Unexpected influence of a C-terminal-fused His-tag on the processing of an enzyme and on the kinetic and folding parameters.

The addition of a poly-His C-terminal extension, designed to facilitate the purification of the protein, to the beta-lactamase of a thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis strain modified the site of action of the signal peptidase. This resulted in the secretion of a protein with a different N-terminus, showing that this type of protein engineering might not always be as 'neutral' as generally assumed.

Use of an ALFexpress DNA sequencer to analyze protein-nucleic acid interactions by band shift assay.

Gel retardation analysis, or band shift assay, is technically the simplest method to investigate protein-nucleic acid interactions. In this report, we describe a nonradioactive band shift assay using a fluorescent DNA target and an ALFexpress automatic DNA sequencer in place of the current method that utilizes radioactively end-labeled DNA target and a standard electrophoresis unit. In our study, the dsDNA targets were obtained by annealing two synthetic oligonucleotides or by PCR. In both cases, a molecule of indodicarbocyanine (CY5) was attached at the 5' OH end of one of the two synthetic oligonucleotides, with a ratio of one molecule of fluorescent dye per molecule of dsDNA. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new band shift assay method, the DNA-binding proteins selected as models were the BlaI and AmpR repressors, which are involved in the induction of the Bacillus licheniformis 749/I and Citrobacter freundii beta-lactamases, respectively. The results show that the use of an automatic DNA sequencer allows easy gel retardation analysis and provides a fast, sensitive, and quantitative method. The ALFexpress DNA sequencer has the same limit of detection as a laser fluorescence scanner and can be used instead of a FluorImager or a Molecular Imager.

Use of an automatic DNA sequencer for S1 mapping: transcriptional analysis of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) dnaK operon.

The transcription start point of the dnaK operon of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been determined by S1 mapping, using the EMBL automated fluorescent DNA sequencer. The -35 and -10 hexamers correspond to a sigma 70-type promoter. This promoter responds to heat shock and involves an inverted repeat different from the CIRCE sequence characteristic of the Gram-positive heat-shock promoters.

Sequence of a gene encoding a (poly ManA) alginate lyase active on Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate.

The recombinant plasmid pAL-A3 bears a (poly ManA) alginate lyase-encoding gene that originates from the marine bacterium ATCC 433367 (Brown et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1991) 57, 1870-1872). The alginate lyase produced by Escherichia coli TC4 harbouring pAL-A3 was purified to protein homogeneity and the corresponding gene sequenced, giving access to the first known primary structure of an alginate lyase. The 265-amino acid residue alginate lyase showed lytic activity on a Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient. Unexpectedly, the alginate lyase thus characterized differed from that isolated from the culture medium of the bacterium ATCC 433367 (Romeo and Preston, Biochemistry (1986) 25, 8385-8391).

The division and cell wall gene cluster of Enterococcus hirae S185.

A chromosomal 10355-bp segment of Enterococcus hirae S185 contains nine orfs which occur in the same order as the MraW-, FtsL-, PBP3-, MraY-, MurD-, MurG-, FtsQ-, FtsA- and FtsZ-encoding genes of the division and cell wall clusters of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The E. hirae DNA segment lacks the genes which in E. coli encode the ligases Ddl, MurC, MurE and MurF and the integral membrane protein FtsW. The encoded E. hirae and E. coli proteins share 25% to 50% identity except FtsL and FtsQ (approximately = 14% identity).

Kinetic properties of the Bacillus licheniformis penicillin-binding proteins.

In the analysis of the interactions between beta-lactam antibiotics and their target enzymes, it is often difficult to estimate the kinetic properties of the molecules which react rapidly with their targets and in consequence behave as the most efficient antibiotics. The combined utilization of fluorescein-labelled penicillins and of a new competition method has allowed an accurate determination of the high second-order rate constants characterizing the acylation of Bacillus licheniformis penicillin-binding protein 1 (PBP1) by penicillins and cephalosporins. Strategies were devised for measuring high acylation rates while avoiding titration effects. The method was also suitable for measuring the PBP kinetic parameters in intact cells. These results also confirmed that PBP1 is probably the main target of most beta-lactam antibiotics. Cephalexin, however, reacted faster with PBP3.

A new, highly sensitive method for the detection and quantification of penicillin-binding proteins.

A new method for the identification and quantification of penicillin-binding proteins is described which uses fluorescein-coupled penicillins. It allows the rapid detection of 0.2 pmol with the naked eye and 2 fmol with the help of an A.L.F. automatic DNA sequencer. Direct labelling can also be performed on whole bacterial cells.

Saturation of penicillin-binding protein 1 by beta-lactam antibiotics in growing cells of Bacillus licheniformis.

With the help of a new highly sensitive method allowing the quantification of free penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and of an integrated mathematical model, the progressive saturation of PBP1 by various beta-lactam antibiotics in growing cells of Bacillus licheniformis was studied. Although the results confirmed PBP1 as a major lethal target for these compounds, they also underlined several weaknesses in our present understanding of this phenomenon. In growing cells, but not in resting cells, the penicillin target(s) appeared to be somewhat protected from the action of the inactivators. In vitro experiments indicated that amino acids, peptides and depsipeptides mimicking the peptide moiety of the nascent peptidoglycan significantly interfered with the acylation of PBP1 by the antibiotics. In addition, the level of PBP1 saturation at antibiotic concentrations corresponding to the minimum inhibitory concentrations was not constant, suggesting that additional, presently undiscovered, factors might be necessary to account for the experimental observations.

Structure of In31, a blaIMP-containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa integron phyletically related to In5, which carries an unusual array of gene cassettes.

The location and environment of the acquired blaIMP gene, which encodes the IMP-1 metallo-beta-lactamase, were investigated in a Japanese Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate (isolate 101/1477) that produced the enzyme. In this isolate, blaIMP was carried on a 36-kb plasmid, and similar to the identical alleles found in Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates, it was located on a mobile gene cassette inserted into an integron. The entire structure of this integron, named In31, was determined. In31 is a class 1 element belonging to the same group of defective transposon derivatives that originated from Tn402-like ancestors such as In0, In2, and In5. The general structure of In31 appeared to be most closely related to that of In5 from pSCH884, suggesting a recent common phylogeny for these two elements. In In31, the blaIMP cassette is the first of an array of five gene cassettes that also includes an aacA4 cassette and three original cassettes that have never been described in other integrons. The novel cassettes carry, respectively, (i) a new chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-encoding allele of the catB family, (ii) a qac allele encoding a new member of the small multidrug resistance family of proteins, and (iii) an open reading frame encoding a protein of unknown function. All the resistance genes carried on cassettes inserted in In31 were found to be functional in decreasing the in vitro susceptibilities of host strains to the corresponding antimicrobial agents.

Two new aminopeptidases from Ochrobactrum anthropi active on D-alanyl-p-nitroanilide.

Two new enzymes which hydrolyse D-alanyl-p-nitroanilide have been detected in Ochrobactrum anthropi LMG7991 extracts. The first enzyme, DmpB, was purified to homogeneity and found to be homologous to the Dap protein produced by O. anthropi SCRC C1-38 (ATCC49237). The second enzyme, DmpA, exhibits a similar substrate profile when tested on p-nitroanilide derivatives of glycine and L/D-alanine, but the amounts produced by the Ochrobactrum strain were not sufficient to allow complete purification. Interestingly, the DmpA preparation also exhibited an L-aminopeptidase activity on the tripeptide L-Ala-Gly-Gly but it was not possible to be certain that the same protein was responsible for both p-nitroanilide and peptide hydrolysing activities. The gene encoding the DmpA protein was cloned and sequenced. The deduced protein sequence exhibits varying degrees of similarity with those corresponding to several open reading frames found in the genomes of other prokaryotic organisms, including Mycobacteria. None of these gene products has been isolated or characterised, but a tentative relationship can be proposed with the NylC amidase from Flavobacterium sp. K172.