Eu3+-functionalized covalent organic framework for ratiometric fluorescence detection and adsorption of tetracycline and information steganography.

Functional materials with organic/inorganic composites as the main matrix and rare earth ion complexes as the guest have shown a very broad application prospect for antibiotic sensors. However, Eu3+-complex often relies on a single fluorescence response signal, which is susceptible to changes in the detection environment and cannot simultaneously detect and remove tetracycline (TC). Herein, green fluorescent covalent two-dimensional organic framework (COF-TD) is synthesized, followed by modification of Eu3+ to synthesize COF-TD@Eu3+. In the ratiometric sensor, Eu3+ serves as the recognition site and specific response probe for TC, while COF-TD is the fluorescence reference and carrier for Eu3+. Due to the antenna effect, TC enhances the red fluorescence of Eu3+, while the green fluorescence of COF-TD remains almost stable. Based on the change of fluorescence intensity and fluorescence color from green to red, the efficient ratiometric sensing can be finished in 1 min. The developed method shows high sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.3 µM and high selectivity to TC which makes the method applicable to detect TC in traditional Chinese medicine preparations. In addition, due to the high specific surface area of COFs and specific adsorption sites, COF-TD@Eu3+ also shows good performance for TC removal. The findings show that the maximum adsorption capacity is 137.3 mg g-1 and the adsorption equilibrium is reached in 30 min. Smartphone assisted COF-TD@Eu3+ for both ratiometric fluorescence detection and detecting the absorption of TC is proposed for the first time. The molecular cryptosteganography that transforms the selective response of COF-TD@Eu3+ to binary strings is anticipated to advance utilization of nanomaterials in logic sensing and information safety.

Ratiometric optical detection of pyrophosphate based on aggregation-caused dual-signal response of gold nanoclusters.

Sensing of pyrophosphate ion (PPi) has received much attention due to the strong demand for clinical diagnostics. Here, based on gold nanoclusters (Au NCs), a ratiometric optical detection method for PPi is developed by simultaneously detecting the dual signals of fluorescence (FL) and second-order scattering (SOS). The PPi is detected by inhibiting the formation of aggregates of Fe3+ with Au NCs. Binding of Fe3+ to Au NCs causes aggregation of Au NCs, which leads to fluorescence quenching and scattering increasing. The presence of PPi can competitively bind Fe3+ to re-disperse the Au NCs and finally recover the fluorescence and reduce the scattering signal. The designed PPi sensor shows a high sensitivity with a linear range 5-50 µM and a detection limit of 1.2 µM. In addition, the assay has excellent selectivity for PPi, which makes its application in real biological samples extremely valuable.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of aminobenzamides containing purine moiety as class I histone deacetylases inhibitors.

The aminobenzamide is selective to class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) and displays unique tight-binding/slow-off HDAC-binding mechanism. Herein, we report a series of 9-substituted purine aminobenzamides that selectively inhibit class I HDACs. The activities in vitro showed compound 9d exhibited 12 folds more potent than MS-275 against HDAC1 isoform and showed excellent inhibitory activity on cancer cells, including HCT-116, MDA-MB-231, K562 cell lines. The metabolic stability of 9d was much better than that of the well-known HDAC inhibitor SAHA. Pulse exposure test of western blot assay demonstrated that 9a, 9d induced histone acetylation in a similar manner to MS-275. Further biological validation demonstrated that 9d prevented cell transition from G1 phase to S phase by reducing Cyclin D1, CDK2 and lifting p21, induced early apoptosis by upregulating BAX and downregulating Bcl-2 in HCT-116 cells.

Exploring the Inhibition of Quercetin on Acetylcholinesterase by Multispectroscopic and In Silico Approaches and Evaluation of Its Neuroprotective Effects on PC12 Cells.

This study investigated the inhibitory mechanism of quercetin in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and its neuroprotective effects on ß-amyloid25-35-induced oxidative stress injury in PC12 cells. Quercetin inhibited AChE in a reversible mixed manner with an IC50 of 4.59 ± 0.27 µM. The binding constant of quercetin with AChE at 25 °C was (5.52 ± 0.05) × 104 L mol-1. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces were the main interactions in forming the stable quercetin-AChE complex. Computational docking revealed that quercetin was dominant at the peripheral aromatic site in AChE and induced enzymatic allosterism; meanwhile, it extended deep into the active center of AChE and destabilized the hydrogen bond network, which caused the constriction of the gorge entrance and prevented the substrate from entering the enzyme, thus resulting in the inhibition of AChE. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation emphasized the stability of the quercetin-AChE complex and corroborated the previous findings. Interestingly, a combination of galantamine hydrobromide and quercetin exhibited the synergistic inhibition effect by binding to different active sites of AChE. In a ß-amyloid25-35-induced oxidative stress injury model in PC12 cells, quercetin exerted neuroprotective effects by increasing the glutathione level and reducing the malondialdehyde content and reactive oxygen species levels. These findings may provide novel insights into the development and application of quercetin in the dietary treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of Novel Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives Containing Purine Moiety as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors.

The novel hydroxamates containing purine scaffold were designed, synthesized and screened for their biological activities as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Some of them exhibited excellent acti-HDACs activities and antiproliferative activities, the most promising compound was 7m'. Western blot analysis indicated the compounds 7f', 7l', 7m', 7o' could increase histone H3 acetylation levels in HCT116 and K562 cell lines, and 7m' increased the level of acetyl histone H3 in a dose-dependent manner, which is similar to the behavior of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). Molecular docking study revealed that the conformation of 7m' in the active site of HDAC2 was similar to positive drug SAHA, which were oriented with the hydroxamic acid towards the catalytic center and formed metal binding with zinc ion.

[Study on HPLC Fingerprint of Kanggongyan Series].

OBJECTIVE: To establish analysis methods for fingerprint of Kanggongyan series by HPLC. METHODS: A Shiseido CAP-CELL PAK C18(250 mm x 4. 6 mm, 3 µm) column was used with acetonitrile-0. 5% phosphoric acid as the mobile phase by gradient elution. The flow rate was 0. 8 mL/min, the column temperature was 30 °C, and the detection wavelength was set at 280 nm during 0 ~ 44 min and at 332 nm during 44 ~ 115 min. RESULTS: Ten common peaks were selected as characteristic peaks in the chromatogram of Kanggongyan particles, eleven common peaks were selected as characteristic peaks in the chromatogram of Kanggongyan tablets and capsules ,the similarities were greater than 0. 9 among all batches. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, steady and repeatable. It provides a basis for the quality control of Kanggongyan series.

Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of benzyloxyurea derivatives.

A series of novel benzyloxyurea derivatives was designed, synthesized by substituting different benzyls or phenyls on N,N'-positions of the hydroxyurea (HU). These target compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity in vitro against human leukemia cell line K562 and murine leukemia cell line L1210 in comparison with HU by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Some of the compounds showed promising anticancer activity against the cells. Molecular docking experiments with Saccharomyces cerevisiae R1 domain indicated that 4a and 4f' have stronger affinity than 4m and 4n. Flow cytometry study showed that compound 4g exerted greater apoptotic activity against K562 cells line than HU.

Integrated Eu3+ loaded covalent organic framework with smartphone for ratiometric fluorescence detection of tetracycline.

Developing rapid tetracycline sensing system is of great significance to monitor the illegal addition to drugs and pollution to food and ecosystem. By loading covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with Eu3+, a new hybridized material (COF@Eu3+) was prepared for tetracycline determination. Based on the Schiff base reaction, the COFs were by synthesized through solvent evaporation in 30 min at room temperature. Thereafter, Eu3+ was modified into COFs to develop the COF@Eu3+ sensing platform by adsorption and coordination. In presence of tetracycline, tetracycline can displace water molecules and coordinate with Eu3+ through the antenna effect. As a result, the red fluorescence of Eu3+ was enhanced by tetracycline with green fluorescence of COF as a reference. The developed ratiometric fluorescence sensor exhibits a linear range of 0.1-20 µM for detecting tetracycline with a detection limit of 30 nM. Integrated with a smartphone, the rapid tetracycline detection can be realized in situ, which is potential for high-throughput screening of tetracycline contaminated samples. Furthermore, the COF@Eu3+ fluorescence sensor has been successfully applied to the detection of tetracycline in traditional Chinese medicine compound preparation with satisfied recoveries. Therefore, a smartphone-assisted device was successfully developed based on Eu3+-functionalized COF, which is an attractive candidate for further applications of fluorescence sensing and visual detection.

Concurrent manipulation of competitive mechanisms to construct glutathione-stabilized gold nanocluster-based dual-channel molecular classifier for metal ions detection and information steganography.

Understanding charge transport in metal ion-mediated glutathione-stabilized gold nanoclusters (GSH-Au NCs) has proved difficult due to the presence of various competitive mechanisms, such as electron transfer (ET) and aggregation induction effect (AIE). In this paper, we present a dual-channel fluorescence (FL) and second-order Rayleigh scattering (SRS) sensing method for high-throughput classification of metal ions, relying on the competition between ET and AIE using GSH-Au NCs. The SRS signals show significant enhancement when Pb2+, Ag+, Al3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, and Hg2+ are present, as a result of the aggregation of GSH-Au NCs. Notably, the fluorescence signal exhibits the opposite trend. The FL intensities of GSH-Au NCs are enhanced by Pb2+, Ag+, and Al3+ through the AIE mechanism, while they are quenched by Cu2+, Fe3+, and Hg2+, which is dominated by the ET mechanism. By employing principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, these signals are transformed into unique fingerprints and Euclidean distances, respectively, enabling successful distinction of six metal ions and their mixtures with a low detection limit of 30 nM. This new strategy has successfully addressed interference from impurities in the testing of real water samples, demonstrating its strong ability to detect multiple metal ions. Impressively, we have achieved molecular cryptosteganography, which involves encoding, storing, and concealing information by transforming the selective response of GSH-Au NCs to binary strings. This research is anticipated to advance utilization of nanomaterials in logic sensing and information safety, bridging the gap between molecular sensors and information systems.

Aggregation-caused dual-signal response of gold nanoclusters for ratiometric optical detection of cysteine.

Designing ratiometric sensors for cysteine (Cys) monitoring with high accuracy is of great significance for disease diagnosis and biomedical studies. The current ratiometric methods mainly rely on multiplex probes, which not only complicates the operation but also increases the cost, making it difficult for quantitative Cys detection in resource-limited areas. Herein, one-pot prepared gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) that glow red fluorescent were synthesized by employing glutathione as the stabilizer and reducing agent. When Fe3+ is present with Au NCs, the fluorescence is quenched and the scattering is strong because of the aggregation of Au NCs. With introduction of Cys, Cys can efficiently compete with glutathione-modified Au NCs for Fe3+, which leads to increase of fluorescence and decrease of scattering. The ratiometric determination of Cys can be thereby realized by collecting the fluorescence and SRS spectrum simultaneously. The linear range for Cys was 5-30 µM with a detection limit of 1.5 µM. In addition, the sensing system exhibits good selectivity for Cys and shows potential application in biological samples.

[Chemical constituents of the roots of Vaccinium bracteatum].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the roots of Vaccinium bracteatum. METHODS: The constituents were separated and purified with chromatographic methods (including silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18 column chromatography), and their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods (including MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). RESULTS: 10 compounds were isolated from the roots of Vaccinium bracteatu and were elucidated as chlorogenic acid (1), pinoresinol (2), ferulic acid (3), kaempferol (4), trans-caffeic acid (5), beta-sitosterol (6), quercetin (7), oleanolic acid (8), apigenin (9) and luteolin (10). CONCLUSION: Compounds 1 -3 are obtained from this plant for the first time.

Utilizing dual carriers assisted by enzyme digestion chemiluminescence signal enhancement strategy simultaneously detect tumor markers CEA and AFP.

To measure two tumor biomarkers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a dual-carrier CL sensor with restriction enzyme digestion (Exo I) and aptamer technology utilizing gold nanoparticles (hydroxylamine amplification) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as the CL signal enhancement in the sensing strategy was formed. These nanoparticles and nano-enzyme were precisely detected and tagged to the appropriate position attributable to the particular recognition of biotin and streptavidin. In this sensing strategy, target markers were further enriched and recognized sensitively by CL following enrichment, and matching strong chemical signals were collected under luminol catalysis, allowing for marker identification. For CEA (0.1-80 ng/mL) and AFP (2-500 ng/mL), the proposed method has a large linear range, with detection limits of 36.6 pg/mL and 0.94 ng/mL, respectively.

Antipyretic Mechanism Exploration of HuanglianShangqing Pill Based on Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: HuanglianShangqing pill (HLSQ), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used to treat fever in China for a long time. Our previous study had demonstrated that a total of 45 prototype components of HLSQ could be absorbed into the plasma of rats after intragastric administration. However, the detailed mechanisms related to the antipyretic effects of HLSQ were still unclear. METHODS: In the present work, urinary metabolomics coupled with network pharmacology were employed to evaluate the mechanisms of HLSQ in the treatment of fever compared with ibuprofen (IBU) and paracetamol (APAP). RESULTS: In pyrexia rats, a total of 11 potential metabolites and a disturbed TCA cycle were found. The metabolic regulation effects of HLSQ on fever rats were similar to APAP and could make the TCA cycle disorder return to normal by reducing citrate, ß-hydroxybutyrate, succinate. In addition, HLSQ could adjust the intestinal microbial disorder and inhibit inflammatory factors, including IL6, TNF, VEGFA, TP53, STAT3, etc. There were 40 components acting on fever targets in HLSQ; among them, luteolin, apigenin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, wogonin, daidzein, baicalein, emodin, berberine, and oroxylin A were the main active compounds of HLSQ in the treatment of fever. CONCLUSION: The antipyretic mechanisms of HLSQ are inhibition of inflammatory factors, action on the TCA cycle, and regulation of gut microbiota.

[FTIR fingerprints-chemical pattern recognition research of three kinds of Chimonanthus and fried samples].

OBJECTIVE: To classify the leaves of Chimonanthus nitens, Chimonanthus Salicifolius, Chimonanthus zhejiang and their fried samples, Discriminating equation was established to distinguish categories of raw materials. METHODS: The spectra of three kinds of Chimonanthus and fried samples were determined by FTIR. Principal component analysis, clustering analysis and discriminative analysis were applied to classify three kinds of Chimonanthus leaves and fried samples from different areas according to the relative absorbance of common peaks between 400 to 4000 cm(-1). RESULTS: 26 samples were divided into four classes, the discriminating accuracy was 96%. CONCLUSION: The method is rapid, simple and could be applied to evaluate the quality of Chimonanthus leaves without damaging to sample, and it is easy to identify the adulteration.

Synthesis, antitumor evaluation and crystal structure of hydroxyurea derivatives.

A series of hydroxyurea derivatives have been synthesized and elucidated by means of FT-IR, (1)H-, (13)C-NMR and MS. The exact stereostructures of representative compounds have been determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis. In the crystals, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H...O hydrogen bonds occurred, and further N-H...O links led to chains of molecules. In vitro antitumor activities against Tca8113 human tongue cancer cells and L1210 murine leukemia cells were evaluated. A total of 8 of the 12 compounds had higher inhibitory activities than hydroxyurea against L1210 cells. Among them, the most promising compounds were 3e, 3d, 3a and 2d.

[Analysis of the chemical constituents of essential oil from Chimonanthus zhejiangensis by GC-MS].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the chemical constituents of the essential oil from Chimonanthus zhejiangensis. METHODS: Steam distillation was employed to extract volatile compounds of essential oil from Chimonanthus zhejiangensis. Volatile compounds of essential oil were isolated and identified by capillary GC-MS-DS. RESULTS: 37 components were separated and 33 components were successfully identified. CONCLUSION: The main components were 1,4-Cineole (46.20%), 1,5,9-Undecatriene, 2,6, 10-trimethyl-, (Z)-(9.71%), Cyclohexane, 3,4-bis (1-methylethenyl) -1, 1-dimethyl-(7.42%), Trioctylamine (6.44%), alpha-Terpinyl propionate (4.01%), alpha-Pinene (3.92%).

Smartphone assisted colorimetric and fluorescent triple-channel signal sensor for ascorbic acid assay based on oxidase-like CoOOH nanoflakes.

Ascorbic acid (AA) is an important diet-derived antioxidant to human body. Thus, efficient and accurate detection of AA is of considerable significance in food analysis. Herein, smartphone assisted colorimetric and fluorescent triple-channel signal sensor has been developed for AA monitoring based on oxidase-like CoOOH nanoflakes. CoOOH nanoflakes can efficiently catalyze the oxidation of p-phenylenediamine (p-PD) into reddish brown p-PDox. The carbon dots (C-dots) are further introduced, of which the fluorescence can be quenched by p-PDox. However, in the presence of AA, the CoOOH nanoflakes is reduced and thus collapsed. As a result, the oxidation of p-PD is restrained, and thus the fluorescence of C-dots keeps strong. Based on AA induced light color, low absorbance, and strong fluorescence, triple-channel signal sensor has been proposed for AA determination. The AA assay shows a dynamic response range from 0.5 to 10 µM with a detection limit of 0.09 µM. The method assay allows detection of AA in real samples such as fruit juices. Combination with portable smartphone, the developed sensor is potential for AA determination in resource-poor settings.

Synthesis of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives as aminopeptidase N inhibitors.

Aminopeptidase N (APN) is a zinc-dependent ectopeptidase which plays an important role in the invasion of metastatic tumors. In this study, we report the synthesis and in vitro enzyme inhibition assay of 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold compounds. These new compounds have potent inhibitory activities toward APN with IC50 values in the micromolar range.

1-(3-Chloro-benz-yloxy)urea.

The asymmetric unit of the crystal structure of the title compound, C(8)H(9)ClN(2)O(2), contains four independent mol-ecules. The dihedral angles between the urea N-(C=O)-N planes and the benzene rings are 83.3 (3), 87.8 (1), 89.1 (1) and 17.5 (2)° in the four mol-ecules. Extensive N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.

1-(2-Fluoro-benz-yl)-1-(2-fluoro-benz-yl-oxy)urea.

In the title hydroxy-urea derivative, C(15)H(14)F(2)N(2)O(2), the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 48.64 (19)°. The urea group forms dihedral angles of 48.1 (2) and 79.2 (2)° with the two benzene rings. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur, and further N-H⋯O links lead to chains of molecules.