RESUMEN
Fifteen cases of human paragonimosis were detected in Ivory Coast from 1974 to 1999. Since no further cases have been reported, an epidemiological survey was carried out in local health centers. The purpose of this paper is to described a new focus of paragonimosis discovered on Lauzoua Island. Clinical and parasitological examinations were performed on 17 patients presenting chronic cough, haemoptysis and/or epilepsy. Stools belonging to cats, dogs and pigs as well as river crustaceans were also examined to identify parasite eggs and metacercariae respectively. Paragonimus eggs were found in stools and/or sputum of five patients. Measurements of these eggs after fixation in formalin allowed division into three groups. Stools from cats, dogs and pigs were negative. Small Paragonimus metacercariae (mean: 277 to 323 microm) were found in three Callinectes marginatus crabs (out of 15 caught near the island). No metacercariae were found in local prawns. The presence of these three Paragonimus egg groups as well as of infected crabs near the island will require further study to identify the species and determine the prevalence of each in human infection.
Asunto(s)
Paragonimiasis/diagnóstico , Paragonimiasis/parasitología , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Braquiuros/parasitología , Gatos/parasitología , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Perros/parasitología , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Paragonimus , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Porcinos/parasitologíaRESUMEN
Since the early 2010s, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Pepfar) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria have stiffened their result-based management strategies. Disbursement conditions are increasingly demanding for funded NGOs (achievement of quantified objectives, frequent reporting, and monitoring of activities), and their remuneration depends on the results achieved. This article aims to analyze the effects of this strengthening of policies based on New Public Management on local implementation of activities, based on the example of community-based HIV testing. In three health districts of Côte d'Ivoire, in 2015 and 2016, we mapped the actors involved in community-based HIV testing and conducted semi-directive interviews with members of the community-based NGOs (n = 18). The funding of local HIV testing organizations is channeled through intermediary organizations according to a complex pyramid system. This, combined with cumbersome activity reporting and data validation, results in delays in the disbursement of funds and significantly reduces the actual time available to implement activities, i.e., to less than half the time planned for this purpose. This managerialization -of both Pepfar and the Global Fund - produces the counterproductive effects against which it was supposed to fight.
Asunto(s)
Serodiagnóstico del SIDA/economía , Servicios de Salud Comunitaria/economía , Servicios de Salud Comunitaria/organización & administración , Eficiencia Organizacional , Administración Financiera/organización & administración , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Côte d'Ivoire , HumanosRESUMEN
An epidemiological study was carried out in 2004-2005 at the anti-tuberculosis centre of Divo (Ivory Coast) to collect sera from patients who consulted for tuberculosis suspicion and to estimate the seroprevalence of human paragonimosis in the context of a systematic screening. No Paragonimus egg was found in the stools and/or sputa of the 167 persons investigated. In contrast, 41 sera were ascertained with antibodies against Paragonimus africanus using ELISA testing. As the optical density (OD) values related to seropositive findings were found under 0.6 (the minimal OD to detect an active paragonimosis), the above antibody titres might originate from patients in chronic or in convalescent stages, or might result of cross reactions with trematodes. Concomitantly, dissection of local crabs (Callinectes marginatus) demonstrated the presence of Paragonimus metacercariae in six out of 34 examined. The parasite burdens in crabs ranged from two to 35 cysts with a mean diameter of 302 microm. In Ivory Coast, the locality of Divo must be considered an at-risk zone in reason of the presence of anti-Paragonimus antibodies in several human sera and the presence of infected crabs at the local market.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antihelmínticos/sangre , Braquiuros/parasitología , Parasitología de Alimentos , Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Paragonimus/inmunología , Adulto , África Occidental/epidemiología , Animales , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Contaminación de Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Paragonimiasis/transmisión , Recuento de Huevos de Parásitos , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Esputo/parasitologíaRESUMEN
It is commonly admitted that people living in malarial zone are carrying asymptomatic Plasmodium. Côte d'Ivoire is one of these zones. The studies carried out on malaria in these areas have focused mainly on the clinical forms of the disease and effectiveness of the antimalarial drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the symptomatic and asymptomatic carriage of Plasmodium falciparum in children of 6 months to 180 months old in the Abidjan area. Over a period of twelve months, 902 feverish subjects and 681 non-feverish subjects were selected among the 7,017 people admitted in the paediatrics service of the Abobo general hospital for detection of malaria parasite. Among 1,583 selected subjects, 358 were carrying Plasmodium falciparum implying a total prevalence rate of 22.6%. The prevalence rate was 13.5% and 29.5% respectively in the asymptomatic subjects and symptomatic subjects. The highest proportions of positive thick smears were observed during the long rainy and dry seasons but, parasitaemia was the highest during the short dry season. In 31.5% of the cases, the asymptomatic carriers had a parasitic density higher or equal to 10,000 trophozoites/microl of blood and fever was not related to parasitic load. The prevalence rates of Plasmodium carriage and malaria were higher during the long rainy season. This study highlighted a considerable proportion of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum carriers. Improving environmental conditions should help to reduce this rate of carriage.
Asunto(s)
Portador Sano/epidemiología , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Adolescente , Animales , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Estudios Epidemiológicos , Femenino , Fiebre/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Parasitemia/sangre , Plasmodium falciparum/aislamiento & purificación , Prevalencia , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
A field survey was carried out from March to August 2006 in three villages around the town of Lakota (Côte d'Ivoire) to verify the presence of paragonimosis in local people, wild vertebrates, and crabs. Out of the 92 patients who were recruited because of their chronic cough, haemoptysis and/or epilepsy, 3 had Paragonimus eggs in their stools and/or sputa. Examination of stools belonging to 24 wild mammals and a reptile revealed the presence of eggs in three civets (Viverra civetta) and a mongoose (Crossarchus obscurus). Six local crabs (out of the 30 Liberonautes latidactylus dissected) harboured Paragonimus metacercariae having low diameters (299 to 315 pm). The presence of several paragonimid species (at least 2) in the district of Lakota was hypothesized. However, the existence of quantitative variations in metacercarial diameters for the same species of Paragonimus cannot be excluded.
Asunto(s)
Paragonimiasis/epidemiología , Animales , Animales Salvajes/parasitología , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Heces/parasitología , Humanos , Mamíferos/parasitología , Paragonimus/anatomía & histología , Paragonimus/aislamiento & purificación , Reptiles/parasitología , Esputo/parasitologíaRESUMEN
A parasitological survey was conducted in the Agnéby region (south-east Côte-d'Ivoire) from November 2000 to February 2001 in order to establish the epidemiological profile of schistosomiasis in school children in this region. Stools and urines of 724 school children were examined. Faeces were examined by direct analysis completed by Kato and Ritchie methods. Analysis of urine samples was made through the technique of centrifugation (2.000 g for 10 minutes). This survey revealed the importance of schistosomiasis. 20.6% of the subjects were found carriers of Schistosoma mansoni eggs, 12.6% carriers of Schistosoma haematobium eggs and 3.2% were found carriers of eggs of two Schistosoma species. Prevalence was higher in Adzope than in Agboville and Schistosoma mansoni was globally prevalent. Males were significantly more infected than females and older children were more infected than young children. The prevalence distribution among people could be explained by behaviour and occupations.
Asunto(s)
Esquistosomiasis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
In vivo tests of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine sensitivity were conducted in October and November, 1988 with 81 children aged 5 to 9 in several districts of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The WHO standard scheme covering 7 days on basis of 25 mg per kilo spread over 3 days resulted in a therapeutic failure in 29.6 per cent cases. Nevertheless, a drop in overall parasitemia by over 80 per cent was noted from Day-0 to Day-2 in 70 per cent of visible resistance. Only in vivo tests conducted at a later stage with identification of chloroquine in the blood stream, with together in vitro studies will make it possible to know the actual level of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains to chloroquine.
Asunto(s)
Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Cloroquina/farmacología , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Malaria/epidemiología , Masculino , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was assessed from August 2000 to March 2001 on 1025 women in child-bearing age while consulting in the preventive health center (PHC) of Yopougon (Abidjan). Indirect immunofluorescent test was used for detection of IgG and Remington test for detection of IgM. Among the women under investigation, 60% were found to be IG seropositive, including 0.4% IgM seropositive. Soil and food were sources of contamination. When compared to previous studies conducted in the same region for several years, these results give evidence of a stability of the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis, contributing to increase the risk of toxoplasmic encephalitis occurrence in AIDS patients.
Asunto(s)
Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Animales , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Gatos , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Heces/parasitología , Femenino , Manipulación de Alimentos , Parasitología de Alimentos , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Carne/parasitología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/inmunología , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/parasitología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis/inmunología , Toxoplasmosis/transmisión , Toxoplasmosis Cerebral/epidemiología , Toxoplasmosis Cerebral/inmunología , ZoonosisRESUMEN
A coprological study realized with 217 HIV adult subjects has allowed to evaluate the frequency of the cryptosporidiosis during this affection in Abidjan. Cryptosporidium sp. has been found in 8.7% of the subjects. Otherwise 78.9% of the patients had a chronic diarrhoea. 89.4% showed an abdominal pain and were dehydrated 94.7% had lost weight and 21% had nausea or vomiting.
Asunto(s)
Criptosporidiosis/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/epidemiología , Adulto , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Criptosporidiosis/diagnóstico , Criptosporidiosis/epidemiología , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , HumanosRESUMEN
A prospective study in the municipality of Attécoubé (Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire) evaluated the sensitivity of P. falciparum to amodiaquine with a posology of 35 mg/kg over 3 days (1st day: 15 mg/kg; 2nd day: 10 mg/kg; 3rd day: 10 mg/kg) as well as its tolerance of this dosage. One hundred five WHO in vivo standard tests were performed over 7 days on subjects aged > 15 years from May to December 1995. The subjects were carriers of varying number of trophozoites: between 1000 to 34,000 trophozoites were recorded with a mean of 5193 trophozoites by microliter. We divided the subjects into two groups: group A with 43 patients to whom we administered medication and group B with 62 subjects who took their medication on their own. Clinical and parasitological verifications were made on D0, D2 and D7. Biological verification was conducted for 31 subjects of group A by mean of SGOT and SGPT quantity determination on D0 and D2. This survey revealed that 1.9% of P. falciparum malaria patients had precocious therapeutic failure to amodiaquine (35 mg/kg over 3 days) in this area. Clinical and biological tolerance was good and there was no difference between the two groups. We suggest that amodiaquine might be used for uncomplicated malaria at first intention in Abidjan.
Asunto(s)
Amodiaquina/uso terapéutico , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Amodiaquina/administración & dosificación , Antimaláricos/administración & dosificación , Côte d'Ivoire , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Parasitemia , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
During 1995, among 1105 HIV patients explored in our department, 64 presented a deep fungic infection (5.8%). The yeast was searched for in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, urine, and bronchoalveolar aspiration. Isolated germs were Cryptococcus neoformans (95%), Candida tropicalis (1 case), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1 case) et Aspergillus fumigatus (1 case). Results of treatment with amphotericin B were: recovery (9%), clinical success (11%), out of sight (14%), letality (66%), relapse (23%) and side effects (19%). We emphasized diagnostical and therapeutical difficulties, and bad prognostic of mycoses in patients with AIDS.
Asunto(s)
Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Micosis/complicaciones , Anfotericina B/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Aspergilosis/complicaciones , Aspergilosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aspergilosis/microbiología , Aspergillus fumigatus/aislamiento & purificación , Líquidos Corporales/microbiología , Candida/aislamiento & purificación , Candidiasis/complicaciones , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Candidiasis/microbiología , Côte d'Ivoire , Criptococosis/complicaciones , Criptococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Criptococosis/microbiología , Cryptococcus neoformans/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Micosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Micosis/microbiología , Pronóstico , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
A study in vivo of Plasmodium falciparum sensitivity to chloroquine was carried out from April 1997 to February 2000 at Yamoussoukro, Kossou and Bouaké in the central region of Côte d'Ivoire. This study was included in the national Plasmodium falciparum-sensitivity program. One hundred and sixteen subjects consulting for suspected malaria were included according to the WHO's standard of 14 days. Chloroquine was administered on a dosage of 25 mg/kg, spread over three days. Among 108 subjects who finished the treatment, 26.9% (29/108) had therapeutic failure to chloroquine (23 precocious therapeutic failure and 6 late therapeutic failure). Chloroquine was more efficacious in Yamoussoukro (87.5% of clinical appropriate response) and Bouaké (82.5%) than in Kossou (61.7%). Parasitic reduction on subjects with therapeutic failure was higher than 85%. The risk of therapeutic failure is not linked to age of patient. Before a revaluation of this situation, chloroquine should always be recommended as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria for the local populations.
Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Factores de Edad , Preescolar , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Esquema de Medicación , Hospitalización , Humanos , Lactante , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Parasitaria , Selección de Paciente , Vigilancia de la Población , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Tinea capitis is a dermatosis of the scalp due to dermatophytes that can cause hair loss. It remains a significant endemic problem mainly in school children in tropical regions. The purpose of this case-control study carried out in the Dermatology Center of Treichville Hospital was to identify risk factors for tinea capitis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. A total of 80 cases were recruited on the basis of clinical findings showing one or several plaques showing desquamation or parakeratosis suggestive of tinea capitis. Diagnosis was confirmed by mycology using samples seeded on Sabouraud-chloramphenicol glucose agar and incubated at 27 degrees C for a mean period of 15 days. Species identification was based on growth rate, macroscopic aspect of isolates, production and potential diffusion of pigment, and microscopic examination. Controls were the next patient of the same age and sex with no evidence of mycosis. All subjects were questioned about previous history of mycosis, duration of tinea capitis lesions, functional signs, grooming habits, and pet-keeping. Size of selection was calculated by epi info 6.04 fr according to following estimations: percentage of exposed subjects in control group: 30%; percentage of exposed subjects in case group: 50%; probability threshold of 5% to find a difference between case and control groups even though there was no difference; and probability threshold of 20% to find no difference between cases and controls even though there was a difference. Study findings demonstrated a 3 times higher incidence of tinea capitis in boys than in girls and a peak during childhood especially between the of 5 to 9. The most frequent etiologic agents were Trichophyton soudanense and Microsporum langeroniise. Subjects at highest risk lived in dwellings having less than 4 rooms, used soap to wash the hair, cut their hair with a blade, and had low income.
Asunto(s)
Tiña del Cuero Cabelludo/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: A prospective study was made from November 1999 to May 2002 in order to revaluate the therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine in pediatric Plamodium falciparum malaria in Ivory Coast. DESIGN: This study was included in the national Plasmodium falciparum-susceptibility supervision program. Two hundred and fifty-six out of 594 patients from six to 59 months of age were included. Chloroquine was administered in accordance with the standard 14 day WHO protocol; i.e. administered dose of 25 mg/kg, in split doses, over three days. RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-seven patients completed the treatment. Among these, 217 presented with adequate clinical response (87.8%). The percentage of therapeutic failure was 12.2% with 12 early cases of therapeutic failure and 18 late cases of therapeutic failure. Chloroquine was more efficacious in Agnibilékrou (11.3% of therapeutic failure), Bondoukou (10.4%), and Tanda (10%), than in Abengourou (16.4%). Parasitic reduction on patients with resistant Plasmodium was superior to 90%, from day 0 to day 3. The risk of therapeutic failure was significantly linked to patient age. CONCLUSION: Considering these results, the authors suggest that the first-line treatment with chloroquine must be continued for uncomplicated malaria in humans.
Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Cloroquina/uso terapéutico , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Preescolar , Cloroquina/farmacología , Côte d'Ivoire , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Akan is a linguistic group living in the Middle-East and South-East parts of Ivory Coast. This group has its particular esthetic concept: esthetic should produce first, a general harmony. The most beautiful young girl is a very important personality in the society. She should wear the most beautiful jewels and clothes of the family to represent the village everywhere. Akan esthetic concept concerns both physical features and moral characteristics.
Asunto(s)
Estética , Etnicidad , Vestuario , Côte d'Ivoire , Cultura , Femenino , Humanos , Principios Morales , PersonalidadRESUMEN
Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis are a global public health problem, especially among schoolchildren. The purpose of this study was to determine the overall and specific prevalences of intestinal helminth infection and to assess the clinical efficacy, tolerance, and safety of praziquantel and albendazole for treating it. A descriptive cross-sectional study based on random sampling with one degree of freedom was conducted from November 2006 to March 2007 in the primary schools of Biankouma, Côte d'Ivoire. Stool samples were collected from 386 children aged from 4 to 15 years and analyzed by direct examination, with both the simplified Ritchie and Kato techniques. Children infected by schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis eggs were treated with praziquantel (40 mg/kg in a single dose), albendazole (400 mg/kg in a single dose) or both, as deemed necessary. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasite infection was 55.2%, including overall 15.4% with more than one parasite: two in 14.2% and three in 1.2%. Infection was correlated with male gender and older age. The most frequent helminths were Schistosoma mansoni (35.5%) and Necator americanus (25.9%). The efficacy rate for praziquantel, defined as parasite-free stools, was 57.7% on day 14 and 80.9% on day 90. The efficacy rate for albendazole on day 7 was 96.1% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 93% for Necator americanus and 81.3% for Trichuris trichiura. Adverse effects were common (40.8%) but minor (abdominal pain, headache, and itching) within 2 to 4 hours after intake of praziquantel.
Asunto(s)
Albendazol/uso terapéutico , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Helmintiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Parasitosis Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Praziquantel/uso terapéutico , Adolescente , Albendazol/efectos adversos , Antihelmínticos/efectos adversos , Niño , Preescolar , Côte d'Ivoire/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Helmintiasis/epidemiología , Humanos , Parasitosis Intestinales/epidemiología , Masculino , Praziquantel/efectos adversos , Prevalencia , Salud RuralAsunto(s)
Anomalías Múltiples/patología , Fisura del Paladar/patología , Cutis Laxo/patología , Cara/anomalías , Discapacidad Intelectual/patología , Anomalías Múltiples/genética , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Niño , Preescolar , Proteínas Contráctiles/análisis , Elastina/genética , Proteínas de la Matriz Extracelular/análisis , Salud de la Familia , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Ligamiento Genético , Haplotipos , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Linaje , Proteína-Lisina 6-Oxidasa/genética , Piel/química , Piel/patología , SíndromeAsunto(s)
Heces/parasitología , Parasitosis Intestinales/parasitología , Salud Urbana , Adulto , Niño , Côte d'Ivoire , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Incidencia , MasculinoRESUMEN
Degradation of preelastic fibres (oxytalan and elaunin) and mature elastic fibres by human leukocyte elastase (HLE) was investigated using automated image analysis. Specimens from two young healthy adults were used. Although HLE hydrolyzed both fibre types, mature elastic fibres exhibited greater susceptibility to this effect than preelastic fibres. Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables are widely prescribed in rheumatology and parodontology and have also been the focus of ex vivo experiments aimed at determining whether they protect elastic fibres against degradation by HLE. Findings from the present study indicate that avocado and soybean unsaponifiables protect all types of gingival elastic fibres from degradation by HLE. Avocado and soybean unsaponifiables may be beneficial in patients with gingival inflammation and parodontitis, since HLE plays a major role in these disease states.
Asunto(s)
Elastina/metabolismo , Encía/metabolismo , Elastasa de Leucocito/metabolismo , Fitosteroles/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Vitamina E/farmacología , Adulto , Combinación de Medicamentos , Encía/patología , Gingivitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Gingivitis/patología , Humanos , Citometría de Imagen , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Técnicas In Vitro , Lauraceae , Elastasa de Leucocito/antagonistas & inhibidores , Periodontitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Periodontitis/patología , Fitosteroles/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Glycine max , Vitamina E/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
148 adult patients with chronic diarrhoea and suspected to be HIV infected have had stool examinations. 46 are without any enteric parasite. Those detected in the others patients are Sporozoans: I. belli (16.2%) and Cryptosporidium sp. (6.7%) found alone or joint, together or with other parasites. Among those, all Flagellate species are identified, but T. intestinalis (6%) is predominant. Entamoeba coli (8.%) is the most frequent amebic species, however, E. histolytica histolytica have been found twice, once singly, the second associated with I. belli, Schistosoma mansoni and Candida albicans. Necator americanus (14%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (12%) are the predominant worm species. Among the yeasts, C. albicans (35.8%) is the most important species isolated, singly in 13.5% of the patients. In an intertropical and parasitical endemic area where many parasites are not considered uncommon, opportunist agents as I. belli, Cryptosporidium sp. and C. albicans appear in an non-negligible frequency in our study.