Roseomonas deserti sp. nov., isolated from crude oil contaminated desert sand.

Two dark pink pigmented bacterial strains (M3T and M11) were isolated from crude oil contaminated desert sand from Kuwait. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative and small-rod to oval-shaped bacteria. Strains M3T and M11 grew at 13-42 °C (optimum, 30-35 °C) and pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, 7.0-7.5). No additional NaCl was required for the growth of both strains. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains M3T and M11 were 69.5 and 69.0 mol%, respectively. Both strains were closely related and the mean DNA-DNA hybridization value was 92±1 %. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons of both strains indicated that they belong to the genus Roseomonas. Strains M3T and M11 had a sequence similarity of 97.3 and 97.4 % with Roseomonas oryzae JC288T, respectively. Both strains had <97 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other members of the genus Roseomonas. Strain M3T showed 18±2 and 13±2 % reassociation (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with R. oryzae KCTC 42542T and Roseomonas cervicalis KACC 11686T, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids (>5 %) were identified as C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 in both strains. Both strains showed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and unidentified glycolipid as major polar lipids. Based on distinct phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic differences from the previously described taxa, we propose the classification of strains M3T and M11 as representative of a novel species in the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas deserti sp. nov. is suggested. The type strain is M3T (=KEMB 2255-459T=JCM 31275T).

Description of Oceanispirochaeta sediminicola gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately anaerobic bacterium isolated from coastal marine sediments, and reclassification of Spirochaeta litoralis as Oceanispirochaeta litoralis comb. nov.

An obligately anaerobic spirochaete (strain SY2T) was isolated from coastal marine sediments of Tongyeong-Si, South Korea. Strain SY2T was helical-shaped and Gram-stain-negative. Strain SY2T was able to grow at 10-40 °C (optima, 25-30 °C), pH 6.3-8.8 (optima, pH 7.0-8.0) and with 1-7 % (optimum, 2-3 %) NaCl concentration. Strain SY2T was negative for catalase and oxidase activity. The major end-products of glucose fermentation were acetate, ethanol, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. C14 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 H/C13 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 1ω9c were predominant fatty acids (>5 %) with minor amounts (<5 %) of C18 : 0, iso-C13 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, iso-C17 : 1/anteiso-C17 : 1 B and C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were major polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 53.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain SY2T represents a member of the family Spirochaetaceae in the phylum Spirochaetes. Strain SY2T has a sequence similarity of 95.1 % with Spirochaeta litoralis R1T and <90.1 % with other members of the genus Spirochaeta. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain SY2T as a representative of a novel genus and species in the family Spirochaetaceae, for which the name Oceanispirochaeta sediminicola gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SY2T (=KEMB 3001-381T=DSM 104770T=KCTC 15593T). Reclassification of Spirochaeta litoralis as Oceanispirochaeta litoralis comb. nov. is also proposed based on polyphasic taxonomic analyses.

Roseomonas suffusca sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.

Three light-brown-coloured, Gram-stain-negative, small rod- to oval-shaped, motile bacteria were isolated from lagoon sediments collected from North Carolina, USA. The strains (S1T, AS3 and AS6) grew aerobically at 13-42 °C (optimum, 30-35 °C) and pH 6.5-9.1 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5). All three strains were positive for catalase and oxidase activity, and no added NaCl was required for growth. C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and C16 : 0 were the predominant fatty acids (>5 %). Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified glycolipid were the major polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains S1T, AS3 and AS6 was 70.5, 70.1 and 70.8 mol%, respectively. Strain S1T showed 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.1 % with Roseomonas rubra S5T, 98.7 % with Roseomonas rhizosphaerae YW11T, 98.5 % with Roseomonas cervicalis E7107T, 97.8 % with Roseomonas aestuarii JC17T, 97.2 % with Roseomonas oryzae JC288T, 97.2 % with Roseomonas ludipueritiae 170/96Tand <97 % with other members of the genus Roseomonas. Strains AS3 and AS6 shared 99.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with strain S1T. DNA-DNA hybridization values among strains S1T, AS3 and AS6 were >89 %, while all the three strains showed <56 % relatedness with the most closely related type strains. Distinct phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain S1T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas suffusca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1T (=KEMB 563-465T=JCM 31176T). Strains AS3 and AS6 serve as additional strains of the newly proposed species.

Aneurinibacillus sediminis sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.

Two bacterial strains (1-10M-8-7-50T and 1M) were isolated from lagoon sediments. The strains were obligately aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile. Both strains were able to grow at 25-60 ˚C (optimum 40-42 ˚C), at pH 6.0-8.8 (optimum pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0-2.0 % (w/v) (optimum 0-0.8 %) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, and the cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine. Phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phosphoglycolipids and three unidentified lipids were present as polar lipids. Genomic DNA G+C content was 41.9 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons of both strains indicated that they belong to the genus Aneurinibacillus within the family Paenibacillaceae of the class Bacilli. Both strains had a sequence similarity of 97.6 % with Aneurinibacillus migulanus B0270T, 97.6 % with Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus ATCC 12856T, 97.5 % with 'Aneurinibacillus humi' U33 and <97 % with other members of the genus Aneurinibacillus. The DNA-DNA reassociation value between strain 1-10M-8-7-50T and 1M was >90 %, while strains 1-10M-8-7-50T and 1M were only 35.1±1, 29.8±1 and 24.5±1 % related to A. migulanus KACC 18173T, A. aneurinilyticus KACC 18174T and 'A. humi' U33, respectively. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain 1-10M-8-7-50T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Aneurinibacillus, for which the name Aneurinibacillus sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-10M-8-7-50T (=KEMB 563-460T=JCM 31819T).

Characterisation of a newly isolated member of a candidatus lineage, Marispirochaeta aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov.

Metagenome analysis of coastal marine habitats of Gujarat, India indicated the presence of twelve novel putative lineages of spirochaetes. Out of which a strain designated JC444T representing a novel putative lineage seven was isolated and characterized based on a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain JC444T was helical, Gram-stain-negative, obligate anaerobe, catalase and oxidase negative. Strain JC444T was able to grow at 15-45 °C (optimum at 30-35 °C), pH 6.5-8.6 (optimum at 7.5-8.0) and 0.6-5 % (optimum at 1.5-2.0 %) of NaCl concentration. The major end products of glucose fermentation were acetate, formate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 0, iso-C15 : 1H/C13 : 03OH (summed feature 1), iso-C13 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 were present as fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified lipids (L1-4) were the polar lipids. G+C mol% of strain JC444T was 53.6 %. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain JC444T represents a member of the family Spirochaetaceae in the order Spirochaetales. Strain JC444T has a sequence similarity of 97.1 % with 'Candidatus Marispirochaeta associata' JC231 and <90.1 % with other members of the family Spirochaetaceae. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC444T as a representative of a new genus and species in the family Spirochaetaceae, for which the name Marispirochaeta aestuarii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Type strain is JC444T (=KCTC 15554T=DSM 103365T).

Psedoduganella eburnea sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.

Strain 10R5-21T was isolated from lagoon sediments. Cells of strain 10R5-21T were Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped and motile by means of polar flagella. The strain was obligately aerobic and positive for catalase and oxidase activity. Strain 10R5-21T was able to grow at 10-37 ˚C (optimum 25-30 ˚C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 6.5-7.5) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c, C16 : 0 and C12 : 0 were present as predominant (>5 %) fatty acids. Q-8 was identified as the major respiratory quinone. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were present as major polar lipids with minor amounts of unidentified aminophospholipids and unidentified aminolipids. The genomic G+C content of strain 10R5-21T was 64.1 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 10R5-21T belongs to the genus Pseudoduganella within the family Oxalobacteraceae of the class Betaproteobacteria. Strain 10R5-21T shared 98.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Pseudoduganella violaceinigra YIM 31327T. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 10R5-21T and P. violaceinigra KACC 11669T were clearly below the 70 % threshold. Distinct morphological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genetic differences from previously described taxa support the classification of strain 10R5-21T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Pseudoduganella, for which the name Pseudoduganella eburnea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 10R5-21T (=KEMB 563-061T=JCM 31587T).

Halodesulfovibrio spirochaetisodalis gen. nov. sp. nov. and reclassification of four Desulfovibrio spp.

An antibiotic-producing, obligate anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-negative strain (JC271T) was isolated from a marine habitat and identified, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, as a novel member of the family Desulfovibrionaceae. The closest phylogenetic relatives of strain JC271T were found to be Desulfovibrio marinisediminis C/L2T (99.2 %), Desulfovibrio acrylicus W218T (98.7 %), Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. aestuarii (98.6 %), Desulfovibrio oceani subsp. oceani (98.0 %), Desulfovibrio oceani subsp. galatae (98.0 %) and other members of the genus Desulfovibrio (≤91.9 %). To resolve its full taxonomic position, the genomic sequence of strain JC271T was compared to available genomes of the most closely related phylogenetic members. Average Nucleotide Identity scores and DNA-DNA hybridization values confirmed that strain JC271T represents a novel genomic species. Iso-C17 : 0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, and iso-C15 : 0 were found to be the major (comprising >10 % of the total present) fatty acids of strain JC271T. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified lipids (L1-8) were the polar lipids identified. The G+C content of strain JC271T was 46.2 mol%. Integrated genomic and phenotypic data supported the classification of strain JC271T as a representative of a novel genus, for which the name Halodesulfovibrio spirochaetisodalis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC271T (=KCTC 15474T=DSM 100016T). It is also proposed that Desulfovibrio acrylicus W218T is the latter heterotypic synonym of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. aestuarii Sylt 3T. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans subsp. aestuarii Sylt 3T should also be elevated as Halodesulfovibrio aestuarii comb. nov. and Desulfovibrio marinisediminisreclassified as Halodesulfovibrio marinisediminis comb. nov. Desulfovibrio oceani subsp. oceanishould be reclassified as Halodesulfovibrio oceani subsp. oceani comb. nov. and Desulfovibrio oceani subsp. galateae as Halodesulfovibrio oceani subsp. galateae comb. nov.

Skermanella mucosa sp. nov., isolated from crude oil contaminated soil.

A novel Gram-stain negative, small rod-shaped bacterium (strain 8-14-6T) was isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated desert soil collected from Kuwait. Strain 8-14-6T grew at 5-37 °C, pH 6.0-8.8 and 0-2% (w/v) of NaCl concentration. Casein, starch, Tween 20 and Tween 80 were hydrolyzed while urea, chitin, DNA and carboxymethyl-cellulose were not hydrolyzed by strain 8-14-6T. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as C18:1ω6c/C18:1ω7c, C16:0 and iso-C16:1I/C14:03-OH. Strain 8-14-6T produced diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified lipids and five unidentified amino lipids as polar lipids. Genomic G+C content was 73.5 mol %. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain 8-14-6T represents a member of the genus Skermanella within family Rhodospirillaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strain 8-14-6T has a sequence similarity of 98.9% with Skermanella rosea M1T, 97.4% with Skermanella aerolata 5416T-32T, 96.9% with Skermanella stibiiresistens SB22T and <95.4% with the other two known species of the genus Skermanella. The DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain 8-14-6T and the type strains of the closely related species were clearly below the 70% threshold. From the combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and distinct phylogenetic position, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Skermanella, for which the name Skermanella mucosa sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 8-14-6T (=KEMB 2255-438T =JCM 31590T).

Skermanella rosea sp. nov., isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated desert sands.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, small rod-shaped, motile strain, designated M1T, was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated desert sands collected from Kuwait. M1T grew at 12-45 °C, pH 6.1-8.8 and 0-4.5 % (w/v) NaCl concentration. Casein, Tween-20 and Tween-80 were hydrolyzed while starch, urea, chitin, DNA and carboxymethyl-cellulose were not hydrolyzed by M1T. C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and C12 : 0 aldehyde were predominant fatty acids with minor amounts of iso-C16 : 1I/C14 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0 3-OH, C18 : 0, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω11c and C18 : 1ω9c. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were the major polar lipids. Minor amounts of unidentified aminolipids (AL1-2), unidentified phospholipids (PL1-2) and unidentified lipids (L1-4) were also detected. Genomic G+C content was 69.5 mol%. Comparisons of 16S rRNA gene sequence indicate that M1T represent a member of the genus Skermanella in the family Rhodospirillaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. M1T has a sequence similarity of 97.5 % with Skermanella aerolata 5416T-32T, 96.7 % with Skermanella stibiiresistens SB22T and <95.7 % with the other two species of the genus Skermanella. DNA-DNA hybridization values between M1T and the type strains of the most closely related species were clearly below the 70 % threshold. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain M1T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Skermanella, for which the name Skermanella rosea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1T (=KEMB 2255-458T=JCM 31276T).

Shinella curvata sp. nov., isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated desert sands.

The taxonomic position of a novel bacterial strain, designated C3T, isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated desert sands was determined. Strain C3T was a Gram-stain-negative, rod- to curved-rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium. It was able to grow at 4-45 °C (optima, 28- 35 °C) and at pH 6.1-8.8 (optima, 6.9-7.7). No added NaCl was required for growth of strain C3T and it tolerated up to 3.5 % (w/v) NaCl with optimal growth with 0.5-1.5 %. Catalase and oxidase were positive. C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C12 : 0 aldehyde, C14 : 0 3-OH/iso-C16 : 0 I and C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl were predominant fatty acids. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were major polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 65.4 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain C3T represents a member of the genus Shinella within the family Rhizobiaceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strain C3Tshowed a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.39 % with Shinella kummerowiae CCBAU 25048T, 98.37 % with Shinella granuli Ch06T, 98.17 % with Shinella zoogloeoides I-16-MT, 97.74 % with Shinella fusca DC-196T, 97.46 % with Shinella yambaruensis MS4T and <96.68 % with other members of the family Rhizobiaceae. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain C3T and the type strains of the nearest species were clearly below the 70 % threshold for species delineation. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from previously described taxa support the classification of strain C3T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Shinella, for which the name Shinella curvata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is C3T (=KEMB 2255-446T=JCM 31239T).

Rhodobacter sediminis sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.

Two Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped phototrophic bacteria (designated strains N1T and C7) were isolated from lagoon sediments. Both strains were positive for catalase and oxidase activity. Casein, starch, urea and Tween 20 were hydrolysed by both strains while chitin, gelatin and Tween 80 were not. In both strains, C16 : 0, C18 : 0,C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c and C18 : 1ω6c/ C18 : 1ω7c were the predominant fatty acids, with minor amounts of C8 : 0 3-OH, anteiso-C14 : 0, C17 : 0, C14 : 1ω5c, C17 : 1 10-methyl and C18 : 1ω5c. Strains N1T and C7 contained phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids with minor amounts of phosphatidylcholine, unidentified lipids and an unidentified phospholipid. The mean genomic DNA G+C content was 70.6±1 mol% and the two strains were closely related (mean DNA-DNA hybridization >90 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the two strains clustered with species of the genus Rhodobacter belonging to the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strain N1T has a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.2 % with Rhodobacter capsulatus ATCC 11166T, 99.1 % with Rhodobacter viridis JA737T and <96.6 % with other members of the genus Rhodobacter. Strain N1T and C7 shared 100 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. DNA- DNA hybridization values between strain N1T and the type strains of the nearest species were clearly below the 70 % threshold. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, it is proposed that strain N1T represents a novel species of the genus Rhodobacter, for which the name Rhodobacter sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is N1T (=KEMB 563-471T=JCM 31175T), and strain C7 is an additional strain of the species.

Description of 'Candidatus Marispirochaeta associata' and reclassification of Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis, Spirochaeta smaragdinae and Spirochaeta sinaica to a new genus Sediminispirochaeta gen. nov. as Sediminispirochaeta bajacaliforniensis comb. nov., Sediminispirochaeta smaragdinae comb. nov. and Sediminispirochaeta sinaica comb. nov.

Strain JC231 was isolated from a coastal saline habitat of Gujarat and was identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as a member belonging to the genus Spirochaeta and showed highest sequence similarity (<91 %) with Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis DSM 16054T and other members of the family Spirochaetaceae. Intensive attempts to culture strain JC231 in pure culture have failed and were associated with only one species of a Desulfovibrio. However, presence of fosmidomycin inhibited the growth of Desulfovibrio sp. and strain JC231 was characterized in its presence. Strain JC231 was an obligate anaerobe, helical shaped and Gram-stain-negative with catalase and oxidase negative. Draft genome sequence analysis of strain JC231 indicated the full complement of genes for both 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA pathways of terpenogenesis. C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 1H/C13 : 0 3OH and iso-C14 : 0 are the major (>5 %) fatty acids. Strain JC231 contains diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and six unidentified lipids (L1-L6). G+C content of strain JC231 was 55.7 mol%. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC231 as a representative of a new genus and species in the family Spirochaetaceae, for which the name 'CandidatusMarispirochaeta associata' is proposed. Strain JC231 is deposited as a defined co-culture with Desulfovibrio sp. JC271 to DSMZ (DSM 29857) and KCTC (KCTC 15472). Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, we also propose the reclassification of Spirochaeta bajacaliforniensis as Sediminispirochaeta bajacaliforniensis gen. nov., comb. nov., Spirochaeta smaragdinae as Sediminispirochaeta smaragdinae comb. nov. and Spirochaeta sinaica as Sediminispirochaeta sinaica comb. nov.

Microvirgula curvata sp. nov., isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, and emended description of the genus Microvirgula.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, small curved-rod-shaped, motile strain, designated L6T, was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soils collected from Kuwait. Strain L6T was able to grow at 10-40 °C (optimum, 27-32 °C), pH 6.1-8.8 (optimum, 6.5-7.5) and 0-4.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-0.5). C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, C12 : 0 and C12 : 0 3-OH were predominant fatty acids with minor amounts of C14 : 0 and C17 : 0 cyclo. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were major polar lipids. The genomic G+C content was 61.2 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain L6T represents a member of the genus Microvirgula within the family Neisseriaceae of the class Betaproteobacteria. Strain L6T has a sequence similarity of 99.2 % with Microvirgula aerodenitrificans SGLY2T and <93.8 % with other members of the family Neisseriaceae. However, strain L6T showed only 56.5±2 % relatedness (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with M. aerodenitrificans KACC 12055T (=SGLY2T). Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain L6T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Microvirgula, for which the name Microvirgula curvata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L6T (=KEMB 2255-471T=JCM 31223T). An emended description of the genus Microvirgula is also proposed.

Roseomonas rubra sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, coccus to oval-shaped, non-motile bacterium, designated strain S5T, was isolated from lagoon sediments collected from North Carolina, USA. Strain S5T was able to grow at 12-45 °C (optima, 30-37 °C) and at pH 6.3-9.0 (optima, 6.5-7.5). No added NaCl was required for growth of strain S5T. Strain S5T was positive for catalase and oxidase activity. C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 were predominant fatty acids with minor amounts of C8 : 0 3-OH, C14 : 0, C16 : 0 3-OH, C18 : 1 2-OH, C14 : 1ω5c, C16 : 1ω5c and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and an unidentified glycolipid were major polar lipids. Minor amounts of an unidentified amino lipid and three unidentified lipids were also detected. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 73.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain S5T represents a member of the genus Roseomonas within the family Acetobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strain S5T had a sequence similarity of 97.80 % with Roseomonas rhizosphaerae YW11T, 97.69 % with Roseomonas aestuarii JC17T and <97 % with other members of the genus Roseomonas. However, strain S5T showed only 45.2±2 and 17±2 % relatedness (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with R. rhizosphaerae KACC 17225T (=YW11T) and R. aestuarii KCTC 22692T (=JC17T), respectively. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from previously described taxa support the classification of strain S5T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas rubra sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S5T (=KEMB 563-468T=JCM 31177T).

Description of Comamonas sediminis sp. nov., isolated from lagoon sediments.

Strain S3T was isolated from lagoon sediments, and appeared as transparent colonies on agar plates, with cells staining Gram-negative. Catalase and oxidase were positive. S3T hydrolyzed starch, casein and tween-20, while urea, chitin, gelatin and tween-80 were not hydrolysed. C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c,C17 : 0 cyclo and C16 : 0 were the predominant fatty acids with minor amounts of C10 : 0 3-OH, C12 : 0, C14 : 0 and C16 : 0 2-OH. S3T contained diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as major polar lipids with minor amounts of unidentified phospholipid (PL) and unidentified lipids (L1-2). Genomic DNA G+C content was 68.3 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that S3T represents a member of the genus Comamonas in family Comamonadaceae of the class Betaproteobacteria. S3T has a sequence similarity of 98.96 % with Comamonas koreensis YH12T, 97.93 % with Comamonas guangdongensis CY01T and <96.97 % with other members of the genus Comamonas. DNA-DNA hybridization values between S3T and the type strains of the most closely related species were clearly below the 70 % threshold. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis, it is proposed that S3T represents a novel species of the genus Comamonas, for which the name Comamonas sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S3T (=KEMB 563-466T =JCM 31169T).

Bacillus crescens sp. nov., isolated from soil.

Two bacterial strains (JC247T and JC248) were isolated from soil samples collected from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India. Colonies of both strains were creamy white. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, rods-to-curved rods (crescent-shaped), and produced centrally located oval-shaped endospores. Major (>5 %) fatty acids of both strains were iso-C16  :  0, iso-C14  :  0, iso-C15  :  0, C16  :  1ω11c and C16  :  0, with minor ( < 5 but >1 %) amounts of anteiso-C15  :  0, anteiso-C17  :  0, iso-C16  :  1 H, iso-C17  :  0, iso-C18  :  0, C14  :  0, C17  :  0, C18  :  0, C18  :  1ω9c, iso-C17  :  1ω10c and anteiso-C17  :  0B/isoI. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids of both strains. Cell-wall amino acids were l-alanine, d-alanine, d-glutamic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains JC247T and JC248 was 48.2 and 48.1 mol%, respectively. Both strains were closely related with mean DNA-DNA hybridization >90 %. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of both strains indicated that they are members of the genus Bacillus within the family Bacillaceae of the phylum Firmicutes. Both strains had a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96.93 % with Bacillus firmus NCIMB 9366T and < 96.92 % with other members of the genus Bacillus. Sequence similarity between strain JC247T and JC248 was 100 %. Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from previously described taxa support the classification of strains JC247T and JC248 as representatives of a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacilluscrescens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC247T ( = KCTC 33627T = LMG 28608T).

Bacillus oleivorans sp. nov., a diesel oil-degrading and solvent-tolerant bacterium.

Two Gram-stain-positive, diesel oil-degrading, solvent-tolerant, aerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from a contaminated laboratory plate. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strains JC228(T) and JC279 were identified as belonging to the genus Bacillus within the family Bacillaceae of the phylum Firmicutes and were found to be most closely related to Bacillus carboniphilus JCM 9731(T) (98.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and shared <96.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other members of the genus Bacillus . The DNA-DNA hybridization value between the two strains was 88±2%. Strain JC228(T) showed 23.4±1% reassociation (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with B. carboniphilus LMG 18001(T). The DNA G+C content of strains JC228(T) and JC279 was 39 and 38.4 mol%, respectively. Both strains were positive for catalase and oxidase activities, and negative for hydrolysis of starch and Tween 80. Strains JC228(T) and JC279 grew chemoorganoheterotrophically with optimum growth at pH 7 (range pH 7-9.5) and 35 °C (range 25-40 °C). Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid (PL2) were the major polar lipids. Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) and C(16 : 0). Whole-cell hydrolysates contained l-alanine, d-alanine, d-glutamic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid. Both strains utilized diesel oil as sole carbon and energy source. The results of physiological, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and molecular analyses allowed clear differentiation of strains JC228(T) and JC279 from their closest phylogenetic neighbours. Therefore strains JC228(T) and JC279 represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus , for which the name Bacillus oleivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC228(T) ( = LMG 28084(T) = CCTCC AB 2013353(T)).

Hymenobacter roseus sp. nov., isolated from sand.

Strain JC245(T) was isolated from a sand sample, and appeared as dark pink colonies on agar plates with cells staining Gram-negative. Catalase and oxidase activities were positive. Casein was hydrolysed while chitin, gelatin and starch were not. Major (>5 %) fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 1ω5c, C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c, anteiso-C17 : 1 B/iso-C17 : 1 I and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. Strain JC245(T) contained phosphatidylethanolamine and two unidentified lipids as the major polar lipids, with minor amounts of four unidentified lipids and an unidentified amino lipid. Bacterial hopane derivatives and adenosylhopane were the major hopanoids. Hydroxyflexixanthin was identified as one of the major carotenoids of strain JC245(T) along with five unidentified carotenoids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 52.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain JC245(T) represents a member of the genus Hymenobacter within the family Cytophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Strain JC245(T) shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Hymenobacter roseosalivarius AA-718(T) (98.3 %) and other members of the genus Hymenobacter (<95.1 %). However, strain JC245(T) showed 21±2 % relatedness (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with H. roseosalivarius DSM 11622(T). Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC245(T) as a representative of a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter roseus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC245(T) ( = KCTC 42090(T) = LMG 28260(T)).

Sphingopyxis contaminans sp. nov., isolated from a contaminated Petri dish.

Strain JC216(T) was isolated from a contaminated Petri dish. Colonies were of pale yellow colour and cells were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive and catalase-positive. Chitin, starch and gelatin were not hydrolysed. Strain JC216(T) contained C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c, C16 : 1ω7c/C16  1ω6c, C14 : 0 2-OH and C16 : 0 as the major (≥ 8%) fatty acids with minor amounts of C12 : 0, C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0 2-OH, C16  : 1 2-OH, C17 : 1ω6c, C17 : 1ω8c and C17 : 1ω9c. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid were the major polar lipids. Minor amounts of unidentified amino lipids and unidentified lipids were also detected. The major hopanoids identified were bacterial hopane derivatives and diplopterol. Minor amounts of diploptene and an unidentified hopanoid were also present. Spermidine was the major polyamine with minor amounts of sym-homospermidine and putrescine. N-Acetylglucosamine and fructose were identified as major cell-wall sugars along with minor amounts of mannose and galactose. The genomic DNA G+C content was 55 mol%. Comparisons of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain JC216(T) represents a member of the genus Sphingopyxis in the family Sphingomonadaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strain JC216(T) had a sequence similarity of 97.28% with Sphingopyxis wooponensis 03SU3-P(T) and <96.71% with other members of the family Sphingomonadaceae. Furthermore, strain JC216(T) had 33 ± 1% relatedness (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with S. wooponensis KCTC 23340(T) ( = 03SU3-P(T)). Distinct morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC216(T) as a representative of a novel species in the genus Sphingopyxis, for which the name Sphingopyxis contaminans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC216(T) ( = KCTC 32445(T) = LMG 27671(T)).

Salinimicrobium sediminis sp. nov., isolated from a deep-sea sediment.

Strain JC207(T) was isolated from a deep (265 m) sea sediment, and appeared as dark yellow colonies on agar plates with cells staining Gram-negative. Catalase, oxidase and caseinase were positive, while chitinase, gelatinase and amylase were negative. Major (>5 %) fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C15:1G. Strain JC207(T) contained phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid, with minor amounts of five unidentified lipids. A bacterial hopane derivative, diplopterol and adenosylhopane were the major hopanoids. Genomic DNA G+C content was 47.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain JC207(T) represented a member of the genus Salinimicrobium within the family Flavobacteriaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Strain JC207(T) had sequence similarity with Salinimicrobium terrae YIM-C338(T) (98%), Salinimicrobium xinjiangense BH206(T) (97.6 %) and other members of the genus Salinimicrobium (<96.8 %). However, strain JC207(T) showed an average of 23.6 ± 4 and 37 ± 4 relatedness (based on DNA-DNA hybridization) with Salinimicrobium terrae CGMCC 1.6308(T) ( = YIM-C338(T)) and Salinimicrobium xinjiangense KCTC 12883(T) ( = BH206(T)), respectively. Morphological, physiological and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain JC207(T) as a representative of a novel species in the genus Salinimicrobium, for which the name Salinimicrobium sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC207(T) ( = KCTC 32444(T) = CGMCC 1.12641(T)).