whereas single-nucleus profiling shows progression of corticogenesis and the emergence of activity-dependent transcriptional programs. Indeed, transplanted cortical neurons display more complex morphological, synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties than their in vitro counterparts, which enables the discovery of defects in neurons derived from individuals with Timothy syndrome. Anatomical and functional tracings show that transplanted organoids receive thalamocortical and corticocortical inputs, and in vivo recordings of neural activity demonstrate that these inputs can produce sensory responses in human cells. Finally, cortical organoids extend axons throughout the rat brain and their optogenetic activation can drive reward-seeking behaviour. Thus, transplanted human cortical neurons mature and engage host circuits that control behaviour. We anticipate that this approach will be useful for detecting circuit-level phenotypes in patient-derived cells that cannot otherwise be uncovered.


Assuntos
Vias Neurais , Organoides , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Transtorno Autístico , Humanos , Síndrome do QT Longo , Motivação , Neurônios/fisiologia , Optogenética , Organoides/citologia , Organoides/inervação , Organoides/transplante , Ratos , Recompensa , Córtex Somatossensorial/citologia , Córtex Somatossensorial/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/citologia , Sindactilia
13.
Nature ; 610(7933): 661-666, 2022 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36198794

RESUMO

Networks of optical clocks find applications in precise navigation1,2, in efforts to redefine the fundamental unit of the 'second'3-6 and in gravitational tests7. As the frequency instability for state-of-the-art optical clocks has reached the 10-19 level8,9, the vision of a global-scale optical network that achieves comparable performances requires the dissemination of time and frequency over a long-distance free-space link with a similar instability of 10-19. However, previous attempts at free-space dissemination of time and frequency at high precision did not extend beyond dozens of kilometres10,11. Here we report time-frequency dissemination with an offset of 6.3 × 10-20 ± 3.4 × 10-19 and an instability of less than 4 × 10-19 at 10,000 s through a free-space link of 113 km. Key technologies essential to this achievement include the deployment of high-power frequency combs, high-stability and high-efficiency optical transceiver systems and efficient linear optical sampling. We observe that the stability we have reached is retained for channel losses up to 89 dB. The technique we report can not only be directly used in ground-based applications, but could also lay the groundwork for future satellite time-frequency dissemination.

14.
Plant Cell ; 36(7): 2689-2708, 2024 Jul 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38581430

RESUMO

Lateral branches are important components of shoot architecture and directly affect crop yield and production cost. Although sporadic studies have implicated abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in axillary bud outgrowth, the function of ABA catabolism and its upstream regulators in shoot branching remain elusive. Here, we showed that the MADS-box transcription factor AGAMOUS-LIKE 16 (CsAGL16) is a positive regulator of axillary bud outgrowth in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Functional disruption of CsAGL16 led to reduced bud outgrowth, whereas overexpression of CsAGL16 resulted in enhanced branching. CsAGL16 directly binds to the promoter of the ABA 8'-hydroxylase gene CsCYP707A4 and promotes its expression. Loss of CsCYP707A4 function inhibited axillary bud outgrowth and increased ABA levels. Elevated expression of CsCYP707A4 or treatment with an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor largely rescued the Csagl16 mutant phenotype. Moreover, cucumber General Regulatory Factor 1 (CsGRF1) interacts with CsAGL16 and antagonizes CsAGL16-mediated CsCYP707A4 activation. Disruption of CsGRF1 resulted in elongated branches and decreased ABA levels in the axillary buds. The Csagl16 Csgrf1 double mutant exhibited a branching phenotype resembling that of the Csagl16 single mutant. Therefore, our data suggest that the CsAGL16-CsGRF1 module regulates axillary bud outgrowth via CsCYP707A4-mediated ABA catabolism in cucumber. Our findings provide a strategy to manipulate ABA levels in axillary buds during crop breeding to produce desirable branching phenotypes.


Assuntos
Ácido Abscísico , Cucumis sativus , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Cucumis sativus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Cucumis sativus/genética , Cucumis sativus/metabolismo , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/genética , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450
15.
Plant Cell ; 36(10): 4607-4621, 2024 Oct 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39133577

RESUMO

Complete disruption of critical genes is generally accompanied by severe growth and developmental defects, which dramatically hinder its utilization in crop breeding. Identifying subtle changes, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in critical genes that specifically modulate a favorable trait is a prerequisite to fulfill breeding potential. Here, we found 2 SNPs in the E-class floral organ identity gene cucumber (Cucumis sativus) SEPALLATA2 (CsSEP2) that specifically regulate fruit length. Haplotype (HAP) 1 (8G2667A) and HAP2 (8G2667T) exist in natural populations, whereas HAP3 (8A2667T) is induced by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. Phenotypic characterization of 4 near-isogenic lines and a mutant line showed that HAP2 fruits are significantly longer than those of HAP1, and those of HAP3 are 37.8% longer than HAP2 fruit. The increasing fruit length in HAP1-3 was caused by a decreasing inhibitory effect on CRABS CLAW (CsCRC) transcription (a reported positive regulator of fruit length), resulting in enhanced cell expansion. Moreover, a 7638G/A-SNP in melon (Cucumis melo) CmSEP2 modulates fruit length in a natural melon population via the conserved SEP2-CRC module. Our findings provide a strategy for utilizing essential regulators with pleiotropic effects during crop breeding.


Assuntos
Cucumis sativus , Frutas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Frutas/genética , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Cucumis sativus/genética , Cucumis sativus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Haplótipos/genética , Fenótipo
16.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(20): e2316266121, 2024 May 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38709923

RESUMO

Neurons regulate the microtubule-based transport of certain vesicles selectively into axons or dendrites to ensure proper polarization of function. The mechanism of this polarized vesicle transport is still not fully elucidated, though it is known to involve kinesins, which drive anterograde transport on microtubules. Here, we explore how the kinesin-3 family member KIF13A is regulated such that vesicles containing transferrin receptor (TfR) travel only to dendrites. In experiments involving live-cell imaging, knockout of KIF13A, BioID assay, we found that the kinase MARK2 phosphorylates KIF13A at a 14-3-3 binding motif, strengthening interaction of KIF13A with 14-3-3 such that it dissociates from TfR-containing vesicles, which therefore cannot enter axons. Overexpression of KIF13A or knockout of MARK2 leads to axonal transport of TfR-containing vesicles. These results suggest a unique kinesin-based mechanism for polarized transport of vesicles to dendrites.


Assuntos
Proteínas 14-3-3 , Dendritos , Cinesinas , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Receptores da Transferrina , Cinesinas/metabolismo , Cinesinas/genética , Proteínas 14-3-3/metabolismo , Dendritos/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Receptores da Transferrina/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Humanos , Sítios de Ligação , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Ratos , Camundongos , Ligação Proteica
17.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 121(22): e2316117121, 2024 May 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38776372

RESUMO

We report the reliable detection of reproducible patterns of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI signals within the white matter (WM) of the spinal cord during a task and in a resting state. Previous functional MRI studies have shown that BOLD signals are robustly detectable not only in gray matter (GM) in the brain but also in cerebral WM as well as the GM within the spinal cord, but similar signals in WM of the spinal cord have been overlooked. In this study, we detected BOLD signals in the WM of the spinal cord in squirrel monkeys and studied their relationships with the locations and functions of ascending and descending WM tracts. Tactile sensory stimulus -evoked BOLD signal changes were detected in the ascending tracts of the spinal cord using a general-linear model. Power spectral analysis confirmed that the amplitude at the fundamental frequency of the response to a periodic stimulus was significantly higher in the ascending tracts than the descending ones. Independent component analysis of resting-state signals identified coherent fluctuations from eight WM hubs which correspond closely to the known anatomical locations of the major WM tracts. Resting-state analyses showed that the WM hubs exhibited correlated signal fluctuations across spinal cord segments in reproducible patterns that correspond well with the known neurobiological functions of WM tracts in the spinal cord. Overall, these findings provide evidence of a functional organization of intraspinal WM tracts and confirm that they produce hemodynamic responses similar to GM both at baseline and under stimulus conditions.


Assuntos
Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Saimiri , Medula Espinal , Substância Branca , Animais , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/fisiologia , Medula Espinal/fisiologia , Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Descanso/fisiologia , Oxigênio/sangue , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Masculino , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Cinzenta/fisiologia , Feminino
18.
Pharmacol Rev ; 76(5): 896-914, 2024 Aug 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38866560

RESUMO

Drug targets are specific molecules in biological tissues and body fluids that interact with drugs. Drug target discovery is a key component of drug discovery and is essential for the development of new drugs in areas such as cancer therapy and precision medicine. Traditional in vitro or in vivo target discovery methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, limiting the pace of drug discovery. With the development of modern discovery methods, the discovery and application of various emerging technologies have greatly improved the efficiency of drug discovery, shortened the cycle time, and reduced the cost. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various emerging drug target discovery strategies, including computer-assisted approaches, drug affinity response target stability, multiomics analysis, gene editing, and nonsense-mediated mRNA degradation, and discusses the effectiveness and limitations of the various approaches, as well as their application in real cases. Through the review of the aforementioned contents, a general overview of the development of novel drug targets and disease treatment strategies will be provided, and a theoretical basis will be provided for those who are engaged in pharmaceutical science research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Target-based drug discovery has been the main approach to drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry for the past three decades. Traditional drug target discovery methods based on in vivo or in vitro validation are time-consuming and costly, greatly limiting the development of new drugs. Therefore, the development and selection of new methods in the drug target discovery process is crucial.


Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Animais , Terapia de Alvo Molecular
19.
Hum Mol Genet ; 33(8): 667-676, 2024 Apr 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38224683

RESUMO

More than 60 monogenic genes mutated in steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) have been identified. Our previous study found that mutations in nucleoporin 160 kD (NUP160) are implicated in SRNS. The NUP160 gene encodes a component of the nuclear pore complex. Recently, two siblings with homozygous NUP160 mutations presented with SRNS and a nervous system disorder. However, replication of nephrotic syndrome (NS)-associated phenotypes in a mammalian model following loss of Nup160 is needed to prove that NUP160 mutations cause SRNS. Here, we generated a podocyte-specific Nup160 knockout (Nup160podKO) mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre/loxP technologies. We investigated NS-associated phenotypes in these Nup160podKO mice. We verified efficient abrogation of Nup160 in Nup160podKO mice at both the DNA and protein levels. We showed that Nup160podKO mice develop typical signs of NS. Nup160podKO mice exhibited progression of proteinuria to average albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) levels of 15.06 ± 2.71 mg/mg at 26 weeks, and had lower serum albumin levels of 13.13 ± 1.34 g/l at 30 weeks. Littermate control mice had urinary ACR mean values of 0.03 mg/mg and serum albumin values of 22.89 ± 0.34 g/l at the corresponding ages. Further, Nup160podKO mice exhibited glomerulosclerosis compared with littermate control mice. Podocyte-specific Nup160 knockout in mice led to NS and glomerulosclerosis. Thus, our findings strongly support that mutations in NUP160 cause SRNS. The newly generated Nup160podKO mice are a reliable mammalian model for future study of the pathogenesis of NUP160-associated SRNS.


Assuntos
Síndrome Nefrótica , Podócitos , Animais , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação , Síndrome Nefrótica/genética , Síndrome Nefrótica/diagnóstico , Síndrome Nefrótica/patologia , Proteinúria/genética , Albumina Sérica/genética
20.
N Engl J Med ; 388(16): 1451-1464, 2023 Apr 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37018474

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Whether vaccination during pregnancy could reduce the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated lower respiratory tract illness in newborns and infants is uncertain. METHODS: In this phase 3, double-blind trial conducted in 18 countries, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, pregnant women at 24 through 36 weeks' gestation to receive a single intramuscular injection of 120 µg of a bivalent RSV prefusion F protein-based (RSVpreF) vaccine or placebo. The two primary efficacy end points were medically attended severe RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness and medically attended RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness in infants within 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after birth. A lower boundary of the confidence interval for vaccine efficacy (99.5% confidence interval [CI] at 90 days; 97.58% CI at later intervals) greater than 20% was considered to meet the success criterion for vaccine efficacy with respect to the primary end points. RESULTS: At this prespecified interim analysis, the success criterion for vaccine efficacy was met with respect to one primary end point. Overall, 3682 maternal participants received vaccine and 3676 received placebo; 3570 and 3558 infants, respectively, were evaluated. Medically attended severe lower respiratory tract illness occurred within 90 days after birth in 6 infants of women in the vaccine group and 33 infants of women in the placebo group (vaccine efficacy, 81.8%; 99.5% CI, 40.6 to 96.3); 19 cases and 62 cases, respectively, occurred within 180 days after birth (vaccine efficacy, 69.4%; 97.58% CI, 44.3 to 84.1). Medically attended RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness occurred within 90 days after birth in 24 infants of women in the vaccine group and 56 infants of women in the placebo group (vaccine efficacy, 57.1%; 99.5% CI, 14.7 to 79.8); these results did not meet the statistical success criterion. No safety signals were detected in maternal participants or in infants and toddlers up to 24 months of age. The incidences of adverse events reported within 1 month after injection or within 1 month after birth were similar in the vaccine group (13.8% of women and 37.1% of infants) and the placebo group (13.1% and 34.5%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RSVpreF vaccine administered during pregnancy was effective against medically attended severe RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness in infants, and no safety concerns were identified. (Funded by Pfizer; MATISSE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04424316.).


Assuntos
Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial , Vacinas contra Vírus Sincicial Respiratório , Infecções Respiratórias , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Anticorpos Antivirais , Doenças Transmissíveis/terapia , Método Duplo-Cego , Injeções Intramusculares , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Respiratório Sincicial/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Vírus Sincicial Respiratório/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Vírus Sincicial Respiratório/efeitos adversos , Vacinas contra Vírus Sincicial Respiratório/uso terapêutico , Vírus Sinciciais Respiratórios , Resultado do Tratamento , Vacinação/efeitos adversos , Vacinação/métodos , Eficácia de Vacinas , Vacinas Combinadas/administração & dosagem , Vacinas Combinadas/efeitos adversos , Vacinas Combinadas/uso terapêutico , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle
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