RESUMO
The further development of high-power sodium-ion batteries faces the severe challenge of achieving high-rate cathode materials. Here, an integrated flexible electrode is constructed by smart combination of a conductive carbon cloth fiber skeleton and N-doped carbon (NC) shell on Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 (NVP) nanoparticles via a simple impregnation method. In addition to the great electronic conductivity and high flexibility of carbon cloth, the NC shell also promotes ion/electron transport in the electrode. The flexible NVP@NC electrode renders preeminent rate capacities (80.7 mAh g-1 at 50 C for cathode; 48 mAh g-1 at 30 C for anode) and superior cycle performance. A flexible symmetric NVP@NC//NVP@NC full cell is endowed with fairly excellent rate performance as well as good cycle stability. The results demonstrate a powerful polybasic strategy design for fabricating electrodes with optimal performance.
RESUMO
To tackle the intrinsic inferior conductivity of the sodium ion batteries (SIBs) cathode Na3V2(PO4)3, transitional metal cation doping, and carbon frame design are employed for NASICON structural modification. Herein, a hard carbon skeleton Na3+xV2-xZnx(PO4)3 NASICON structure is proposed resorting to the combination of flimsy hard carbon slices coating and Zn2+ doping along with the introduction of spare Na+. The structural distortion caused by the insertion of Zn2+ and Na+ broadens the transfer channels and increases diffusion routes for Na+. At the same time, the anchoring effect for Na3+xV2-xZnx(PO4)3 nanoparticles brought by external hard carbon layers and pillar effect aroused by Zn2+ provide a stable and firm skeleton, which is conducive to structural stability and reversibility at high current density. Among various doping concentrations, Na3.03V1.97Zn0.03(PO4)3 performs a significantly enhanced rate performance with a reversible capacity up to 60 mAh·g-1 (40C) and ultra-long cycle life of 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 92.6% at 5C.