Comprehensive study of allergenic tree species: Palynological insights enhanced by HPLC and GC-MS profiling.

Considering the limited data available on tree species in Uzbekistan, this research aimed to provide new insights. We gathered plant samples from different locations within Samarkand city and thoughtfully selected 15 tree species that represent the country's flora. Using scanning electron microscopy, we conducted comprehensive analyses of pollen morphology, revealing a diverse range of variations in the shapes, dimensions, and surface characteristics displayed by pollen grains. Distinct ornamentations such as micro-echinate, reticulate, rugulate, gemmate-verrucate, and verrucate-scabrate patterns facilitated the differentiation of species. These scanning electron microscopy findings enhance our comprehension of tree species diversity, adaptation, and ecological roles. In addition, leaf extracts were analyzed using HPLC and GC-MS, revealing a plethora of bioactive compounds, including catechins, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, and others. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of seven key compounds, including 1-hexadecyne, 2-chloroethanol, 1,6-heptadiene, 2-methyl-, 5-bromoadamantan-2-one, ethyl 3-(3-pyridyl) propenoate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and quercetin. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of this method in assessing the quality of leaf extracts from tree species by examining both microscopic characteristics and chemical composition. This multifaceted approach has deepened our understanding of the characteristics and chemical compositions of these trees, thus contributing to a more profound appreciation of their ecological significance and potential applications.

Systematic Implications of Palynomorph Diversity Using Microscopic Trends Among Asteraceous Flora From the Drylands of Baluchistan, Pakistan.

Pollen micromorphological traits with taxonomic implications are first reported from the study area for 50 Asteraceous taxa belonging to nine tribes. Cichorieae (21 taxa), Cardueae (11 taxa), Inuleae (six taxa), and Anthemideae (four taxa) are the leading tribes. The research included Cousinia haeckeliae, Himalaiella afghana, Pterachaenia stewartii (endemic to Afghanistan and Pakistan), and Xylanthemum macropodum (endemic to Baluchistan). Light and scanning electron microscopy were employed for the visualization of pollen photomicrographs. The data was analyzed statistically via SPSS, PAST, and Origin. Significant diagnostic qualitative and quantitative palynological traits were explored for discrimination down to the species level within the tribes. All the investigated taxa possessed radial symmetry, isopolarity, and monad form (characters for distinction at the subdivision level). The aperture types were trizonocolporate, tetrazonocolporate, and tricolporate with number position and character (NPC) formulas N3P4C5, N4P4C5, and N3P4C3. Goniotreme, peritreme, and ptychotreme types of amb were recognized. Echinate, echinate lophate, scabrate, and gemmate sculpturing were present with and without perforated surface patterns. Variations in the shapes in polar and equatorial views and lacuna shapes further assisted the separation of taxa. The observed shape classes were perprolate, prolate spheroidal, prolate, subprolate, oblate spheroidal, suboblate, and oblate. Principal component analysis, correlation, standard probability plots, and ridge line paired features plot for quantitative variables determined the positive correlation between the length and width of colpi in equatorial and polar view with polar axis and equatorial diameter and number of spines between colpi with the number of spines per pollen. The number of spines per pollen was negatively correlated with the width and length of colpi in the polar view. Multiple sample analysis of variance (ANOVA) concluded that a high statistically significant difference exists among the means of analyzed traits. The examined qualitative and quantitative palynological traits revealed noticeable variations, thus providing the source for species discrimination in Asteraceous tribes.

Hazardous waste management (Buxus papillosa) investment for the prosperity of environment and circular economy: Response surface methodology-based simulation.

Dealing with the current defaults of environmental toxicity, heating, waste management, and economic crises, exploration of novel non-edible, toxic, and waste feedstock for renewable biodiesel synthesis is the need of the hour. The present study is concerned with Buxus papillosa with seeds oil concentration (45% w/w), a promising biodiesel feedstock encountering environmental defaults and waste management; in addition, this research performed simulation based-response surface methodology (RSM) for Buxus papillosa bio-diesel. Synthesis and application of novel Phyto-nanocatalyst bimetallic oxide with Buxus papillosa fruit capsule aqueous extract was advantageous during transesterification. Characterization of sodium/potassium oxide Phyto-nanocatalyst confirmed 23.5 nm nano-size and enhanced catalytic activity. Other characterizing tools are FTIR, DRS, XRD, Zeta potential, SEM, and EDX. Methyl ester formation was authenticated by FTIR, GC-MS, and NMR. A maximum 97% yield was obtained at optimized conditions i.e., methanol ratio to oil (8:1), catalyst amount (0.37 wt%), reaction duration (180 min), and temperature of 80 °C. The reusability of novel sodium/potassium oxide was checked for six reactions. Buxus papillosa fuel properties were within the international restrictions of fuel. The sulphur content of 0.00090% signified the environmental remedial nature of Buxus papillosa methyl esters and it is a highly recommendable species for biodiesel production at large scale due to a t huge number of seeds production and vast distribution.

Phytochemicals, Health-Promoting Effects, and Enzyme Inhibition Traits of Phlomis stewartii Extracts.

Phlomis stewartii is a wild, perennial woody plant used for diverse therapeutic targets. The present work evaluated the influence of independent variables such as extraction time, solvent concentration, and speed in the range of (100 mL, 150 mL, and 200 mL), (2 h, 5 h, and 8 h), and (100 rpm, 150 rpm, and 200 rpm), respectively, on extraction yields, phytochemical components, total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoid contents (TFC) of P. stewartii extract. In the present work, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the extraction yield. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to detect the bioactive constituents of the extracts. The potent extracts were analyzed to study α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Under the optimized conditions of solvent concentration (200 mL), extraction time (8 h), and speed (150 rpm), the whole plant methanol extract (WPME) showed a maximum extraction yield of 13.5%, while the leaves methanol extract (LME) showed a maximum TPC of 19.5 ± 44 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of extract and a maximum TFC of 4.78 ± 0.34 mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) per gram of extract. HPLC analysis showed the presence of p-coumaric, gallic acid, quercetin, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, and vanillic acid. LME showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 46.86 ± 0.21 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 value of 45.81 ± 0.17 µg/mL). Therefore, in conclusion, LME could be considered to fix the α-amylase and α-glucosidase-mediated disorders in the human body to develop herbal phytomedicine.

Micromorphological Sculptural Diversity in Foliar Epidermis and Trichomes Features among Invasive Species.

This study examines the role of light microscopic (LM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) micromorphological traits of the epidermis in identifying and classifying invasive plants. SEM was conducted to increase our understanding of microscopic qualities that are not visible in light microscopy and to elucidate unclear affinities among invasive species. The study examines invasive species' morphological and anatomical characteristics from the Pothohar Plateau of Pakistan for the first time. The results showed that various micromorphological features are very useful for species' accurate identification. Adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves showed variations in subsidiary cells, glands, anticlinal wall patterns, stomata, and epidermal cells. Epidermal cell shapes observed were irregular, elongated, rectangular, and polygonal. Epidermal cells having maximum length were calculated in Stellaria media (126.3 µm) on adaxial side. On the abaxial surface, the minimum length was noticed in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (28.5 µm). Both glandular and nonglandular trichomes were examined, ranging from unicellular to multicellular. Most of the investigated specimens of leaves were amphistomatic, while some were hypostomatic, like Alternanthera pungens, Calotropis procera, Cannabis sativa, Lantana camara, and Thevetia peruviana. Leaf epidermal morphology contains numerous useful systematic features for accurate identifications of plant species. The micromorphological attributes under observation provide a standard criterion to the researcher for identifications of invasive flora in future morpho-taxonomic studies.

Advances in Research on Food Bioactive Molecules and Health.

Fresh and processed food products are rich in bioactive molecules, including polysaccharides, vitamins, carotenoids, peptides, antioxidants, phenolics, phytosterols, and novel lipids. Bioactive molecules in food could prevent several diseases (i.e., metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, etc.). Thus, consumer awareness is growing about the health-promoting impact of food bioactive molecules. Health claims are essential added-value features, wherein health-enhancing potential of bioactives depend on their chemical structure. On the other hand, the investigation of the structure-function relationship of food bioactive molecules is of importance. In this regard, Molecules is delighted to highlight the importance of food bioactive molecules and their effect on health. In this Special Issue of Molecules, researchers are invited to contribute original research and up-to-date reviews.

Fruit Wastes as a Valuable Source of Value-Added Compounds: A Collaborative Perspective.

The by-products/wastes from agro-food and in particular the fruit industry represents from one side an issue since they cannot be disposed as such for their impact on the environment but they need to be treated as a waste. However, on the other side, they are a source of bioactive healthy useful compounds which can be recovered and be the starting material for other products in the view of sustainability and a circular economy addressing the global goal of "zero waste" in the environment. An updated view of the state of art of the research on fruit wastes is here given under this perspective. The topic is defined as follows: (i) literature quantitative analysis of fruit waste/by-products, with particular regards to linkage with health; (ii) an updated view of conventional and innovative extraction procedures; (iii) high-value added compounds obtained from fruit waste and associated biological properties; (iv) fruit wastes presence and relevance in updated databases. Nowadays, the investigation of the main components and related bioactivities of fruit wastes is being continuously explored throughout integrated and multidisciplinary approaches towards the exploitation of emerging fields of application which may allow to create economic, environmental, and social value in the design of an eco-friendly approach of the fruit wastes.

Evaluation of growth and nutritional value of Brassica microgreens grown under red, blue and green LEDs combinations.

Microgreens are rich functional crops with valuable nutritional elements that have health benefits when used as food supplements. Growth characterization, nutritional composition profile of 21 varieties representing five species of the Brassica genus as microgreens were assessed under light-emitting diodes (LEDs) conditions. Microgreens were grown under four different LEDs ratios (%); red:blue 80:20 and 20:80 (R80 :B20 and R20 :B80 ), or red:green:blue 70:10:20 and 20:10:70 (R70 :G10 :B20 and R20 :G10 :B70 ). Results indicated that supplemental lighting with green LEDs (R70 :G10 :B20 ) enhanced vegetative growth and morphology, while blue LEDs (R20 :B80 ) increased the mineral and vitamin contents. Interestingly, by linking the nutritional content with the growth yield to define the optimal LEDs setup, we found that the best lighting to promote the microgreen growth was the green LEDs combination (R70 :G10 :B20 ). Remarkably, under the green LEDs combination (R70 :G10 :B20 ) conditions, the microgreens of Kohlrabi purple, Cabbage red, Broccoli, Kale Tucsan, Komatsuna red, Tatsoi and Cabbage green, which can benefit human health in conditions with limited food, had the highest growth and nutritional content.

In vivo genotoxicity assessment of sunset yellow and sodium benzoate in female rats.

The use of additives in different food products is growing up. It has attracted the attention towards the relation between the mutagenic potential of human diseases and food additives. Sunset yellow (SY) and sodium benzoate (NaB) are used as colorant and food additives worldwide. In the present study, genotoxic effects of different combinations of SY and NaB were assessed in vivo in female rats. Different combinations of SY and NaB were dissolved in water and administered daily to six animals groups for 12 weeks. Group 1 (control) received water, Group 2 received 5 mg/kg body weight (bw) SY plus 10 mg/kg bw NaB, group 3 received 5 mg/kg SY plus 100 mg/kg NaB, group 4 received 50 mg SY plus 100 mg/kg NaB, group 5 received 50 mg/kg SY plus 10 mg/kg NaB, group 6 received 200 mg/kg SY plus 750 mg/kg NaB, and group 7 received 20 mg/kg SY plus 75 mg/kg NaB. Genotoxicity investigations (Chromosomal aberration of bone marrow cells, Comet assay and DNA profile of liver cells) were carried out at the end of the experiment. Administration of 200 mg/kg SY plus 750 mg/kg NaB (group 6) induced the highest abnormalities percentage (1.5%) and showed structural abnormalities including end-to-end association, fragmentation, chromatid break, ring chromosome, and centric fusion break of chromosomes. Different combinations of SY and NaB induced an increase in the frequency of tailed nuclei (DNA damage) in liver cells. A concentration-dependent distinct DNA smear pattern was observed in the DNA isolated from liver cells of animals administered SY and NaB. In addition, administration of SY plus NaB resulted in an abnormal distribution of serum proteins. The results showed that the SY plus NaB could have genotoxic potential. With the increase applications of food additives, this study reported important data about screening the potential impacts.

Muscle relaxant activities of pistagremic acid isolated from Pistacia integerrima.

The aim of the current work was to explore the muscle relaxant effect of pistagremic acid (PA) isolated from Pistacia integerrima in various animal paradigms. In a rotarod test, PA caused a significant (p<0.05) muscle relaxant potential in a dose-dependent manner. When studied in the inclined plane test, pretreatment with PA (5 and 10 mg/kg) caused promising activity (p<0.05) after treatment for 30, 60 and 90 min. The muscle relaxant potential of PA was strongly complimented by the traction and chimney tests, showing a dominant effect after 60 min of treatment. In conclusion, PA possesses strong muscle relaxant activity in various animal-based models.

Application of lactic acid bacteria in removing heavy metals and aflatoxin B1 from contaminated water.

In this study selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus plantrium and Streptococcus thermophiles) and probiotic bacteria (Bifidobacterium angulatum) were tested for their ability in removing heavy metals (HM) including cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) as well as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from contaminated water. The biosorption parameters (pH, bacterial concentration, contact time and temperature) of removal using individual as well as mixed LAB and probiotic bacteria were studied. Removal of HM and AFB1 depended on the strain, wherein the process was strongly pH-dependent with high removal ability at a pH close to neutral. The increase in bacterial concentration enhanced the removal of Cd, Pb and As. Also, increasing of contact time and temperature increased the ability of LAB to remove HM. The effect of contact time on Cd removal was slightly different when freshly cultured cells were used. The removal of Cd, Pb and As decreased with the increase in the initial metal concentration. The most effective HM removers were Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium angulatum. The system was found to be adequate for concentrations of HM under investigation. At the end of the operation, the concentration of HM reached the level allowed by the World Health Organization regulations.

Functional characteristics, nutritional value and industrial applications of Madhuca longifolia seeds: an overview.

New sustainable edible oil sources are desired to achieve supply chain flexibility and cost saving opportunities. Non-traditional fruit seeds are being considered because their constituents have unique chemical properties and may augment the supply of nutritional and functional products. Madhuca longifolia Syn. M. indica (Sapotaceae) is an important economic tree growing throughout the subtropical region of the Indo-Pak subcontinent. Information concerning the exact composition of mahua butter (known also as mowrah butter) from fruit-seeds of buttercup or Madhuca tree is scare. Few studies investigated mahua butter for its composition, nutritional value, biological activities and antioxidative properties. In consideration of potential utilization, detailed knowledge on the chemical composition, nutritional value and industrial applications of mahua butter is of major importance. The diversity of applications to which mahua butter can be put gives this substance great industrial importance. This review summarizes recent knowledge on bioactive compounds, functional properties as well as food and non-food industrial applications of mahua butter. Graphical abstractᅟ.

Oxidation of ß-sitosterol and campesterol in sunflower oil upon deep- and pan-frying of French fries.

Fried foods, both deep-fried and pan-fried, are enjoyed by people worldwide. Frying is one of the main factors leading to formation of phytosterols (PS) oxidation products (POP) in vegetable oils. The aim of this study was to measure the oxidation of ß-sitosterol (24α-ethyl-5-cholesten-3ß-ol) and campesterol (24α-methyl-5-cholesten-3ß-ol) in commercial sunflower oil (SFO) during deep- and pan-frying of French fries for different periods (30, 60, 120 and 240 min). The total amount of PS in SFO was 4732 µg/g, wherein the major PS were ß-sitosterol and campesterol. The results of POP were confirmed by the GC-MS analysis that monitored the formation of oxides during frying. Upon frying, total PS content decreased whereas the highest decrease was measured after 240 min of frying. The oxidative stability (OS) of different sitosterol and campesterol during both frying methods was evaluated. In general, pan frying resulted in more PS oxidation than deep frying. ß-Sitosterol oxides predominated while campesterol oxides were formed to a lesser extent. 7-Ketositosterol, followed by 7ß-hydroxysitosterol, 5,6-epoxy derivatives and 7α-hydroxysitosterol were the main POP induced during frying. The proportion of 7-keto derivatives decreased during frying while the proportion of 7ß-hydroxy derivatives increased. The formation of POP might be a limiting factor for frying in SFO for long periods.

Optimized spray-dried conditions' impact on fatty acid profiles and estimation of in vitro digestion of spray-dried chia/fish oil microcapsules.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are of interest due to their potential health properties and have a significant role in reducing the risk of various chronic diseases in humans. It is commonly used as a supplement. However, lipid oxidation is an important negative factor caused by environmental, processing, and limited water solubility of LCPUFA, making them difficult to incorporate into food products. The objective of this research work was to prevent oxidation, extend shelf life, enhance the stability of fatty acids, and to achieve controlled release by preparing spray-dried powder (SDM). For spray-drying, aqueous emulsion blends were formulated using a 1:1 ratio of chia seed oil (CSO) and fish oil (FO) and using a laboratory-scale spray-dryer with varying conditions: inlet air temperature (IAT, 125-185 °C), wall material (WM, 5-25%), pump speed (PS, 3-7 mL/min), and needle speed (NS, 3-11 s). The maximum alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content was 33 ± 1%. The highest values of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the microcapsules were 8.4 ± 0.4 and 13 ± 1%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared and X-Ray diffraction analysis results indicated that SDM was successfully formulated with Gum Arabic and maltodextrin (MD). The blending without encapsulation of CSO and FO was digested more efficiently and resulted in more oil being released with simulated gastric fluid (SGF), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and SGF + SIF conditions without heating. No significant changes were observed for saturated, monounsaturated, and LCPUFA, whether exposed or not to gastrointestinal conditions. However, compared to the release of SDM, it can be useful for designing delivery systems for the controlled release of essential fatty acids.

Eco-friendly extraction of antibacterial compounds from enriched olive pomace: a design-of-experiments approach to sustainability.

The increasing interest in utilizing olive pomace bioactive molecules to advance functional elements and produce antioxidant and antimicrobial additives underscores the need for eco-friendly extraction and purification methods. This study aims to develop an eco-friendly extraction method to evaluate the effect of extraction parameters on the recovery of bioactive molecules from enriched olive pomace. The effects were identified based on total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity, employing a design of experimental methodology. The positive and the negative simultaneous effects showed that among the tested enrichments, those incorporating Nigella Sativa, dates, and coffee demonstrated superior results in terms of the measured responses. Furthermore, chromatographic analysis unveiled the existence of intriguing compounds such as hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and squalene in distinct proportions. Beyond this, our study delved into the structural composition of the enriched pomace through FTIR analysis, providing valuable insights into the functional groups and chemical bonds present. Concurrently, antimicrobial assays demonstrated the potent inhibitory effects of these enriched extracts against various microorganisms, underscoring their potential applications in food preservation and safety. These findings highlight enriched olive pomace as a valuable reservoir of bioactive molecules for food products since they can enhance their anti-oxidative activity and contribute to a sustainable circular economy model for olive oil industries.

Effect of cold-pressed Nigella sativa seed meal on dough quality and nutritional value of bread.

This study investigated the application of black cumin meal (BCM) obtained from cold-pressing Nigella sativa seeds in bread baking. The effect of BCM on bread rheological traits and its nutritional value were investigated. Zeleny sedimentation, falling number, Farinograph, and Extensograph values in flour mixed with BCM (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) were evaluated. In addition, mineral content, protein, fat, thymoquinone, and crude cellulose contents in bread were investigated. Zeleny sedimentation and falling number values decreased with the increase in BCM in the flour samples. The water absorption, development time, stability, and softening degree values of the dough measured in the Farinograph device did not show a statistically significant difference in the flour with the BCM mixture compared to the control sample. The energy value and extensibility determined in the Extensograph device decreased with the increase in the amount of BCM in the flour. The amount of protein and crude fiber in bread increased with the increase in the amount of BCM. It was noted that there were significant increases in Fe, Ca, Mg, K, and Zn levels with the increase in BCM. Meanwhile, thymoquinone was not found in the bread samples containing BCM. The results revealed that the nutritional values of BCM-mixed bread are rich in protein, minerals, and cellulose.

Capsaicin Rich Low-Fat Salad Dressing: Improvement of Rheological and Sensory Properties and Emulsion and Oxidative Stability.

This study aimed to investigate the potential use of cold-pressed hot pepper seed oil by-product (HPOB) in a low-fat salad dressing to improve its rheological properties, emulsion, and oxidative stability. The total phenolic content (TPC), the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and CUPRIC reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) values were 317.4 mg GAE/100 g, 81.87%, and 6952.8 mg Trolox/100 g, respectively. The capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and total carotenoid content were 175.8 mg/100 g, 71.01 mg/100 g, and 106.3 µg/g, respectively. All emulsions indicated shear-thinning, viscoelastic solid-like behavior, and recoverable characteristics, which were improved via enrichment with HPOB. The thermal loop test showed that the low-fat sample formulated with 3% HPOB indicated little change in the G* value, showing that it exhibited high emulsion stability. The induction period values (IP) of the salad dressing samples containing HPOB (between 6.33 h and 8.33 h) were higher than the IP values of the control samples (3.20 h and 2.58 h). The enrichment with HPOB retarded the formation of oxidative volatile compounds of hexanal, nonanal, and 1-octene-3-ol. According to the results presented in this study, HPOB could be effectively used in a low-fat salad dressing to enhance its rheological characteristics and oxidative stability.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Assessment and Phytochemical Investigation of Three Varieties of Date Fruits.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids and other micronutrients, which impact human health due to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer characteristics. In the present study, the effect of ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, hydromethanol, and aqueous extract from three date palm varieties (i.e., Ajwa, Siwi, and Sukkari) on phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and anticancer activities was investigated. Fruit extracts were screened for their antioxidant activity using the DPPH· method. Phenolic constituents were quantified and identified using HPLC-DAD. Extracts (ethyl acetate, hydroethanol, and hydromethanol) were assessed for cytotoxicity on nine human cancer cell lines, i.e., MG-63, HCT116, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HEPG2, HUH7, A549, H460, and HFB4, using the sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) assay. Results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of the Sukkari fruits has the greatest antioxidant potential with an IC50 value of 132.4 ± 0.3 µg·mL-1, while the aqueous extract of Ajwa date fruits exhibited the lowest antioxidant effect with an IC50 value of 867.1 ± 0.3 µg·mL-1. The extracts exhibited potent to moderate anticancer activities against the investigated cancer cell line in a source-dependent manner. Methanol extract of Siwi fruits exhibited the most potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 99 ± 1.6 µg·mL-1), followed by the same extract of Sukkari fruits with an IC50 value of 119 ± 3.5 µg·mL-1 against the cell line of human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231). Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was investigated to determine the relationship among the investigated traits and treatments. Our findings reveal that date palm fruit-derived extracts are excellent sources of biologically active constituents and substantiate their potential use in new anticancer strategies from natural resources.

Membrane-processed honey samples for pollen characterization with health benefits.

Better processing techniques must be utilized widely due to the rising demand for honey. The most common honey processing techniques are applied to melissopalynomorphs to check the quality and quantity of valuable honey using microporous ultrafiltration membranes. It is essential to have the ability to selectively filter out sugars from honey using ultrafiltration. This study authenticated 24 honey samples using membrane reactors ultrafiltration protocol to describe the pollen spectrum of dominant vegetation. The purpose of this study was also to explore nutritional benefits as well as the active phytochemical constituents of honey samples. Honey samples were collected and labeled Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Ziziphus species based on plant resources provided by local beekeepers. A variety of honeybee flora was collected around the apiaries between 2020 and 2021. Honey analysis revealed that the pollen extraction of 24 bee foraging species belonging to 14 families. The honey membrane technology verified the identities of honey and nectar sources. Also, pollen identified using honey ultrafiltration membranes revealed dominant resources: Acacia spp. (69%), Eucalyptus spp. (52%) and Ziziphus spp. Honey filtration using a membrane technology classified 14 samples as unifloral, represented by six dominant pollen types. The absolute pollen count in the honey sample revealed that 58.33% (n = 14) belong to Maurizio's class I. Scanning ultrasculpturing showed diverse exine patterns: reticulate, psilate, scabrate-verrucate, scabrate-gemmate, granulate, perforate, microechinate, microreticulate, and regulate to fossulate for correct identification of honey pollen types. Honey ultrafiltration should be utilized to validate the botanical sources of honey and trace their biogeographic authenticity. Thus, it is imperative to look at the alternative useful method to identify the botanical origin of filtered honey. It is critical to separate honey from adulteration by a standardized protocol. Membrane technology has yielded significant outcomes in the purification of honey.

Functional properties, nutritional value, and industrial applications of Niger Oilseeds (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.).

Non-conventional seeds are being considered as novel food because their constituents have unique chemical properties and may augment the supply of nutritional and functional products. Niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) seed and its crude oil have been widely used in traditional nutritional and medicinal applications. Consequently, niger seed has been extensively studied for its nutritional value, biological activities, and antioxidative properties. In consideration of their potential utilization, detailed knowledge on the composition of niger oilseeds is of major importance. The diversity of applications to which niger seed can be put gives this oilseed great industrial importance. This review summarizes the nutritional value, functional properties, and industrical applications of niger seeds.