Systematic review of the oral manifestations produced by the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Background: To combat the coronavirus pandemic different vaccines have been developed. However, diverse adverse effects have been reported due to their use, including oral manifestations. Our objective is to review the existing bibliography to analyze what complications these vaccines have caused in the oral cavity. Material and Methods: A bibliographic search was conducted by two independent reviewers (TS and CL), in parallel in 6 electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Google Scholar, LILACS, BioMed Central). A total of 22 articles were analyzed. Results: The most frequent adverse effect was oral lichen planus, with a higher prevalence in women and after the Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. Conclusions: These complications are minor and resolve with treatment, so the benefit of the use of vaccines outweigh the potential risks associated with these. Key words:Covid-19 vaccine, oral lesions, oral manifestations, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, oral symptoms.

Neurological complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination: Oral and lower limb paresthesia. A case discussion and literature review.

Vaccines used in the coronavirus pandemic have reported some minor side effects such as pain at the injection site, headache, myalgia and fever. Also major neurological side effects have been experienced by some patients. We present the clinical case of a healthy woman who two weeks after being vaccinated with the third dose of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine, began to feel numbness in mouth, both feet, legs, interscapular space, and hands. She was diagnosed with distal sensory polyneuropathy caused by the vaccine. Progressive improvement was seen. The patient did not require corticosteroid medication. We reviewed the literature to assess the frequency of this type of complication. Key words:COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, vaccination, peripheral axonal neuropathy, transverse myelitis, oral manifestations.

Schwannoma located in the palate: clinical case and literature review.

Schwannoma is a benign tumor that originates from the presence of Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves. They are usually asymptomatic, do not recur, and malignant transformation is rare. The preoperative diagnosis is often difficult, and although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are very helpful, in the majority of cases, the diagnosis can only be made during surgery and by histological study. The immunohistochemistry reveals that the Schwannoma cells test positive for S-100 protein. We describe a clinical case of Schwannoma located in the palate of a 15-year-old patient. It is important to highlight that the Schwannoma is usually found in the head and neck, and rarely in the oral cavity. When it does occur in this area, it is more likely to be found in the tongue. Other locations in the oral cavity include: the floor of the mouth, palate, gingiva, vestibular mucosa, lips and mental nerve area, listed from most common to least common. There has been no sign of recurrence two years after surgery.

Variations of interleukin-6 after surgical removal of lower third molars.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if there is a release of IL-6 after surgical removal of lower third molars and to compare the amount of IL-6 in patients treated with NSAID and in those treated with glucocorticoids. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study on 73 patients who attended the Oral Surgery Unit (Department of Medicine and Oral Surgery) in the Faculty of Odontology of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid for the surgical removal of their lower third molars. These patients were separated into two groups: the diclofenac group and the methylprednisolone group. A record card was completed with preoperative and postoperative epidemiological and clinic data. Samples of gingival crevicular fluid were collected in order to assess the release of interleukin-6 after surgery. In order to make a broad study of data, the BMDP program was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Levels of IL-6 were higher after surgical extraction of lower third molars and remained high until the seventh day after. Levels were higher in the diclofenac group 24hours after surgery, the difference was significant (0.008). CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 is higher after surgical extraction of lower third molars, behaving differently in each of the groups.

The use of methylprednisolone versus diclofenac in the treatment of inflammation and trismus after surgical removal of lower third molars.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of methylprednisolone (corticoid) versus diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory--NSAID) in the treatment of inflammation and trismus after the surgical removal of lower third molars. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study on 73 patients for the surgical removal of their lower third molars. These patients were separated in two groups at random: the diclofenac group and the methylprednisolone group. A record card was filled in with preoperative and postoperative epidemiological and clinic data about inflammation and trismus (three facial measures and mouth opening). In order to make a broad study of data, BMDP program was used for statistics. RESULTS: 24 hours after surgery, patients in the diclofenac group showed a more severe inflammation in one of the facial measurements (<0.05). Trismus was very similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in trismus depending on the antiinflammatory used. Patients in the corticoid group showed less inflammation but the difference was not as important as to justify their use.

Influence of smoking upon the postoperative course of lower third molar surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether smoking influences the postoperative course (pain and trismus) of lower third molar surgery, with a clinical evaluation of surgical wound condition and analysis of the possible differences between smokers and nonsmokers. DESIGN: The study subjects were randomly distributed into two groups (smokers and nonsmokers) and subjected to lower third molar extraction in the Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Madrid Complutense University, Spain). The study variables were trismus after 7 days, the intensity of pain and the need for rescue medication during a period of one week. The surgical wound was also assessed (color, presence of plaque, etc). RESULTS: Two cases of postoperative infection were documented among the smokers, and postoperative trismus was found to be greater among the latter (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of pain, though trismus was greater among the smokers. Smoking did not influence wound condition (color, marginal inflammation, appositioning of the margins, ulceration, etc).

Sterilizing effects of the Erbium:Yag laser upon dental structures: an in vitro study.

AIM: An evaluation was made of the sterilizing effects of the Erbium:YAG laser at different power ratings upon dental structures in vitro. DESIGN: An in vitro study was made of 47 single-root teeth removed for periodontal reasons in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Teaching Unit (Department of Medicine and Orofacial Surgery, Madrid Complutense University Dental School, Spain). The teeth were divided into three laser irradiation groups (250, 350 and 450 mJ) and a non-irradiated control group. The teeth were then immersed in an enrichment medium for 72 hours under conditions of anaerobiosis, with visual controls after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Posteriorly, microbiological cultures were made in blood agar to confirm the results of the visual inspections. RESULTS: Increased percentage sterilization of the samples was recorded with increasing irradiation power - statistically significant differences being observed between all irradiated groups versus the controls. CONCLUSIONS: The Erbium:YAG laser exerts a sterilizing effect upon dental structures in vitro. This effect increases with increasing laser power ratings.

Odontogenic Sinusitis Caused by an Inflammation of a Dentigerous Cyst and Subsequent Finding of a Fibrous Dysplasia. A Case Report.

We report the case of a 38-year old male patient with sinusitis caused by an infected follicular cyst due to an ectopic impacted third molar in the right maxillary sinus. A 10-day antibiotherapy regimen was administered; subsequently, the cyst and the third molar were removed achieving complete recovery. Fibrous dysplasia was diagnosed at follow-up examination (occupation of the maxillary sinus by bone tissue was observed in a radiographic examination) and confirmed by biopsy. In cases of odontogenic sinusitis, thorough examination is crucial, as evidenced by the case reported in this study. A Literature review was performed in order to identify the diagnostic methods currently available and the clinical features, complications and treatment for both, odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and fibrous dysplasia.

Analgesic efficacy of diclofenac versus methylprednisolone in the control of postoperative pain after surgical removal of lower third molars.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic efficacy of methylprednisolone (corticoid) versus diclofenac (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory-NSAID-) after surgical removal of lower third molars. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study on 73 patients for the surgical removal of their lower third molars. These patients were separated in two groups at random: a diclofenac group and a methylprednisolone group. A record card was filled in with preoperative and postoperative epidemiological and clinic data. The pain level assessment was made on a semiquantitative and an analogical visual scales and in relation to the amount of rescue analgesics consumed. Pain levels were measured at 1, 8, 24, 48 and 72 hours. In order to make a broad study of data, BMDP program was used for statistics. RESULTS: In the pain described by patients in the analogical visual scale there were no differences between groups as a whole. There were no differences in the amount of rescue analgesics consumed. CONCLUSIONS: There is less pain in the corticoid group but not as to justify its routine use.

Mantenimiento de los implantes dentales. Puesta al día / Dental implants maintenance. An update

La clave del éxito a largo plazo de los implantes dentales está en el mantenimiento correcto. Los tejidos blandos alrededor del implante deben permitir un buen sellado gingival. En este trabajo se hace una revisión de las técnicas actuales de mantenimiento en implantología y de los indicadores de riesgo de enfermedad peri-implantaria. También se hace una revisión de los protocolos de mantenimiento de los implantes dentales, tanto cuando los tejidos están sanos como cuando hay pérdida de hueso

The key to long-term success of the dental implants is in the proper maintenance. The soft tissues around the implants should allow good gingival seal. This paper presents a review of currents techniques in implant maintenance and are view of risk indicators of peri-implant disease. A review of the maintenance protocols of dental implants, both when tissues are healthy as when there is bone loss, is also presented

Uso de metilprednisolona versus diclofenaco en el control de la inflamación y el trismo tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior / The use of methylprednisolone versus diclofenac in the treatment of inflammation and trismus after surgical removal of lower third molars

Objetivo: Comparar el efecto sobre la inflamación y el trismo de la metilprednisolona (corticoide) versus diclofenaco (antiinflamatorio no esteroideo-AINE-) tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior.Diseño del estudio: Estudio prospectivo sobre 73 pacientes sometidos a la extracción quirúrgica de los terceros molares inferiores. Fueron divididos de forma aleatoria en dos grupos: De diclofenaco y de metilprednisolona. Se cumplimentó una ficha donde se hizo constar los datos epidemiológicos y clínicos preoperatorios y postoperatorios en relación a la inflamación y el trismo (tres medidas faciales y apertura bucal). Se usó el programa estadístico BMDP para hacer un amplio tratamiento de los datos.Resultados: A las 24 horas el grupo tratado con diclofenaco presentaba mayor inflamación en una de las medidas faciales (p<0.05), no así en las otras dos medidas. El trismo se comportó de forma similar en ambos grupos.Conclusiones: No se encontraron diferencias en el trismo según el antiinflamatorio usado y aunque la inflamación fue algo menor en el grupo de experimentación tratado con corticoides la diferencia no fue tan significativa como para justificar su uso

Objective: To compare the efficacy of methylprednisolone (corticoid)versus diclofenac (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory -NSAID-) in the treatment of inflammation and trismus after the surgical removal of lower third molars.Study design: Prospective study on 73 patients for the surgical removal of their lower third molars. These patients were separated in two groups at ramdom: the diclofenac group and the methylprednisolone group. A record card was filled in with preoperative and postoperative epidemiological and clinic data about inflammation and trismus (three facial measures and mouth opening). In order to make a broad study of data, BMDP program was used for statistics.Results: 24 hours after surgery, patients in the diclofenac group showed a more severe inflammation in one of the facial measurements (p<0.05). Trismus was very similar in both groups.Conclusions: There were no differences in trismus depending on the antiinflammatory used. Patients in the corticoid group showed less inflammation but the difference was not as important as to justify their use

Variations of interleukin-6 after surgical removal of lower third molars

Objetivos: Determinar si tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior se produce una liberación de interleuquina-6 (IL-6) y comparar la cantidad de IL-6 en pacientes que tomaron AINES y en aquellos que tomaron glucocorticoides.Diseño del estudio: Estudio prospectivo sobre 73 pacientes sometidos a la extracción quirúrgica de los terceros molares inferiores. Fueron divididos en dos grupos: De diclofenaco y de metilprednisolona. Se recogieron muestras de fluído crevicular gingival para valorar la liberación de interleuquina-6 tras la cirugía. Se usó el programa estadístico BMDP para hacer un amplio tratamiento de los datos.Resultados: Los niveles de IL-6 se elevaron tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior permaneciendo elevados al séptimo día del postoperatorio, elevándose más a las 24 horas en el grupo de diclofenaco siendo esta diferencia significativa (0,008).Conclusiones: La IL-6 se eleva tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior, presentando diferente comportamiento en los dos grupos de estudio

Objectives: To determine if there is a release of IL-6 after surgical removal of lower third molars and to compare the amount of IL-6 in patients treated with NSAID and in those treated with glucocorticoids.Study Design: Prospective study on 73 patients who attended the Oral Surgery Unit (Department of Medicine and Oral Surgery) in the Faculty of Odontology of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid for the surgical removal of their lower third molars. These patients were separated into two groups: the diclofenac group and the methylprednisolone group. A record card was completed with preoperative and postoperative epidemiological and clinic data. Samples of gingival crevicular fluid were collected in order to assess the release of interleukin-6 after surgery. In order to make a broad study of data, the BMDP program was used for statistical analysis.Results: Levels of IL-6 were higher after surgical extraction of lower third molars and remained high until the seventh day after. Levels were higher in the diclofenac group 24 hours after surgery, the difference was significant (0.008).Conclusions: IL-6 is higher after surgical extraction of lower third molars, behaving differently in each of the groups

Influencia del hábito tabáquico en el postoperatorio de la cirugía del tercer molar inferior / Influence of smoking upon the postoperative course of lower third molar surgery

Objetivos: Determinar si tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior el tabaco influye en el postoperatorio (dolor y trismo) y valorar clínicamente el estado de la herida, analizando las posibles diferencias entre fumadores y no fumadores.Diseño del estudio: Los pacientes que participaron en el estudio fueron distribuidos de forma aleatoria en dos grupos: Fumadoresy no fumadores. Se les realizó la extracción quirúrgica de los terceros molares inferiores en la Unidad de Cirugía Bucal y Maxilofacial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Las variables registradas fueron el trismo a los 7 días, la intensidad del dolor y la necesidad de medicación de rescate durante un periodo de una semana. Se analizó también el estado de la herida (coloración, presencia de placa, etc.)Resultados: Hubo dos casos de infección postoperatoria en el grupo de pacientes fumadores. El trismo postoperatorio fue mayor en los fumadores (p=0.05)Conclusiones: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a dolor, pero sí se observó un mayor trismo en el grupo de fumadores. El tabaco no influyó en el estado de la herida ( color, inflamación de los bordes, confrontación de los mismos, ulceración, etc.)

Objectives: To determine whether smoking influences the postoperative course (pain and trismus) of lower third molar surgery, with a clinical evaluation of surgical wound condition and analysis of the possible differences between smokers and nonsmokers.Design: The study subjects were randomly distributed into two groups (smokers and nonsmokers) and subjected to lower third molar extraction in the Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Madrid Complutense University, Spain). The study variables were trismus after 7 days, the intensity of pain and the need for rescue medication during a period of one week. The surgical wound was also assessed (color, presence of plaque, etc.).Results: Two cases of postoperative infection were documented among the smokers, and postoperative trismus was found to be greater among the latter (p=0.05).Conclusions: There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of pain, though trismus was greater among the smokers. Smoking did not influence wound condition (color, marginal inflammation, appositioning of the margins, ulceration, etc.)

Efectos esterilizantes del láser Erbium:Yag sobre las estructuras dentarias: Estudio in vitro / Sterilizing effects of the Erbium:Yag laser upon dental structures: An in vitro study

Objetivo: Comprobar el efecto esterilizante del láser de Erbium:YAG, a diferentes potencias, en dientes in vitro Diseño del estudio: Estudio in vitro sobre 47 dientes unirradiculares extraídos por motivos periodontales en la Unidad Docente de Cirugía Bucal y Maxilofacial (Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Bucofacial) de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Las muestras fueron divididas en tres grupos de irradiación con láser (250mJ, 350mJ y 450mJ) y un grupo control -no irradiados-. A continuación se introdujeron en un medio de enriquecimiento durante 72 horas en anaerobiosis, realizando controles visuales a las 24, 48 y 72 horas. Y posteriormente se realizaron cultivos microbiológicos en agar sangre, para confirmar los resultados de los controles visuales. Resultados: Se observa como a medida que aumenta la potencia de irradiación con el láser hay un mayor porcentaje de esterilización de las muestras, existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo control y cualquiera de los grupos láser. Conclusiones: El láser de Erbium:YAG presenta efecto esterilizante sobre las estructuras dentarias in vitro, que se va incrementando a medida que aumenta la potencia de aplicación del mismo

Aim: An evaluation was made of the sterilizing effects of the Erbium:YAG laser at different power ratings upon dental structures in vitro. Design: An in vitro study was made of 47 single-root teeth removed for periodontal reasons in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Teaching Unit (Department of Medicine and Orofacial Surgery, Madrid Complutense University Dental School, Spain). The teeth were divided into three laser irradiation groups (250, 350 and 450 mJ) and a non-irradiated control group. The teeth were then immersed in an enrichment medium for 72 hours under conditions of anaerobiosis, with visual controls after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Posteriorly, microbiological cultures were made in blood agar to confirm the results of the visual inspections. Results: Increased percentage sterilization of the samples was recorded with increasing irradiation power - statistically significant differences being observed between all irradiated groups versus the controls. Conclusions: The Erbium:YAG laser exerts a sterilizing effect upon dental structures in vitro. This effect increases with increasing laser power ratings

Eficacia analgésica de diclofenaco versus metilprednisolona en el control del dolor postoperatorio tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior / Analgesic efficacy of diclofenac versus methylprednisolone in the control of postoperative pain after surgical removal of lower third molars

Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia analgésica de la metilprednisolona(corticoide) versus diclofenaco (antiinflamatorio noesteroideo-AINE-) tras la cirugía del tercer molar inferior.Diseño del estudio: Estudio prospectivo sobre 73 pacientessometidos a la extracción quirúrgica de los terceros molaresinferiores. Fueron divididos de forma aleatoria en dos grupos:De diclofenaco y de metilprednisolona. Se cumplimentó unaficha donde se hizo constar los datos epidemiológicos y clínicospreoperatorios y postoperatorios. La valoración del dolor se hizomediante escala visual analógica y semicuantitativa y número deanalgésicos de rescate consumidos. El control del dolor se hizoen la primera hora, a las 8 horas, 24 horas, 48 y 72 horas.Se usó el programa estadístico BMDP para hacer un ampliotratamiento de los datos.Resultados: En el dolor reflejado por los pacientes en la escalavisual analógica no hubo diferencias de conjunto entre los dosgrupos (aunque sí las hubo en ciertos momentos). Tampocohubo diferencias en el número de analgésicos de rescate consumidos.Conclusiones. La reducción del dolor que se consigue con elcorticoide no es significativa por lo que no está justificado suuso rutinario

Objetive: To compare the analgesic efficacy of methylprednisolone(corticoid) versus diclofenac (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory-NSAID-) after surgical removal of lower third molars.Study Design: Prospective study on 73 patients for the surgicalremoval of their lower third molars. These patients wereseparated in two groups at random: a diclofenac group and amethylprednisolone group. A record card was filled in withpreoperative and postoperative epidemiological and clinic data.The pain level assessment was made on a semiquantitative and ananalogical visual scales and in relation to the amount of rescueanalgesics consumed. Pain levels were measured at 1, 8, 24, 48and 72 hours.In order to make a broad study of data, BMDP program wasused for statistics.Results: In the pain described by patients in the analogical visualscale there were no differences between groups as a whole.There were no differences in the amount of rescue analgesicsconsumed.Conclusions. There is less pain in the corticoid group but not asto justify its routine use

Schwannoma located in the palate: Clinical case and literature review

Schwannoma is a benign tumor that originates from the presence of Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves. Theyare usually asymptomatic, do not recur, and malignant transformation is rare.The preoperative diagnosis is often difficult, and although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imagingare very helpful, in the majority of cases, the diagnosis can only be made during surgery and by histologicalstudy. The immunohistochemistry reveals that the Schwannoma cells test positive for S-100 protein.We describe a clinical case of Schwannoma located in the palate of a 15-year-old patient. It is important to highlightthat the Schwannoma is usually found in the head and neck, and rarely in the oral cavity. When it does occur in thisarea, it is more likely to be found in the tongue. Other locations in the oral cavity include: the floor of the mouth, palate,gingiva, vestibular mucosa, lips and mental nerve area, listed from most common to least common.There has been no sign of recurrence two years after surgery (AU)

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Exodoncia de un segundo molar en relación con el nervio dentario inferior / Extraction of a second molar in relation to the inferior

El nervio dentario inferior está muy relacionado con los ápices del tercer molar, y a veces con el segundo molar, por ello durante la extracción de los mismos es posible la presión sobre el conducto por donde discurre el nervio. Se considera, por tanto, la causa traumática la más frecuente en la aparición de parestesias, existiendo una correlación directa entre el pronóstico de la misma y la importancia del traumatismo causado al nervio. Describimos un caso clínico de relación directa del nervio dentario inferior con las raíces de un segundo molar (AU)

The inferior dental nerve is closely related to the apex of the third molar, and at times to the second molar; therefore, during their extraction it is possible that there is pressure on the duct through which the nerve runs. Hence, trauma is the most frequent cause in the presentation of paresthesia, with direct correlation existing between the prognosis and the importance of the trauma caused to the nerve. We discovered a clinical case with the inferior dental nerve directly related to the roots of a second molar (AU)

Percepción y nivel de comprensión del consentimiento informado en la cirugía del tercer molar inferior / Perception and level of understanding of the informed consent in lower third molar surgery

La firma del consentimiento informado por parte del paciente es obligatoria antes de cualquier intervención. Objetivos: Los objetivos de este artículo original fueron: -Conocer el nivel de comprensión del consentimiento informado por parte del paciente. -Determinar el porcentaje de pacientes que rechazan el tratamiento al conocer los riesgos del mismo. Pacientes y metodo: Participaron en el estudio 385 pacientes a los que se les extrajo el tercer molar quirúrgicamente tras haber firmado el consentimiento informado. Posteriormente se les realizó una encuesta para comprobar si habían comprendido la finalidad del consentimiento informado y su opinión sobre el procedimiento. Resultados: Los datos se trataron mediante estadística descriptiva. Lo más destacable es que el 100 por ciento de los pacientes firmaron el consentimiento informado y se sometieron a la cirugía. El 99,74 por ciento entendió claramente qué le harían en la intervención. El 97 por ciento sabía que se podían presentar complicaciones y el 94 por ciento entendió que podía negarse a la intervención. Más de la mitad (61,56 por ciento) pensaba que el consentimiento sirve para eximir de responsabilidad al profesional. Al 98,96 por ciento les parece útil este tipo de información. Conclusiones: El consentimiento informado fue comprendido por la mayoría de los pacientes y ninguno de ellos se negó a la intervención (AU)

Tercer molar ectópico en el ángulo de la mandíbula: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Third ectopic molar in the angle of the mandible: clinical case and literature review

La presencia de terceros molares ectópicos oheterotópicos es poco frecuente. Presentamos un caso clínico de un tercer molar ectópico localizado en el ángulo de la mandíbula y asociado a un quiste dentígero en una paciente de 68 años de edad que fue extraído por vía cutánea y hacemos una revisión de la literatura para intentar conocerlos aspectos más importantes de estas retenciones como etiología, clínica y tratamiento más adecuado (AU)

The presence of third ectopic or heterotopic molarsis not frequent. We present a clinical case of a thirdectopic molar located in the angle of the mandible and associated with a dentigerous cyst in a 68-year-old patient, which was extracted through the skin and we conducted a literature review to try to learn the most important aspects of these retentions such as etiology, clinical symptoms and most appropriate treatment (AU)

Mesiodens Mandibular / Slower Mesiodens

El mesiodens es un diente supernumerario localizado en la premaxila, entre los dos incisivos centrales. Su incidencia varía entre el 0,15% y el1,9%. Es más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres en una proporción 2:1.La causa etiológica más aceptada es la hiperactividad de la lámina dental. Puede provocar retraso en la erupción de los dientes adyacentes, mal posición, diastema, reabsorción radicular y, con menor frecuencia, quistes radiculares. El diagnóstico es por la clínica en numerosas ocasiones, y se completa mediante radiografías periapical, oclusal y panorámica. Se describe un caso clínico de mesiodens mandibular cuya incidencia es muy baja y se realiza una revisión bibliográfica al respecto, siendo escasas las publicaciones sobre mesiodens inferior (AU)

The mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth located in the premaxilla, between the two central incisors. Its incidence varies between 0.15% and 1.9%. It is more frequent in men than in women, the ratio being 2:1 .The most accepted etiological cause is hyperactivity of the dental plate. It can cause delay in eruption of the adjacent teeth, improper position, diastema, radicular reabsorption, and less frequently, radicular cysts. Diagnosis is often clinical and completed with periapical, occlusal and panoramic x-ray. A clinical case of mandibular mesodens is described with very low incidence and a bibliographic review in this respect is done, publications about inferior mesodens being few in number (AU)