RESUMEN
Lesions of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) in young children are rare, with the most common being arachnoid cysts and epidermoid inclusion cysts. The authors report a case of an encephalocele containing heterotopic cerebellar tissue arising from the right middle cerebellar peduncle and filling the right internal acoustic canal in a 2-year-old female patient. Her initial presentation included a focal left 6th nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging was suggestive of a high-grade tumor of the right CPA. The lesion was removed via a retrosigmoid approach, and histopathologic analysis revealed heterotopic atrophic cerebellar tissue. This report is the first description of a heterotopic cerebellar encephalocele within the CPA and temporal skull base of a pediatric patient.
Asunto(s)
Quistes Aracnoideos , Neoplasias Cerebelosas , Ángulo Pontocerebeloso/diagnóstico por imagen , Ángulo Pontocerebeloso/cirugía , Niño , Preescolar , Encefalocele/diagnóstico por imagen , Encefalocele/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Base del CráneoRESUMEN
The original version on this paper contained an error. The COI statement is incorrectly presented.
RESUMEN
Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children younger than 2 years. A multidisciplinary team bases this diagnosis on history, physical examination, imaging and laboratory findings. Because the etiology of the injury is multifactorial (shaking, shaking and impact, impact, etc.) the current best and inclusive term is AHT. There is no controversy concerning the medical validity of the existence of AHT, with multiple components including subdural hematoma, intracranial and spinal changes, complex retinal hemorrhages, and rib and other fractures that are inconsistent with the provided mechanism of trauma. The workup must exclude medical diseases that can mimic AHT. However, the courtroom has become a forum for speculative theories that cannot be reconciled with generally accepted medical literature. There is no reliable medical evidence that the following processes are causative in the constellation of injuries of AHT: cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, hypoxic-ischemic injury, lumbar puncture or dysphagic choking/vomiting. There is no substantiation, at a time remote from birth, that an asymptomatic birth-related subdural hemorrhage can result in rebleeding and sudden collapse. Further, a diagnosis of AHT is a medical conclusion, not a legal determination of the intent of the perpetrator or a diagnosis of murder. We hope that this consensus document reduces confusion by recommending to judges and jurors the tools necessary to distinguish genuine evidence-based opinions of the relevant medical community from legal arguments or etiological speculations that are unwarranted by the clinical findings, medical evidence and evidence-based literature.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/diagnóstico , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/mortalidad , Preescolar , Consenso , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/mortalidad , Hematoma Subdural/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Hemorragia Retiniana/diagnóstico , Fracturas de las Costillas/diagnóstico , Sociedades Médicas , Traumatismos Vertebrales/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) in the pediatric population is a relatively uncommon yet under-appreciated and potentially life-threatening neurological condition. Early symptoms and signs are often vague and the clinician requesting a cranial imaging study might not even suspect sinovenous thrombosis. If left undiagnosed, or if the diagnosis of CSVT is delayed, progressive neurological deterioration, coma and death can follow. The purpose of this review is to highlight pertinent development of the cerebral venous system, discuss the causal factors of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in the pediatric population, review practical imaging strategies using cranial sonography augmented with color and pulsed Doppler, unenhanced brain CT, CT venography, cerebral MRI, and MR venography (MRV). Finally, this review will illustrate the imaging features of sinovenous thrombosis, including a discussion of the common causes of false-positive and false-negative CT and MRI studies.
Asunto(s)
Angiografía Cerebral/métodos , Aumento de la Imagen/métodos , Trombosis de los Senos Intracraneales/diagnóstico , Niño , Preescolar , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , MasculinoRESUMEN
In the assessment of the head and neck, differential diagnoses can be formulated by subdividing the anatomy into spaces along identifiable and logical boundaries. In the oral cavity, the root of the tongue is notably unlike adjacent regions due to structural and tissue-specific differences. The majority of lesions found in the root of the tongue are congenital and benign, representing ectopic tissues of thyroidal, epidermal, dermal, foregut, venous, and lymphatic origin. A greater number of acquired neoplasms and infections are seen in the adjacent sublingual, submandibular, and oropharyngeal regions of the base of the tongue, presumably due to their greater exposure to mucosal surfaces and lymphatic tissues. Many lesions of the root of the tongue have clinical and imaging characteristics that can help narrow the differential diagnosis, and surgical management may be required. Familiarity with these lesions and how they differ from other lesions of the oral cavity and oropharynx can significantly aid in their diagnosis and treatment.
Asunto(s)
Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Enfermedades de la Lengua/diagnóstico , Lengua/diagnóstico por imagen , Lengua/patología , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In 2013, Utah enacted legislation requiring that infants failing newborn hearing screening be tested for cytomegalovirus infection. As a result, cytomegalovirus-infected infants are being identified because of hearing deficits. The neuroimaging findings in this population have not been characterized. METHODS: Retrospective medical record review was used to identify patients seen at the University of Utah and Primary Children's Hospitals in Salt Lake City, Utah, who failed newborn hearing screening. A cohort of patients with congenital cytomegalovirus infection, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sedated auditory brainstem response testing was studied. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were identified; 11 (65%) were female. Confirmatory auditory brainstem response testing, performed at a median age 29 days, showed profound hearing loss in 8 (47%) subjects, severe loss in two (12%), moderate loss in two (12%), and mild loss in three (18%); two (12%) subjects had normal hearing. The diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection was made at a median age 23 days. Brain imaging was performed at a median age 65 days. Ten (59%) subjects had one or more neuroimaging abnormality. White matter lesions were found in eight (47%) subjects, cysts in three (18%), and stroke in two (12%). Polymicrogyria was identified in two (12%) subjects. Seven (41%) subjects had normal brain MRIs. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that most infants whose cytomegalovirus infections were identified after failing newborn hearing screening had abnormal brain MRIs. Our results suggest that brain MRIs should be considered in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infections who are identified through hearing screening programs.
Asunto(s)
Encefalopatías/diagnóstico por imagen , Encefalopatías/etiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico por imagen , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos del Tronco Encefálico , Pérdida Auditiva/diagnóstico , Pérdida Auditiva/etiología , Sustancia Blanca/patología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/congénito , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos del Tronco Encefálico/fisiología , Femenino , Pruebas Auditivas , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Enfermedades del Recién Nacido , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Tamizaje Neonatal , Neuroimagen , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sustancia Blanca/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
In children, leukemia is the most common malignancy, and approximately 75% of leukemias are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Central nervous system leukemia is found at diagnosis in fewer than 5% of children with ALL. Leukemic intracranial masses have been described with acute myeloid leukemia, but ALL presenting as a mass lesion is rare. We describe a unique case of an intracranial confirmed precursor B cell (pre-B) ALL mass in a 13-year-old girl that was diagnosed by brain CT, MRI and cerebral angiography, and confirmed by biopsy. This report details pertinent history and distinguishing imaging features of an intracranial ALL tumefaction.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Angiografía Cerebral/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras B/diagnóstico , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Adolescente , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
The diagnostic process for evaluating suspected abusive head trauma in infants and children has evolved with technological advances in neuroimaging. Since Caffey first described a series of children with chronic subdural hematomas and multiple long bone fractures, radiologists have played an important role, along with pediatricians and pathologists, in evaluating abused children. Neuroimaging modalities include ultrasound, CT scans, and MRI technology. Each has distinct clinical applications, as well as practical uses in the clinical diagnostic process of AHT. Importantly, neuroimaging assists in the process of differential diagnosis of other conditions which may mimic AHT. Collaboration between neuroradiologists, clinicians, and pathologists remains critical to making the appropriate diagnosis. Careful history, physical examination, and investigation by legal authorities form the components that result in accurate assessment of any case. This paper reviews pertinent neuroimaging modalities currently utilized in the diagnosis of AHT, describing clinical indications and a collaborative approach to this process.
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños/diagnóstico , Traumatismos Craneocerebrales/diagnóstico , Patologia Forense/métodos , Niño , Humanos , Lactante , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) is a maternally inherited disorder characterized by recurrent cerebral infarctions that do not conform to discreet vascular territories. Here we report on a patient who presented at 7 years of age with loss of consciousness and severe metabolic acidosis following vomiting and dehydration. She developed progressive sensorineural hearing loss, myopathy, ptosis, short stature, and mild developmental delays after normal early development. Biochemical testing identified metabolites characteristic of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency (hexanoylglycine and suberylglycine), but also severe lactic acidemia (10-25 mM) and, in urine, excess of lactic acid, intermediates of the citric cycle, and marked ketonuria, suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. She progressed rapidly to develop temporary cortical blindness. Brain imaging indicated generalized atrophy, more marked on the left side, in addition to white matter alterations consistent with a mitochondrial disorder. Magnetic resonance angiography indicated occlusion of the left cerebral artery with development of collateral circulation (Moyamoya syndrome). This process worsened over time to involve the other side of the brain. A muscle biopsy indicated the presence of numerous ragged red fibers. Molecular testing confirmed compound heterozygosity for the common mutation in the MCAD gene (985A>G) and a second pathogenic mutation (233T>C). MtDNA testing indicated that the muscle was almost homoplasmic for the 3243A>T mutation in tRNALeu, with a lower mutant load (about 50% heteroplasmy) in blood and skin fibroblasts. These results indicate that mitochondrial disorders may be associated with severe vascular disease resulting in Moyamoya syndrome. The contribution of the concomitant MCAD deficiency to the development of the phenotype in this case is unclear.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/irrigación sanguínea , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Síndrome MELAS/genética , Acil-CoA Deshidrogenasa/deficiencia , Acil-CoA Deshidrogenasa/genética , Circulación Cerebrovascular , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Angiografía por Resonancia Magnética , Mutación Puntual , ARN de Transferencia de Leucina/genéticaRESUMEN
Intracranial calcifications in young infants, while suggesting intrauterine infections, can also be due to numerous other conditions, including rare genetic disorders. We describe 2 children in whom the presence and pattern of intracranial calcifications led to the diagnosis of uncommon genetic disorders, Adams-Oliver syndrome and Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. Differentiating genetic conditions from intrauterine infections or other causes of intracranial calcifications enables practitioners to provide accurate counseling regarding prognosis and recurrence risk.
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Enfermedades Autoinmunes del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Encefalopatías/diagnóstico , Calcinosis/diagnóstico , Displasia Ectodérmica/diagnóstico , Deformidades Congénitas de las Extremidades/diagnóstico , Malformaciones del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Dermatosis del Cuero Cabelludo/congénito , Enfermedades Autoinmunes del Sistema Nervioso/genética , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encefalopatías/genética , Calcinosis/genética , Niño , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Displasia Ectodérmica/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Deformidades Congénitas de las Extremidades/genética , Malformaciones del Sistema Nervioso/genética , Dermatosis del Cuero Cabelludo/diagnóstico , Dermatosis del Cuero Cabelludo/genéticaAsunto(s)
Hipocampo/patología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In 2014-2015, several regions of the United States experienced an outbreak of acute flaccid myelitis in pediatric patients. A common, unique feature was disease localization to the gray matter of the spinal cord. METHODS: We report 11 children, ages 13 months to 14 years (median 9 years), in the Intermountain West who presented with extremity weakness (n = 10) or cranial neuropathy (n = 1) of varying severity without an apparent etiology. RESULTS: All children experienced acute paralysis, and 10 had symptoms or signs that localized to the spinal cord. Maximum paralysis occurred within 4 days of onset in all patients. All had spinal gray matter lesions consistent with acute myelitis detected by magnetic resonance imaging; no single infectious cause was identified. Despite therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, or plasma exchange, nine of 10 (90%) children had motor deficits at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of this disorder enables clinicians to obtain appropriate imaging and laboratory testing, initiate treatment, and provide families with accurate prognostic information. In contrast to other causes of acute flaccid paralysis in childhood, most children with acute flaccid myelitis have residual neurological deficits.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Nervios Craneales/diagnóstico , Sustancia Gris/patología , Mielitis/diagnóstico , Parálisis/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Aguda , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Noroeste de Estados UnidosRESUMEN
OBJECT: The FG syndrome (FGS) is a common, heterogeneous group of clinically indistinguishable X-linked disorders comprising congenital hypotonia, macrocephaly, psychomotor delay, abnormalities in sensory integration, agenesis of corpus callosum, an unusual personality with behavior abnormalities, and disturbances of gastrointestinal function. On magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, some patients have evidence of tonsillar ectopia. The authors describe the incidence of Chiari I malformation in patients with FGS and attempt to determine the optimal treatment of these patients. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective chart and radiological review of 144 pediatric patients with FGS for evidence of tonsillar ectopia on brain MR imaging. Eleven (7.6%) of these 144 patients had tonsillar ectopia, and in eight patients (5.6%), the tonsils were located more than 5 mm below the foramen magnum. Four of these patients underwent posterior fossa decompression, and surgery was performed at a mean age of 3 years. Indications for surgery included significant headaches and behavioral problems in two patients and failure to thrive with severe breathing and feeding difficulties in two infants. All four improved after surgery. The other patients remained asymptomatic from their tonsillar ectopia, showed no clinical or radiological signs of progression, and did not require surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Chiari I malformation is more common in individuals with FGS than in the general population. Some of these patients with FGS require decompression surgery, but the decision to operate can be difficult because of their developmental delay, difficulties with language skills, general fatigue, possibility of upper motor neuron dysfunction, behavioral problems, or failure to thrive, which may mask the symptoms of a Chiari I malformation.
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Encefalopatías/complicaciones , Coristoma/complicaciones , Genes Recesivos , Enfermedades Genéticas Ligadas al Cromosoma X/complicaciones , Enfermedades Genéticas Ligadas al Cromosoma X/genética , Tonsila Palatina , Malformación de Arnold-Chiari/complicaciones , Encefalopatías/diagnóstico , Encefalopatías/cirugía , Niño , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/etiología , Preescolar , Coristoma/diagnóstico , Coristoma/cirugía , Fosa Craneal Posterior/cirugía , Descompresión Quirúrgica , Cefalea/etiología , Humanos , Lactante , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Trastornos Respiratorios/etiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , SíndromeRESUMEN
Pediatric head and neck neuroradiology is a broad and complex topic. This article focuses on several of the common and sometimes challenging pediatric head and neck congenital/developmental anomalies physicians may encounter in clinical practice. Although some diagnoses may be evident on physical examination, others may present a diagnostic dilemma. Patients may initially present with a variety of secondary findings. Imaging serves an important role in making a diagnosis, guiding referral, and in some cases even providing treatment options through interventional radiology. Key diagnostic criteria and critical points of interest for each diagnosis are presented.
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Cabeza/anomalías , Cuello/anomalías , Niño , Cabeza/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Cuello/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía , Neoplasias de la Retina/congénito , Retinoblastoma/congénito , Timo/anomalías , Timo/diagnóstico por imagen , Quiste Tirogloso/diagnósticoRESUMEN
The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with new imaging applications, identify the relative strengths of imaging modalities, and emphasize practical applications of imaging the child's nervous system. Because of recent advances in MRI, the article emphasizes the expanding role of MRI in evaluating children with neurologic disease.
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Encéfalo , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/diagnóstico , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Niño , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human cytomegalovirus, a major cause of permanent neurodevelopmental disability in children, frequently produces intracranial abnormalities, including calcifications and polymicrogyria, in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infections. This report describes the features of cerebral cortical clefting, including schizencephaly, in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of the medical records of infants and children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection evaluated at Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, between 1999 and 2008. FINDINGS: Twenty-five children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection were identified during this 10-year period; 23 (92%) had computed tomography and 17 (68%) had magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging was obtained at a median age of 6 months (mode 1 month or less). Of 15 children with confirmed congenital infections, 10 (66%) had polymicrogyria or abnormal gyral patterns, five (33%) had cleft cortical dysplasia, and two (13%) had schizencephaly. Of 10 children with suspected congenital cytomegalovirus infection, eight (80%) had polymicrogyria, two (20%) had cleft cortical dysplasia, and one (10%) had bilateral schizencephaly with calcifications. Seventeen of the 25 infants (68%) had intracranial calcifications. INTERPRETATION: These results indicate that clefting, either as cleft cortical dysplasia or schizencephaly, is an important feature of congenital cytomegalovirus infection.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/patología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/congénito , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/patología , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical/patología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Femenino , Hospitales Pediátricos , Humanos , Lactante , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical/diagnóstico , Malformaciones del Desarrollo Cortical/etiología , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , UtahRESUMEN
This report describes 2 additional cases of megalencephaly and perisylvian polymicrogyria with postaxial polydactyly and hydrocephalus syndrome, a recently recognized disorder of infants and young children with macrocrania, developmental delay/mental retardation, and often epilepsy. Medulloblastoma, a previously unreported feature in megalencephaly and perisylvian polymicrogyria with postaxial polydactyly and hydrocephalus syndrome, developed in one child at 3 years of age. Although the disorder is presumed to be genetic, the cause of megalencephaly and perisylvian polymicrogyria with postaxial polydactyly and hydrocephalus syndrome has not yet been determined.