Inhibition of FKBP51 induces stress resilience and alters hippocampal neurogenesis.

Stress-related psychiatric disorders such as depression are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Considering that many individuals fail to respond to currently available antidepressant drugs, there is a need for antidepressants with novel mechanisms. Polymorphisms in the gene encoding FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor, have been linked to susceptibility to stress-related psychiatric disorders. Whether this protein can be targeted for their treatment remains largely unexplored. The aim of this work was to investigate whether inhibition of FKBP51 with SAFit2, a novel selective inhibitor, promotes hippocampal neuron outgrowth and neurogenesis in vitro and stress resilience in vivo in a mouse model of chronic psychosocial stress. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures or hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs) were treated with SAFit2 and neuronal differentiation and cell proliferation were analyzed. Male C57BL/6 mice were administered SAFit2 while concurrently undergoing a chronic stress paradigm comprising of intermittent social defeat and overcrowding, and anxiety and depressive -related behaviors were evaluated. SAFit2 increased neurite outgrowth and number of branch points to a greater extent than brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. SAFit2 increased hippocampal NPC neurogenesis and increased neurite complexity and length of these differentiated neurons. In vivo, chronic SAFit2 administration prevented stress-induced social avoidance, decreased anxiety in the novelty-induced hypophagia test, and prevented stress-induced anxiety in the open field but did not alter adult hippocampal neurogenesis in stressed animals. These data warrant further exploration of inhibition of FKBP51 as a strategy to treat stress-related disorders.

Intraoperative blood transfusion does not impact overall and recurrence-free survival after curative hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity-score-matched and inverse probability of treatment-weighted study.

INTRODUCTION: Our primary objective was to determine if receiving intraoperative blood transfusion was a significant prognostic factor for overall and recurrence-free survival after curative resection of hepatic cellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODOLOGY: Between 2001 and 2018, 1092 patients with histologically proven primary HCC who underwent curative liver resection were retrospectively reviewed. Primary study endpoints were recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). The main analysis was undertaken using propensity-score matching (PSM) to minimize confounding and selection biases in the comparison of patients with or without transfusion. RESULTS: There were 220 patients who received and 666 patients who did not receive intraoperative blood transfusion. The PSM cohort consisted of 163 pairs of patients. After PSM, the only perioperative outcome that appeared to significantly affect whether patients would receive blood transfusion was median blood loss (p = 0.001). In the PSM cohort, whether patients received blood transfusion was neither associated with OS (p = 0.759) nor RFS (p = 0.830). When the volume of blood transfusion was analyzed as a continuous variable, no significant dose-response relationship between blood transfusion volume and HR for OS and RFS was noted. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative blood transfusion had no significant impact on the survival outcomes in patients who receive curative resection in primary HCC.

Opioid antagonism mitigates antipsychotic-associated weight gain: focus on olanzapine.

BACKGROUND: The endogenous opioid system affects metabolism, including weight regulation. Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies provides a rationale for targeting this system to mitigate weight-related side effects of antipsychotics. This review describes the role of the opioid system in regulating weight and metabolism, examines the effects of opioid receptor antagonism on those functions, and explores the use of opioid antagonists to mitigate antipsychotic-associated weight gain and/or metabolic effects. METHODS: A PubMed literature search was conducted to identify representative opioid antagonists and associated preclinical and clinical studies examining their potential for the regulation of weight and metabolism. RESULTS: The mu opioid receptor (MOR), delta opioid receptor (DOR), and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) types have overlapping but distinct patterns of central and peripheral expression, and each contributes to the regulation of body weight and metabolism. Three representative opioid antagonists (eg, naltrexone, samidorphan, and LY255582) were identified for illustration. These opioid antagonists differed in their receptor binding and pharmacokinetic profiles, including oral bioavailability, systemic clearance, and half-life, and were associated with varying effects on food intake, energy utilization, and metabolic dysregulation. CONCLUSIONS: Preclinical and clinical data suggest that antagonism of the endogenous opioid system is a mechanism to address antipsychotic-associated weight gain and metabolic dysregulation. However, evidence suggests that the differing roles of MOR, DOR, and KOR in metabolism, together with the differences in receptor binding, pharmacokinetic, and functional activity profiles of the opioid receptor antagonists discussed in this review, likely contribute to their differential pharmacodynamic effects and clinical outcomes observed regarding antipsychotic-associated weight gain.

Portfolio use in postgraduate medical education: a systematic scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Portfolios are increasingly commonplace in postgraduate medical education. However, poor understanding of and variations in their content, quality, and structure have hindered their use across different settings, thus dampening their efficacy. METHODS: This systematic scoping review on portfolios in postgraduate medical education utilized Krishna's Systematic Evidence Based Approach (SEBA). Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis and Hsieh and Shannon's directed content analysis were independently used to evaluate the data. RESULTS: In total, 12 313 abstracts were obtained, and 76 full-text articles included. Six key themes/categories were identified: (i) portfolio definitions and functions, (ii) platforms, (iii) design, (iv) implementation, (v) use in assessments, and (vi) evaluations of their usage. CONCLUSIONS: Portfolios allow for better appreciation and assessments of knowledge, skills, and attitudes in time-, learner-, and context-specific competencies through the establishment of smaller micro-competencies and micro-credentialling. Organized into three broad stages-development, implementation, and improvement-a six-step framework for optimizing and instituting portfolios in postgraduate medical education is offered.

Comparative incidence of early and late bloodstream and respiratory tract co-infection in patients admitted to ICU with COVID-19 pneumonia versus Influenza A or B pneumonia versus no viral pneumonia: wales multicentre ICU cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to characterise early and late respiratory and bloodstream co-infection in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) with SARS-CoV-2-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) needing respiratory support in seven ICUs within Wales, during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare the rate of positivity of different secondary pathogens and their antimicrobial sensitivity in three different patient groups: patients admitted to ICU with COVID-19 pneumonia, Influenza A or B pneumonia, and patients without viral pneumonia. DESIGN: Multicentre, retrospective, observational cohort study with rapid microbiology data from Public Health Wales, sharing of clinical and demographic data from seven participating ICUs. SETTING: Seven Welsh ICUs participated between 10 March and 31 July 2020. Clinical and demographic data for COVID-19 disease were shared by each participating centres, and microbiology data were extracted from a data repository within Public Health Wales. Comparative data were taken from a cohort of patients without viral pneumonia admitted to ICU during the same period as the COVID-19 cohort (referred to as no viral pneumonia or 'no viral' group), and to a retrospective non-matched cohort of consecutive patients with Influenza A or B admitted to ICUs from 20 November 2017. The comparative data for Influenza pneumonia and no viral pneumonia were taken from one of the seven participating ICUs. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 299 consecutive patients admitted to ICUs with COVID-19 pneumonia were compared with 173 and 48 patients admitted with no viral pneumonia or Influenza A or B pneumonia, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome was to calculate comparative incidence of early and late co-infection in patients admitted to ICU with COVID-19, Influenza A or B pneumonia and no viral pneumonia. Secondary outcome was to calculate the individual group of early and late co-infection rate on a per-patient and per-sample basis, with their antimicrobial susceptibility and thirdly to ascertain any statistical correlation between clinical and demographic variables with rate of acquiring co-infection following ICU admission. RESULTS: A total of 299 adults (median age 57, M/F 2:1) were included in the COVID-19 ICU cohort. The incidence of respiratory and bloodstream co-infection was 40.5% and 15.1%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant bacterial pathogen within the first 48 h. Gram-negative organisms from Enterobacterales group were predominantly seen after 48 h in COVID-19 cohort. Comparative no viral pneumonia cohort had lower rates of respiratory tract infection and bloodstream infection. The influenza cohort had similar rates respiratory tract infection and bloodstream infection. Mortality in all three groups was similar, and no clinical or demographic variables were found to increase the rate of co-infection and ICU mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Higher incidence of bacterial co-infection was found in COVID-19 cohort as compared to the no viral pneumonia cohort admitted to ICUs for respiratory support.

A systematic scoping review of undergraduate medical ethics education programs from 1990 to 2020.

INTRODUCTION: Ensuring medical students are equipped with essential knowledge and portable skills to face complex ethical issues underlines the need for ethics education in medical school. Yet such training remains variable amidst evolving contextual, sociocultural, legal and financial considerations that inform training across different healthcare systems. This review aims to map how undergraduate medical schools teach and assess ethics. METHODS: Guided by the Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA), two concurrent systematic scoping reviews were carried out, one on ethics teaching and another on their assessment. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and ERIC between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2020. Data was independently analysed using thematic and content analysis. RESULTS: Upon scrutinising the two sets of full-text articles, we identified 141 articles on ethics teaching and 102 articles on their assessments. 83 overlapped resulting in 160 distinct articles. Similar themes and categories were identified, these include teaching modalities, curriculum content, enablers and barriers to teaching, assessment methods, and their pros and cons. CONCLUSION: This review reveals the importance of adopting an interactive, multimodal and interdisciplinary team-teaching approach to ethics education, involving community resource partners and faculty trained in ethics, law, communication, professionalism, and other intertwining healthcare professions. Conscientious effort should also be put into vertically and horizontally integrating ethics into formal medical curricula to ensure contextualisation and application of ethics knowledge, skills and attitudes, as well as protected time and adequate resources. A stage-based multimodal assessment approach should be used to appropriately evaluate knowledge acquisition, application and reflection across various practice settings. To scaffold personalised development plans and remediation efforts, multisource evaluations may be stored in a centralised portfolio. Whilst standardisation of curricula content ensures cross-speciality ethical proficiency, deliberative curriculum inquiry performed by faculty members using a Delphi approach may help to facilitate the narrowing of relevant topics.

A systematic scoping review of communication skills training in medical schools between 2000 and 2020.

BACKGROUND: Communication skills training (CST) remains poorly represented and prioritised in medical schools despite its importance. A systematic scoping review (SSR) of CST is proposed to better appreciate current variability in their structure, content, and assessment. This is to guide their future design in medical school curricula. METHODS: The Systematic Evidence-Based Approach (SEBA) was used to guide concurrent SSRs of teaching and assessment in CST. After independent database searches, concurrent thematic and content analysis of included articles were conducted separately. Resultant themes/categories were combined via the jigsaw perspective to provide a more holistic view of the data. These were then compared to tabulated summaries of the included articles to create funnelled domains. RESULTS: 52,300 papers were identified, 150 full-text articles included, and four funnelled domains were identified: Indications, Design, Assessment, and Barriers and Enablers of CST. CSTs confer numerous benefits to physicians and patients. It saw increased confidence, improved diagnostic capabilities and better clinical management, as well as greater patient satisfaction and treatment compliance. Skills may be divided into core, prerequisite competencies, and advanced skills pertinent to more challenging and nuanced scenarios - such as population or setting-specific situations. CST teaching and assessment modalities were found to align with Miller's Pyramid, with didactic teaching gradually infused with experiential approaches to enhance their understanding and integration. A plethora of CST frameworks, teaching and assessment methods were identified and are presented together. CONCLUSION: While variable in approach, content and assessment, CST in medical schools often employ stage-based curricula to instil competency-based topics of increasing complexity throughout medical school education. This process builds on the application of prior knowledge and skills, influencing practice and, potentially, the students' professional identity formation. In addition, the institution plays a critical role in overseeing training, ensuring longitudinal guidance and holistic assessments of the students' progress.

Postgraduate ethics training programs: a systematic scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Molding competent clinicians capable of applying ethics principles in their practice is a challenging task, compounded by wide variations in the teaching and assessment of ethics in the postgraduate setting. Despite these differences, ethics training programs should recognise that the transition from medical students to healthcare professionals entails a longitudinal process where ethics knowledge, skills and identity continue to build and deepen over time with clinical exposure. A systematic scoping review is proposed to analyse current postgraduate medical ethics training and assessment programs in peer-reviewed literature to guide the development of a local physician training curriculum. METHODS: With a constructivist perspective and relativist lens, this systematic scoping review on postgraduate medical ethics training and assessment will adopt the Systematic Evidence Based Approach (SEBA) to create a transparent and reproducible review. RESULTS: The first search involving the teaching of ethics yielded 7669 abstracts with 573 full text articles evaluated and 66 articles included. The second search involving the assessment of ethics identified 9919 abstracts with 333 full text articles reviewed and 29 articles included. The themes identified from the two searches were the goals and objectives, content, pedagogy, enabling and limiting factors of teaching ethics and assessment modalities used. Despite inherent disparities in ethics training programs, they provide a platform for learners to apply knowledge, translating it to skill and eventually becoming part of the identity of the learner. Illustrating the longitudinal nature of ethics training, the spiral curriculum seamlessly integrates and fortifies prevailing ethical knowledge acquired in medical school with the layering of new specialty, clinical and research specific content in professional practice. Various assessment methods are employed with special mention of portfolios as a longitudinal assessment modality that showcase the impact of ethics training on the development of professional identity formation (PIF). CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic scoping review has elicited key learning points in the teaching and assessment of ethics in the postgraduate setting. However, more research needs to be done on establishing Entrustable Professional Activities (EPA)s in ethics, with further exploration of the use of portfolios and key factors influencing its design, implementation and assessment of PIF and micro-credentialling in ethics practice.

Nurturing professionalism in medical schools. A systematic scoping review of training curricula between 1990-2019.

Introduction: Professionalism is an evolving, socioculturally informed multidimensional construct that influences doctor-patient relationships, patient satisfaction and care outcomes. However, despite its clinical significance there is little consistency in how professionalism is nurtured amongst medical students. To address this gap a systemic scoping review of nurturing professionalism in medical schools, is proposed.Methods: Levac's framework and the PRISMA-P 2015 checklist underpinned a 6-stage systematic review protocol. Concurrent use of Braun and Clarke's approach to thematic analysis and directed content analysis was used to identify the key elements in nurturing professionalism.Results: 13921 abstracts were identified from six databases, 854 full-text articles reviewed, and 162 full-text included articles were included. The 4 themes identified through thematic analysis are consistent with findings of the directed content analysis. These were the definition of professionalism, the approaches, content, barriers and enablers to teaching professionalism.Conclusion: Informed by a viable definition of professionalism and clear milestones nurturing professionalism nurturing professionalism begins with culturally appropriate training in clinical competence, humanistic qualities and reflective capacity. This process requires effective evaluations of professional identity formation, and the impact of the learning environment underlining the need for longitudinal assessments of the training process.

Neuropsychiatric symptoms in South-East Asian patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: prevalence, subtypes, and risk factors.

BACKGROUND: The subtypes and risk factors of neuropsychiatric symptoms remain largely unexplored in South-East Asian populations. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence, subtypes, and risk factors, namely, demographic, medical morbidity, and cognitive impairment associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms in a South-East Asian cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. METHODS: A clinical cohort of 38 MCI and 198 mild-moderate dementia patients were assessed using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire. RESULTS: Neuropsychiatric symptoms were equally prevalent among patients with MCI (74%) and mild-moderate dementia (85%). Three subtypes of symptoms were identified for each diagnostic group; for MCI, they included mood disturbances, anxiety/sleep problems, and psychosis, while for dementia, the subtypes included behavioral disturbances, psychosis/mood, and hyperactive behaviors. The largest risk for neuropsychiatric symptoms for both MCI and dementia patients was male gender. Among patients with MCI, burden of cerebrovascular disease and global cognitive impairment were small risks for neuropsychiatric symptoms, while for patients with dementia, an older age (>65 years) was a small risk and lower educational attainment was a moderate risk. DISCUSSION: These findings contribute to the worldwide epidemiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms in MCI and dementia and highlight that the profile of symptoms, subtypes, and risks is fairly homogenous across Western and Asian cultures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Characterization of a Pachymedusa dacnicolor-Sauvagine analog as a new high-affinity radioligand for corticotropin-releasing factor receptor studies.

The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) peptide family comprises the mammalian peptides CRF and the urocortins as well as frog skin sauvagine and fish urophyseal urotensin. Advances in understanding the roles of the CRF ligand family and associated receptors have often relied on radioreceptor assays using labeled CRF ligands. These assays depend on stable, high-affinity CRF analogs that can be labeled, purified, and chemically characterized. Analogs of several of the native peptides have been used in this context, most prominently including sauvagine from the frog Phyllomedusa sauvageii (PS-Svg). Because each of these affords both advantages and disadvantages, new analogs with superior properties would be welcome. We find that a sauvagine-like peptide recently isolated from a different frog species, Pachymedusa dacnicolor (PD-Svg), is a high-affinity agonist whose radioiodinated analog, [(125)ITyr(0)-Glu(1), Nle(17)]-PD-Svg, exhibits improved biochemical properties over those of earlier iodinated agonists. Specifically, the PD-Svg radioligand binds both CRF receptors with comparably high affinity as its PS-Svg counterpart, but detects a greater number of sites on both type 1 and type 2 receptors. PD-Svg is also ∼10 times more potent at stimulating cAMP accumulation in cells expressing the native receptors. Autoradiographic localization using the PD-Svg radioligand shows robust specific binding to rodent brain and peripheral tissues that identifies consensus CRF receptor-expressing sites in a greater number and/or with greater sensitivity than its PS-Svg counterpart. We suggest that labeled analogs of PD-Svg may be useful tools for biochemical, structural, pharmacological, and anatomic studies of CRF receptors.

Patterns of Healthcare Resource Utilisation of Critical Care Survivors between 2006 and 2017 in Wales: A Population-Based Study.

In this retrospective cohort study, we used the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank to characterise and identify predictors of the one-year post-discharge healthcare resource utilisation (HRU) of adults who were admitted to critical care units in Wales between 1 April 2006 and 31 December 2017. We modelled one-year post-critical-care HRU using negative binomial models and used linear models for the difference from one-year pre-critical-care HRU. We estimated the association between critical illness and post-hospitalisation HRU using multilevel negative binomial models among people hospitalised in 2015. We studied 55,151 patients. Post-critical-care HRU was 11-87% greater than pre-critical-care levels, whereas emergency department (ED) attendances decreased by 30%. Age ≥50 years was generally associated with greater post-critical-care HRU; those over 80 had three times longer hospital readmissions than those younger than 50 (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 2.96, 95% CI: 2.84, 3.09). However, ED attendances were higher in those younger than 50. High comorbidity was associated with 22-62% greater post-critical-care HRU than no or low comorbidity. The most socioeconomically deprived quintile was associated with 24% more ED attendances (IRR: 1.24 [1.16, 1.32]) and 13% longer hospital stays (IRR: 1.13 [1.09, 1.17]) than the least deprived quintile. Critical care survivors had greater 1-year post-discharge HRU than non-critical inpatients, including 68% longer hospital stays (IRR: 1.68 [1.63, 1.74]). Critical care survivors, particularly those with older ages, high comorbidity, and socioeconomic deprivation, used significantly more primary and secondary care resources after discharge compared with their baseline and non-critical inpatients. Interventions are needed to ensure that key subgroups are identified and adequately supported.

Modulation of neuroplastic changes and corticotropin-releasing factor-associated behavior by a phylogenetically ancient and conserved peptide family.

The co-evolution of peptides and early cells some 3.7 billion years ago provided bioactive peptides with a long history for the proliferation and refinement of peptide hormones. Central to the adaptation and evolution of cell types in metazoans is the development of peptide signaling systems that regulate stress mechanisms. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides represents the canonical family of peptides that are pivotal to the regulation of stress in vertebrates. However, these peptides appear to have evolved at least 2 billion years after the formation of the first postulated bioactive peptides, suggesting that before this, other peptide systems played a role in stress and energy metabolism. The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAPs) are a recently discovered family of highly conserved peptides that are processed from the teneurin transmembrane proteins. This peptide/protein system is ubiquitous in multicellular organisms and evolved before the CRF family. TCAP-1 is a potent regulator of CRF-associated physiology and behavior and may play a significant role in the regulation of cell-to-cell communication and neuroplasticity in neurons.

In vivo Characterization of the Opioid Receptor-Binding Profiles of Samidorphan and Naltrexone in Rats: Comparisons at Clinically Relevant Concentrations.

Introduction: The atypical antipsychotic olanzapine is approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder; however, weight gain and metabolic dysregulation associated with olanzapine therapy have limited its clinical utility. In clinical studies, treatment with the combination of olanzapine and the opioid receptor antagonist samidorphan (OLZ/SAM) mitigated olanzapine-associated weight gain while providing antipsychotic efficacy similar to that of olanzapine. Although samidorphan is structurally similar to the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, the two differ in their pharmacokinetics and in vitro binding affinities to mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively). The objective of this series of nonclinical studies was to compare the in vivo binding profiles of samidorphan and naltrexone and their receptor occupancies at MOR, DOR, and KOR in rat brains. Methods: Male rats were injected with samidorphan or naltrexone to obtain total and unbound plasma and brain concentrations representing levels observed in humans at clinically relevant oral doses. Subsequently, samidorphan and naltrexone brain receptor occupancy at MOR, DOR, and KOR was measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution accurate-mass mass spectrometry. Results: A dose-dependent increase in samidorphan occupancy was observed at MOR, DOR, and KOR (EC50: 5.1, 54.7, and 42.9 nM, respectively). Occupancy of naltrexone at MOR (EC50: 15.5 nM) and KOR was dose dependent; minimal DOR occupancy was detected. At the clinically relevant unbound brain concentration of 23.1 nM, samidorphan bound to MOR, DOR, and KOR with 93.2%, 36.1%, and 41.9% occupancy, respectively. At 33.5 nM, naltrexone bound to MOR and KOR with 79.4% and 9.4% occupancy, respectively, with no binding at DOR. Discussion: At clinically relevant concentrations, samidorphan occupied MOR, DOR, and KOR, whereas naltrexone occupied only MOR and KOR. The binding profile of samidorphan differs from that of naltrexone, with potential clinical implications.

Examining the utility of extended laboratory panel testing in the emergency department for risk stratification of patients with COVID-19: a single-centre retrospective service evaluation.

BACKGROUND: The role of specific blood tests to predict poor prognosis in patients admitted with infection from SARS-CoV-2 remains uncertain. During the first wave of the global pandemic, an extended laboratory testing panel was integrated into the local pathway to guide triage and healthcare resource utilisation for emergency admissions. We conducted a retrospective service evaluation to determine the utility of extended tests (D-dimer, ferritin, high-sensitivity troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase and procalcitonin) compared with the core panel (full blood count, urea and electrolytes, liver function tests and C reactive protein). METHODS: Clinical outcomes for adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 admitted between 17 March and 30 June 2020 were extracted, alongside costs estimates for individual tests. Prognostic performance was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis with 28-day mortality used as the primary endpoint and a composite of 28-day intensive care escalation or mortality for secondary analysis. RESULTS: From 13 500 emergency attendances, we identified 391 unique adults admitted with COVID-19. Of these, 113 died (29%) and 151 (39%) reached the composite endpoint. 'Core' test variables adjusted for age, gender and index of deprivation had a prognostic area under the curve of 0.79 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.91) for mortality and 0.70 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.84) for the composite endpoint. Addition of 'extended' test components did not improve on this. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest use of the extended laboratory testing panel to risk stratify community-acquired COVID-19 positive patients on admission adds limited prognostic value. We suggest laboratory requesting should be targeted to patients with specific clinical indications.

Medical Student Portfolios: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Phenomenon: Medical Student Portfolios (MSP)s allow medical students to reflect and better appreciate their clinical, research and academic experiences which promotes their individual personal and professional development. However, differences in adoption rate, content design and practice setting create significant variability in their employ. With MSPs increasingly used to evaluate professional competencies and the student's professional identity formation (PIF), this has become an area of concern. Approach: We adopt Krishna's Systematic Evidence-Based Approach to carry out a Systematic Scoping Review (SSR in SEBA) on MSPs. The structured search process of six databases, concurrent use of thematic and content analysis in the Split Approach and comparisons of the themes and categories with the tabulated summaries of included articles in the Jigsaw Perspective and Funnelling Process offers enhanced transparency and reproducibility to this review. Findings: The research team retrieved 14501 abstracts, reviewed 779 full-text articles and included 96 articles. Similarities between the themes, categories and tabulated summaries allowed the identification of the following funnelled domains: Purpose of MSPs, Content and structure of MSPs, Strengths and limitations of MSPs, Methods to improve MSPs, and Use of E-portfolios. Insights: Variability in the employ of MSPs arise as a result of a failure to recognise its different roles and uses. Here we propose additional roles of MSPs, in particular, building on a consistent set of content materials and assessments of milestones called micro-competencies. Whislt generalised micro-competencies assess achievement of general milestones expected of all medical students, personalised micro-competencies record attainment of particular skills, knowledge and attitudes balanced against the medical student's abilities, context and needs. This combination of micro-competencies in a consistent framework promises a holistic, authentic and longitudinal perspective of the medical student's development and maturing PIF.

Effect of age on the short- and long-term outcomes of patients undergoing curative liver resection for HCC.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the outcomes of curative liver resection (LR) in octogenarian patients, analysed cancer-specific survival (CSS) with HCC-related death or explored the age-varying effect of HCC-related death in elderly patients undergoing LR. We aim to determine the effect of age on the short and long-term outcomes of LR for HCC. METHODOLOGY: Between 2000 and 2018, 1,092 patients with primary HCC who underwent LR with curative intent were retrospectively reviewed. The log-rank test and Gray's test were used to assess the equality of survivor functions and competing risk-adjusted cumulative incidence functions between patients in the three age categories respectively. Regression adjustment was used to control for confounding bias via a Principal Component Analysis. Quantile, Firth logistic, Cox, and Fine-Gray competing risk regression were used to analyse continuous, binary, time-to-event, and cause-specific survival respectively. Restricted cubic splines were used to illustrate the dose-effect relationship between age and patient outcomes. RESULTS: The study comprised of 764 young patients (<70 years), 278 septuagenarians (70-79 years old) and 50 octogenarians (≥80 years). Compared to young patients, octogenarians had significantly lower 5-year OS(62.1% vs 37.7%, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in 1-year RFS(73.1% vs 67.0%, p = 0.774) or 5-year CSS (5.4% vs 15.2%, p = 0.674). Every 10-year increase in age was significantly associated with an increase length of stay (p < 0.001), postoperative complications (p = 0.004) and poorer OS(p = 0.018) but not significantly associated with major complications (p = 0.279), CSS(p = 0.338) or RFS(p = 0.941). CONCLUSION: Age by itself was associated with OS after LR for HCC but was not a significant risk factor for HCC-related death.

Adjuvant Capecitabine Following Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Induction or adjuvant chemotherapy with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) are first-line treatment options for treatment of locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC). Adjuvant platinum regimens are, however, poorly tolerated, highlighting the unmet need for an efficacious, tolerable adjuvant regimen. Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of adjuvant capecitabine with CCRT for the treatment of patients with LA-NPC. Design, Setting, and Participants: This open-label randomized clinical trial recruited patients from March 31, 2014, to July 27, 2018, at 3 institutions in China, with at least 3 years of follow-up. The data collection cutoff date was February 9, 2022. Eligibility included stage III-IVb nasopharyngeal carcinoma and at least 1 of the following: T3-4N2 or T1-4N3; plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA titer higher than 20 000 copies/mL; primary gross tumor volume larger than 30.0 cm3; fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 positron emission tomography/computed tomography maximum standard uptake value of the primary gross tumor volume larger than 10.0; or multiple nodal metastases and any larger than 4.0 cm. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive either capecitabine (1000 mg/m2 twice daily for 14 days every 3 weeks for 8 cycles) or observation following CCRT (100 mg/m2 cisplatin every 3 weeks for 2 to 3 cycles, depending on duration of radiotherapy). Main Outcomes and Measures: Failure-free survival in the intention-to-treat cohort was assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves compared with the log-rank test. Unstratified Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios, with corresponding 95% CIs based on the Wald test. Results: There were 180 patients enrolled (median [IQR] age, 47 [40-55] years; 143 [79.4%] men). Among 90 patients in the capecitabine group, 76 (84.4%) had at least 2 high-risk factors; among 90 patients in the control group, 80 (88.9%) had at least 2 high-risk factors. All patients completed CCRT, except 1 patient in the capecitabine group who received 1 cycle of cisplatin. Of the 90 patients in the capecitabine group, 85 (94.4%) received capecitabine, with 71 (78.9%) completing 8 cycles. With a median (IQR) follow-up of 58.0 (49.5-80.1) months, 18 events were recorded in the capecitabine group vs 31 events in the control group. Failure-free survival was improved with adjuvant capecitabine (3 years, 83.3% vs 72.2%; 5 years, 78.5% vs 65.9%; hazard ratio, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.30-0.94]; P = .03). The incidence of grade 3 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) was higher in the capecitabine group than in the control group (54 of 90 patients [60.0%] vs 46 of 90 patients [51.1%]). Treatment-related adverse events included xerostomia (17 [18.9%] vs 9 [10.0%] patients), mucositis (21 [23.3%] vs 15 [16.7%] patients), and anorexia (8 [8.9%] vs 4 [4.4%] patients). The incidence of grade 3 delayed treatment-related adverse events was comparable in both groups (9 of 83 [10.8%] vs 7 of 81 [8.6%] patients). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, adjuvant capecitabine at the full dose following CCRT was well tolerated and improved failure-free survival among patients with LA-NPC and high-risk factors. Further investigations assessing optimal dose and duration are warranted. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02143388.

Efficacy, toxicity, and quality-of-life outcomes of ultrahypofractionated radiotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer: A single-arm phase 2 trial from Asia.

AIMS: Ultra-hypofractionated radiotherapy (UHF-RT) is widely utilized in men with localized prostate cancer (PCa). There are limited data in Asian cohorts. We report the outcomes of a single-arm, phase II trial of UHF-RT from an Asian center. METHODS: We recruited men with histologically confirmed, nonmetastatic localized PCa. UHF-RT regimens were 36.25 Gy (Cohort A) and 37.5 Gy (Cohort B) delivered in five fractions every other day over 1.5-2.5 weeks. Primary endpoint was physician-scored late genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs). Quality-of-life (QoL) was assessed by Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) at baseline, 1- and 2-year post-UHF-RT. RESULTS: Between March 2014 and August 2019, 105 men were recruited; four were subsequently excluded from analysis. Median age was 68.0 (Interquartile range (IQR): 63.8-73.0) years. 26 (24.8%) and 68 (64.8%) men had NCCN-defined low-and intermediate-risk PCa, respectively. No late ≥G3 GU or GI toxicities were reported in both cohorts. Peak incidence of acute ≥G2 GU AEs at 14 days post-UHF-RT was 23.6% (17/72) and 24.0% (6/25) in Cohorts A and B, respectively; ≥G2 GI AEs were observed in 9.7% (7/72) and 36.0% (9/25), respectively. Late ≥G2 GU and GI AEs occurred in 4.7% and 3.1% of Cohort A patients, and 5.0% in Cohort B at 12 months, with no AEs at 24 months. EPIC scores changed minimally across all domains. At a median follow-up of 44.9 months, we recorded one (1.3%) biochemical relapse by the Phoenix criteria (Cohort A). CONCLUSION: UHF-RT is well tolerated in Asian men and can be a recommended fractionation schema for localized PCa.

A pilot study of the effect of a home-based multimodal symptom-management program in children and adolescents undergoing chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Prevalent symptoms that affect children and adolescents throughout the process of cancer diagnosis and treatment include nausea and vomiting, fatigue, pain, mucositis, and anxiety. AIM: To examine the effect of a home-based multimodal symptom-management program for alleviation of nausea and vomiting, fatigue, pain, mucositis, and anxiety in children and adolescents undergoing chemotherapy for hematological malignancies or solid tumors. METHODS: In an exploratory pilot randomized study with qualitative interview, patients between 10 and 18 years of age were randomly assigned to either the symptom-management program plus usual care (intervention group) or usual care (control group). The program consisted of multiple nonpharmacological interventional components. The targeted symptoms were measured at baseline (after diagnosis), at the first 2 weeks of each cycle of chemotherapy, and at 6 months after baseline, using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale 10-18 and the State Anxiety Scale for Children. RESULTS: Fifty children (31 boys; mean age, 13.7 years) were randomized either to the intervention group or the control group (25 each) and underwent baseline assessment. A comparison between the groups showed that the intervention group had a significant less fatigue over time (P < .05). However, no differences were found with respect to nausea and vomiting, pain, mucositis, and anxiety between groups. Both children and parents reported a positive experience with the symptom-management program. CONCLUSION: The home-based symptom-management program may have helped to reduce fatigue in children and adolescents undergoing chemotherapy. In addition, qualitative data support the importance of improving children and parents' knowledge, coping skills, and psychological preparation for symptoms associated with chemotherapy.