RESUMO
It is unclear how quiescence is enforced in naive T cells, but activation by foreign antigens and self-antigens is allowed, despite the presence of inhibitory signals. We showed that active transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) signaling was present in naive T cells, and T cell receptor (TCR) engagement reduced TGF-ß signaling during T cell activation by downregulating TGF-ß type 1 receptor (TßRI) through activation of caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). TGF-ß prevented TCR-mediated TßRI downregulation, but this was abrogated by interleukin-6 (IL-6). Mitigation of TCR-mediated TßRI downregulation through overexpression of TßRI in naive and activated T cells rendered T cells less responsive and suppressed autoimmunity. Naive T cells in autoimmune patients exhibited reduced TßRI expression and increased TCR-driven proliferation compared to healthy subjects. Thus, TCR-mediated regulation of TßRI-TGF-ß signaling acts as a crucial criterion to determine T cell quiescence and activation.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta Tipo I/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Animais , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Linhagem Celular , Proliferação de Células , Colite/imunologia , Colite/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptor do Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta Tipo I/biossíntese , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/biossínteseRESUMO
The efficacy of Adoptive Cell Transfer Therapy (ACT) in combating hematological tumors has been well-documented, yet its application to solid tumors faces formidable hurdles, chief among them being the suboptimal therapeutic response and the immunosuppressive milieu within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, Garcia, J. et al. present compelling findings shedding light on potential breakthroughs in this domain. Their investigation reveals the pronounced augmentation of anti-tumor activity in CAR T cells through the introduction of a T cell neoplasm fusion gene, CARD11-PIK3R3. The incorporation of this gene into engineered T cell therapy holds promise as a formidable tool in the arsenal of cancer immunotherapy. The innovative strategy outlined not only mitigates the requirement for high doses of CAR T cells but also enhances tumor control while exhibiting encouraging safety profiles. The exploration of the CARD11-PIK3R3 fusion gene represents an advancement in our approach to bolstering the anti-tumor efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions. Nonetheless, the imperative for further inquiry to ascertain its transfection efficiency and long-term safety cannot be overstated. Nevertheless, this seminal investigation offers a beacon of hope in surmounting the formidable treatment impediments posed by solid tumors, paving the way for a transformative era in cancer therapeutics.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia Adotiva , Neoplasias , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/genética , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos Quiméricos/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , AnimaisRESUMO
The caspase activation and recruitment domain 11 (CARD11) gene encodes a scaffold protein required for lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling. Dominant-negative, loss-of-function (LOF) pathogenic variants in CARD11 result in CARD11-associated atopy with dominant interference of NF-κB signaling (CADINS) disease. Patients with CADINS suffer with severe atopic manifestations including atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and chronic spontaneous urticaria in addition to recurrent infections and autoimmunity. We assessed the response of dupilumab in five patients and omalizumab in one patient with CADINS for the treatment of severe atopic symptoms. CARD11 mutations were validated for pathogenicity using a T cell transfection assay to assess the impact on activation-induced signaling to NF-κB. Three children and three adults with dominant-negative CARD11 LOF mutations were included. All developed atopic disease in infancy or early childhood. In five patients, atopic dermatitis was severe and recalcitrant to standard topical and systemic medications; one adult suffered from chronic spontaneous urticaria. Subcutaneous dupilumab was initiated to treat atopic dermatitis and omalizumab to treat chronic spontaneous urticaria. All six patients had rapid and sustained improvement in atopic symptoms with no complications during the follow-up period. Previous medications used to treat atopy were able to be decreased or discontinued. In conclusion, treatment with dupilumab and omalizumab for severe, refractory atopic disease in patients with CADINS appears to be effective and well tolerated in patients with CADINS with severe atopy.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Urticária Crônica , Dermatite Atópica , Pré-Escolar , Adulto , Criança , Humanos , Omalizumab/uso terapêutico , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Atópica/genética , NF-kappa BRESUMO
A 12-year-old boy affected by severe combined immunodeficiency due to a heterozygous variant in the CARD domain of CARD11, c.169G>A; p.Glu57Lys, developed severe atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata. After failure of conventional systemic therapy, dupilumab was administered at a dose of 400 mg subcutaneously, followed by 200 mg every 14 days. The patient had an excellent clinical response after 1 month and complete remission after a year, with the absence of side effects, demonstrating good efficacy and safety profile.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica , Prurigo , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa , Masculino , Criança , Humanos , Dermatite Atópica/complicações , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Prurigo/tratamento farmacológico , Imunodeficiência Combinada Severa/complicações , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Guanilato Ciclase , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genéticaRESUMO
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare primary cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving CD8+ T cells, the genetic underpinnings of which remain incompletely understood. Here we report two unrelated patients with B cell Expansion with NF-κB and T cell Anergy (BENTA) disease and a novel presentation of SPTCL. Patient 1 presented early in life with recurrent infections and B cell lymphocytosis, linked to a novel gain-of-function (GOF) CARD11 mutation (p.Lys238del). He developed SPTCL-like lesions and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis by age 2, treated successfully with cyclosporine. Patient 2 presented at 13 months with splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and SPTCL with evidence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Genetic analysis revealed two in cis germline GOF CARD11 variants (p.Glu121Asp/p.Gly126Ser). Autologous bone marrow transplant resulted in SPTCL remission despite persistent B cell lymphocytosis. These cases illuminate an unusual pathological manifestation for BENTA disease, suggesting that CARD11 GOF mutations can manifest in cutaneous CD4+and CD8+ T cell malignancies.
Assuntos
Síndromes de Imunodeficiência , Linfocitose , Linfoma de Células T , Paniculite , Masculino , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Paniculite/genética , Paniculite/patologia , Paniculite/terapia , Linfoma de Células T/genética , Linfoma de Células T/terapiaRESUMO
Genetic testing has increased the number of variants identified in disease genes, but the diagnostic utility is limited by lack of understanding variant function. CARD11 encodes an adaptor protein that expresses dominant-negative and gain-of-function variants associated with distinct immunodeficiencies. Here, we used a "cloning-free" saturation genome editing approach in a diploid cell line to simultaneously score 2,542 variants for decreased or increased function in the region of CARD11 associated with immunodeficiency. We also described an exon-skipping mechanism for CARD11 dominant-negative activity. The classification of reported clinical variants was sensitive (94.6%) and specific (88.9%), which rendered the data immediately useful for interpretation of seven coding and splicing variants implicated in immunodeficiency found in our clinic. This approach is generalizable for variant interpretation in many other clinically actionable genes, in any relevant cell type.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Variação Genética , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/genética , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/farmacologia , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B/genética , Linfócitos B/citologia , Linhagem Celular , Diploide , Éxons , Genes Dominantes , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Linfoma/genética , Subunidade p50 de NF-kappa B/genética , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Doenças da Imunodeficiência Primária/genética , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
The caspase activation and recruitment domain-coiled-coil (CARD-CC) family of proteins-CARD9, CARD10, CARD11, and CARD14-is collectively expressed across nearly all tissues of the body and is a crucial mediator of immunologic signaling as part of the CARD-B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (CBM) complex. Dysfunction or dysregulation of CBM proteins has been linked to numerous clinical manifestations known as "CBM-opathies." The CBM-opathy spectrum encompasses diseases ranging from mucocutaneous fungal infections and psoriasis to combined immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative diseases; however, there is accumulating evidence that the CARD-CC family members also contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and allergic diseases. Here, we review the 4 CARD-CC paralogs, as well as B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10 and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1, and their individual and collective roles in the pathogenesis and progression of allergic inflammation and 4 major allergic diseases (allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis).
Assuntos
Leucemia , Linfoma de Zona Marginal Tipo Células B , Humanos , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD , Proteína de Translocação 1 do Linfoma de Tecido Linfoide Associado à Mucosa/metabolismo , Guanilato Ciclase , Transdução de Sinais , Inflamação , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismoRESUMO
Dynamic changes in metabolism have long been understood as critical for both the initiation and maintenance of innate and adaptive immune responses. A number of recent advances have clarified details of how metabolic pathways can specifically affect cellular function in immune cells. Critical to this understanding is ongoing study of the congenital disorders of glycosylation and other genetic disorders of metabolism that lead to altered immune function in humans. While there are a number of immune phenotypes associated with metabolic derangements caused by single gene disorders, several genetic mutations have begun to link discrete alterations in metabolism and growth specifically with allergic disease. This subset of primary atopic disorders is of particular interest as they illuminate how hypomorphic mutations which allow for some residual function of mutated protein products permit the "abnormal" allergic response. This review will highlight how mutations altering sugar metabolism and mTOR activation place similar constraints on T lymphocyte metabolism to engender atopy, and how alterations in JAK/STAT signaling can impair growth and cellular metabolism while concomitantly promoting allergic diseases and reactions in humans.
Assuntos
Transtornos do Crescimento/genética , Mutação/genética , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Animais , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Imediata , Janus Quinases/metabolismo , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição STAT/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Açúcares/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A small subset of cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) occurs as a result of single gene defects, and typically occurs in young or very young pediatric patients, referred to as "monogenic very-early onset IBD (VEO-IBD)". The gene variants leading to monogenic VEO-IBD are often associated with primary immunodeficiency syndromes. CASE REPORT: A six year-old girl presented to our gastroenterology clinic with LRBA deficiency with a heterozygous mutation at c.1399 A > G, p Met467Val, histopathologic chronic active colitis without granulomas and clinical chronic colitis. Her gastrointestinal symptoms began at age 5 with bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss. Whole exome sequencing revealed a CARD11 heterozygous de novo mutation (c.220 + 1G > A). She was in clinical remission on only abatacept. DISCUSSION: We present a case of monogenic VEO-IBD associated with two heterozygous variants in LRBA1 and CARD11, both considered as key players in the newly proposed "immune TOR-opathies".
Assuntos
Colite , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais , Humanos , Criança , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/diagnóstico , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/genética , Colite/diagnóstico , Colite/genética , Mutação , Heterozigoto , Idade de Início , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genéticaRESUMO
B-cell expansion with NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) and T-cell anergy (BENTA) is a rare congenital lymphoproliferative disorder caused by germline gain-of-function mutations in the CARD11 gene. We herein report a familial case of BENTA due to a G123D heterozygous missense mutation in CARD11 inherited by a male from his mother. The mother's clinical course was characterized by polyarthritis and encephalitis in young adulthood, suggesting that autoimmune-like manifestations can occur in BENTA. The B-cell lymphocytosis and splenomegaly seen in her child have been managed with prednisolone and tacrolimus. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the efficacy of calcineurin inhibitors for BENTA.
Assuntos
Síndromes de Imunodeficiência , NF-kappa B , Criança , Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Mutação , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Germline pathogenic variants impairing the caspase recruitment domain family member 11 (CARD11)-B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 10 (BCL10)-MALT1 paracaspase (MALT1) (CBM) complex are associated with diverse human diseases including combined immunodeficiency (CID), atopy, and lymphoproliferation. However, the impact of CARD11 deficiency on human B-cell development, signaling, and function is incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine the cellular, immunological, and biochemical basis of disease for 2 unrelated patients who presented with profound CID associated with viral and fungal respiratory infections, interstitial lung disease, and severe colitis. METHODS: Patients underwent next-generation sequencing, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, signaling assays by immunoblot, and transcriptome profiling by RNA-sequencing. RESULTS: Both patients carried identical novel pathogenic biallelic loss-of-function variants in CARD11 (c.2509C>T; p.Arg837∗) leading to undetectable protein expression. This variant prevented CBM complex formation, severely impairing the activation of nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and MALT1 paracaspase activity in B and T cells. This functional defect resulted in a developmental block in B cells at the naive and type 1 transitional B-cell stage and impaired circulating T follicular helper cell (cTFH) development, which was associated with impaired antibody responses and absent germinal center structures on lymph node histology. Transcriptomics indicated that CARD11-dependent signaling is essential for immune signaling pathways involved in the development of these cells. Both patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantations, which led to functional normalization. CONCLUSIONS: Complete human CARD11 deficiency causes profound CID by impairing naive/type 1 B-cell and cTFH cell development and abolishing activation of MALT1 paracaspase, NF-κB, and JNK activity. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation functionally restores impaired signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Mutação/genética , Células Precursoras de Linfócitos B/imunologia , Doenças da Imunodeficiência Primária/imunologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Adolescente , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Criança , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Lactente , Masculino , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Doenças da Imunodeficiência Primária/terapia , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The activation of key signaling pathways downstream of antigen receptor engagement is critically required for normal lymphocyte activation during the adaptive immune response. CARD11 is a multidomain signaling scaffold protein required for antigen receptor signaling to NF-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and mTOR. Germline mutations in the CARD11 gene result in at least four types of primary immunodeficiency, and somatic CARD11 gain-of-function mutations drive constitutive NF-κB activity in diffuse large B cell lymphoma and other lymphoid cancers. In response to antigen receptor triggering, CARD11 transitions from a closed, inactive state to an open, active scaffold that recruits multiple signaling partners into a complex to relay downstream signaling. However, how this signal-induced CARD11 conversion occurs remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of Inducible Element 1 (IE1), a short regulatory element in the CARD11 Inhibitory Domain, in the CARD11 signaling cycle. We find that IE1 controls the signal-dependent Opening Step that makes CARD11 accessible to the binding of cofactors, including Bcl10, MALT1, and the HOIP catalytic subunit of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. Surprisingly, we find that IE1 is also required at an independent step for the maximal activation of HOIP and MALT1 enzymatic activity after cofactor recruitment to CARD11. This role of IE1 reveals that there is an Enzymatic Activation Step in the CARD11 signaling cycle that is distinct from the Cofactor Association Step. Our results indicate that CARD11 has evolved to actively coordinate scaffold opening and the induction of enzymatic activity among recruited cofactors during antigen receptor signaling.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/química , Guanilato Ciclase/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Receptores de Antígenos/genética , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/ultraestrutura , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Células Jurkat , Ativação Linfocitária/genética , Proteína de Translocação 1 do Linfoma de Tecido Linfoide Associado à Mucosa/genética , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Complexos Multiproteicos/ultraestrutura , NF-kappa B/genética , Ligação Proteica/genética , Conformação Proteica , Receptores de Antígenos/química , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
Germline gain-of-function mutations in CARD11 lead to the primary immunodeficiency, B cell expansion with NF-κB, and T cell anergy (BENTA). Herein, we report the case of a girl, presenting at 2 years of age with lymphocytosis and splenomegaly in whom a novel, in-frame, three base pair deletion in CARD11 was identified resulting in the deletion of a single lysine residue (K215del) from the coiled-coil domain. In vitro functional assays demonstrated that this variant leads to a subtle increase in baseline NF-κB signaling and impaired proliferative responses following T cell receptor and mitogenic stimulation. Previously reported immunological defects associated with BENTA appear mild in our patient who is now 6 years of age; a B cell lymphocytosis and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections persist; however, she has broad, sustained responses to protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines and displays normal proliferative responses to ex vivo T cell stimulation.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/genética , Linfocitose/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Pareamento de Bases/genética , Proliferação de Células , Células Cultivadas , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Anergia Clonal , Feminino , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Lactente , Ativação Linfocitária , Deleção de Sequência/genéticaRESUMO
Host factors play multiple essential roles in the replication and pathogenesis of mammalian neurotropic viruses. However, the cellular proteins of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in avian neurotropic virus infection have not been completely elucidated. Here, we employed a gene microarray to identify caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11), a lymphoma-associated scaffold protein presenting brain-specific upregulated expression in a virulent neurotropic Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected natural host. Chicken primary neuronal cells infected with NDV appeared slightly syncytial and died quickly. CARD11 overexpression inhibited viral replication and delayed cytopathic effects; conversely, depletion of CARD11 enhanced viral replication and cytopathic effects in chicken primary neuronal cells. The inhibition of viral replication by CARD11 could not be blocked with CARD11-Bcl10-MALT1 (CBM) signalosome and NF-κB signaling inhibitors. CARD11 was found to interact directly with the viral phosphoprotein (P) through its CC1 domain and the X domain of P; this X domain also mediated the interaction between P and the viral large polymerase protein (L). The CARD11 CC1 domain and L competitively bound to P via the X domain that hindered the P-L interaction of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, resulting in a reduction of viral polymerase activity in a minigenome assay and inhibition of viral replication. Animal experiments further revealed that CARD11 contributed to viral replication inhibition and neuropathology in infected chicken brains. Taken together, our findings identify CARD11 as a brain-specific antiviral factor of NDV infection in avian species.IMPORTANCE Newcastle disease virus (NDV) substantially impacts the poultry industry worldwide and causes viral encephalitis and neurological disorders leading to brain damage, paralysis, and death. The mechanism of interaction between this neurotropic virus and the avian central nervous system (CNS) is largely unknown. Here, we report that host protein CARD11 presented brain-specific upregulated expression that inhibited NDV replication, which was not due to CARD11-Bcl10-MALT1 (CBM) complex-triggered activation of its downstream signaling pathways. The inhibitory mechanism of viral replication is through the CARD11 CC1 domain, and the viral large polymerase protein (L) competitively interacts with the X domain of the viral phosphoprotein (P), which hampers the P-L interaction, suppressing the viral polymerase activity and viral replication. An in vivo study indicated that CARD11 alleviated neuropathological lesions and reduced viral replication in chicken brains. These results provide insight into the interaction between NDV infection and the host defense in the CNS and a potential antiviral target for viral neural diseases.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/antagonistas & inibidores , Guanilato Ciclase/antagonistas & inibidores , Neurônios/virologia , Vírus da Doença de Newcastle/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B/metabolismo , Ligação Competitiva , Encéfalo/patologia , Encéfalo/virologia , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Galinhas , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteína de Translocação 1 do Linfoma de Tecido Linfoide Associado à Mucosa/metabolismo , Doença de Newcastle/virologia , Receptor EphB2 , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
BENTA (B cell Expansion with NF-κB and T cell Anergy) is a novel lymphoproliferative disorder caused by germline, gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the lymphocyte-restricted scaffolding protein CARD11. Similar somatic CARD11 mutations are found in lymphoid malignancies such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Normally, antigen receptor (AgR) engagement converts CARD11 into an active conformation that nucleates a signalosome required for IκB kinase (IKK) activation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. However, GOF CARD11 mutants drive constitutive NF-κB activity without AgR stimulation. Here we show that unlike wild-type CARD11, GOF CARD11 mutants can form large, peculiar cytosolic protein aggregates we term mCADS (mutant CARD11 dependent shells). MALT1 and phospho-IKK are reliably colocalized with mCADS, indicative of active signaling. Moreover, endogenous mCADS are detectable in ABC-DLBCL lines harboring similar GOF CARD11 mutations. The unique aggregation potential of GOF CARD11 mutants may represent a novel therapeutic target for treating BENTA or DLBCL.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Agregação Celular/fisiologia , Mutação com Ganho de Função , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Humanos , Quinase I-kappa B/metabolismo , Células Jurkat , Ativação Linfocitária , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Linfócitos/fisiologia , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/metabolismo , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/patologia , Proteína de Translocação 1 do Linfoma de Tecido Linfoide Associado à Mucosa/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Over the last 13 years, the genetic etiologies have been determined for multiple conditions causing elevated serum IgE, infection susceptibilities, and variable other features. In this review, we discuss the clinical presentation, laboratory features, and genetics of these diseases caused by mutations in STAT3, DOCK8, PGM3, IL6ST, ZNF341, IL6R, IL6ST, CARD11, and CARD14, with particular focus given to STAT3LOF and DOCK8 deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS: Defining the phenotype of each of these syndromes with high IgE and infection susceptibility shows that some have a pronounced connective tissue phenotype such as STAT3LOF and IL6ST deficiency, some have worse viral susceptibility such as DOCK8 deficiency and heterozygous LOF CARD11, and some have more severe allergy and eczema such as LOF CARD14. Studying these distinct but overlapping monogenic diseases will allow a better understanding of more common disease processes such as allergy, eczema, infection susceptibility, scoliosis, and aneurysm.
Assuntos
Suscetibilidade a Doenças/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/efeitos adversos , Infecções/imunologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , MasculinoRESUMO
Lymphomas are a diverse group of hematologic malignancies that arise from either T cell, B cell or the natural killer cell lineage. B cell lymphomas arise from gene mutations with critical functions during normal B cell development. Recent advances in the understanding of molecular pathogenesis demonstrate that many different recurrent genomic and molecular abnormalities and dysregulated oncogenic regulatory pathways exist for many subtypes of B cell lymphomas, both across and within histological subtypes. Pathogenetic processes such as (1) chromosomal aberrations, for example, t(14;18) in follicular lymphoma, t(11;14) in mantle cell lymphoma, t(8;14) in Burkitt lymphoma; dysregulations in signaling pathways of (2) nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB); (3) B cell receptor (BCR); (4) Janus kinase/signal transducers and transcription activators (JAK-STAT); (5) impaired apoptosis/cell cycle regulation due to mutated, rearranged or amplified MYC, BCL-2, BCL-6 proto-oncogenes; (6) epigenetic aberrations may contribute to pathogenesis. More studies are under way to elucidate the molecular heterogeneity underlying many types of lymphomas that account for variable responses to treatment, generation of subclones and treatment resistance. Although significant research is still needed, targeted therapy promises to provide new options for the treatment of patients with lymphomas. This article provides a non-exhaustive overview on the current understanding on the genetics of pathogenesis of B cell lymphomas and their therapeutic implications.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Linfoma de Células B/genética , Linfoma de Células B/terapia , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/antagonistas & inibidores , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/métodos , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos/tendências , Marcação de Genes/métodos , Marcação de Genes/tendências , Humanos , Linfoma de Células B/metabolismo , Linfoma Folicular/genética , Linfoma Folicular/metabolismo , Linfoma Folicular/terapia , Linfoma não Hodgkin/genética , Linfoma não Hodgkin/metabolismo , Linfoma não Hodgkin/terapia , Mutação/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação/fisiologia , Medicina de Precisão/tendências , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Caspase activation and recruitment domain 11 (CARD11) encodes a scaffold protein in lymphocytes that links antigen receptor engagement with downstream signaling to nuclear factor κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1. Germline CARD11 mutations cause several distinct primary immune disorders in human subjects, including severe combined immune deficiency (biallelic null mutations), B-cell expansion with nuclear factor κB and T-cell anergy (heterozygous, gain-of-function mutations), and severe atopic disease (loss-of-function, heterozygous, dominant interfering mutations), which has focused attention on CARD11 mutations discovered by using whole-exome sequencing. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the molecular actions of an extended allelic series of CARD11 and to characterize the expanding range of clinical phenotypes associated with heterozygous CARD11 loss-of-function alleles. METHODS: Cell transfections and primary T-cell assays were used to evaluate signaling and function of CARD11 variants. RESULTS: Here we report on an expanded cohort of patients harboring novel heterozygous CARD11 mutations that extend beyond atopy to include other immunologic phenotypes not previously associated with CARD11 mutations. In addition to (and sometimes excluding) severe atopy, heterozygous missense and indel mutations in CARD11 presented with immunologic phenotypes similar to those observed in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 loss of function, dedicator of cytokinesis 8 deficiency, common variable immunodeficiency, neutropenia, and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked-like syndrome. Pathogenic variants exhibited dominant negative activity and were largely confined to the CARD or coiled-coil domains of the CARD11 protein. CONCLUSION: These results illuminate a broader phenotypic spectrum associated with CARD11 mutations in human subjects and underscore the need for functional studies to demonstrate that rare gene variants encountered in expected and unexpected phenotypes must nonetheless be validated for pathogenic activity.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/imunologia , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/imunologia , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/genética , Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mutação , FenótipoRESUMO
Caspase recruitment domain (CARD) protein-B cell CLL/lymphoma 10 (BCL10)-MALT1 paracaspase (MALT1) [CBM] complexes are critical signaling adaptors that facilitate immune and inflammatory responses downstream of both cell surface and intracellular receptors. Germline mutations that alter the function of members of this complex (termed CBM-opathies) cause a broad array of clinical phenotypes, ranging from profound combined immunodeficiency to B-cell lymphocytosis. With an increasing number of patients being described in recent years, the clinical spectrum of diseases associated with CBM-opathies is rapidly expanding and becoming unexpectedly heterogeneous. Here we review major discoveries that have shaped our understanding of CBM complex biology, and we provide an overview of the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and treatment options for those carrying germline mutations affecting CARD9, CARD11, CARD14, BCL10, and MALT1.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/genética , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/genética , Mutação/genética , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B/genética , Proteína 10 de Linfoma CCL de Células B/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Guanilato Ciclase/genética , Guanilato Ciclase/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/metabolismo , Síndromes de Imunodeficiência/metabolismo , Inflamação , Linfocitose , Proteína de Translocação 1 do Linfoma de Tecido Linfoide Associado à Mucosa/genética , Proteína de Translocação 1 do Linfoma de Tecido Linfoide Associado à Mucosa/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for immunological tolerance and immune homeostasis. Despite a great deal of interest in modulating their number and function for the treatment of autoimmune disease or cancer, the precise mechanisms that control the homeostasis of Treg cells remain unclear. We report a new ENU-induced mutant mouse, lack of costimulation (loco), with atopic dermatitis and Treg cell deficiency typical of Card11 loss-of-function mutants. Three distinct single nucleotide variants were found in the Card11 introns 2, 10 and 20 that cause the loss of CARD11 expression in these mutant mice. These mutations caused the loss of thymic-derived, Neuropilin-1+ (NRP1+ ) Treg cells in neonatal and adult loco mice; however, residual peripherally induced NRP1- Treg cells remained. These peripherally generated Treg cells could be expanded in vivo by the administration of IL-2:anti-IL-2 complexes, indicating that this key homeostatic signaling axis remained intact in CARD11-deficient Treg cells. Furthermore, these expanded Treg cells could mediate near-normal suppression of activated, conventional CD4+ T cells, suggesting that CARD11 is dispensable for Treg cell function. In addition to shedding light on the requirements for CARD11 in Treg cell homeostasis and function, these data reveal novel noncoding Card11 loss-of-function mutations that impair the expression of this critical immune-regulatory protein.