Virtual Human-Delivered Interviews for Patients With Chronic Pain: Feasibility, Acceptability, and a Pilot Randomized Trial of Standard Medical, Psychosocial, and Educational Interviews.

OBJECTIVE: Seminal advances in virtual human (VH) technology have introduced highly interactive, computer-animated VH interviewers. Their utility for aiding in chronic pain care is unknown. We developed three interactive telehealth VH interviews-a standard pain-focused, a psychosocial risk factor, and a pain psychology and neuroscience educational interview. We then conducted a preliminary investigation of their feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy. We also experimentally compared a human and a computer-generated VH voice. METHODS: Patients ( N = 94, age = 22-78 years) with chronic musculoskeletal pain were randomly assigned to the standard ( n = 31), psychosocial ( n = 34), or educational ( n = 29) VH interview and one of the two VH voices. Acceptability ratings included patient satisfaction and expectations/evaluations of the VH interview. Outcomes assessed at baseline and about 1-month postinterview were pain intensity, interference, emotional distress, pain catastrophizing, and readiness for pain self-management. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test between- and within-condition effects. RESULTS: Acceptability ratings showed that satisfaction with the VH and telehealth format was generally high, with no condition differences. Study attrition was low ( n = 5). Intent-to-treat-analyses showed that, compared with the standard interview, the psychosocial interview yielded a significantly greater reduction in pain interference ( p = .049, d = 0.43) and a marginally greater reduction in pain intensity ( p = .054, d = 0.36), whereas the educational interview led to a marginally greater yet nonsignificant increase in readiness for change ( p = .095, d = 0.24), as well as several significant improvements within-condition. Results did not differ by VH voice. CONCLUSIONS: Interactive VH interviewers hold promise for improving chronic pain care, including probing for psychosocial risk factors and providing pain-related education.

Cancer Pain Syndromes.

Pain from cancer can present in a multitude of ways. In this chapter, we will identify the types of cancer pain and their etiologies. Following this, we will explore how cancer pain can present as somatic pain, visceral pain, and neuropathic pain. We will explore the aspects of the history and physical examination that point to specific diagnoses of pain and how to appropriately treat each diagnosis appropriately. Finally, we will touch upon a phenomenon known as opioid neurotoxicity.

Clinical Pharmacy Services in a Multidisciplinary Specialty Pain Clinic.

PURPOSE: To describe a model of clinical pharmacy services as part of a multidisciplinary specialty pain clinic by discussing (1) the role of a clinical pharmacist in a specialty setting, including clinical interventions implemented, and (2) how integration of a clinical pharmacist may translate into an improved patient care model for the management of chronic pain. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted of pharmacist visits from October 1, 2013, to September 30, 2015, in a specialty pain clinic at an academic medical center in Los Angeles, California. Data were collected regarding medication-related problems (MRPs) identified by the pharmacist, interventions implemented to resolve the MRPs, and types of medication care coordination activities (MCCAs) performed by the pharmacist, such as responding to medication refill requests and insurance issues. Descriptive statistics were used. Institutional review board approval was obtained prior to initiating the study. RESULTS: At least 1 MRP was identified in 98.7% of the 380 visits. Problems identified by the clinical pharmacist were divided into 5 categories: medication refills needed (43%), medication appropriateness/effectiveness (18%), miscellaneous (17%), safety (16%), and nonadherence/patient variables (6%). Interventions focused on referral to appropriate providers, medication counseling, medication initiation, dose adjustment, and medication discontinuation. The most common MCCA was responding to refill requests. CONCLUSION: A clinical pharmacist can identify many MRPs and implement interventions in chronic pain management. Integration of clinical pharmacy services may improve practice management by facilitating the completion of MCCAs and increase access to patients' needs outside the clinic.

Intrathecal baclofen pump in pregnancy: case report, literature review, and management considerations.

BACKGROUND: Baclofen, a gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type B agonist in the central nervous system, is the first-line medication among central nervous system modulating agents for the treatment of neurogenic muscle spasticity. While baclofen is most often administered enterally, patients with severe spasticity may be candidates for baclofen delivered by intrathecal pump. Currently, there are only nine studies reporting on the use of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) during pregnancy and childbirth. CASE PRESENTATION: We described a female patient with a history of childhood idiopathic spasticity of the bilateral lower extremities that was controlled by ITB pump who became pregnant in her late third decade of life and delivered a healthy infant. The patient required multiple increases of her baclofen course over the course of her pregnancy. DISCUSSION: Our case, alongside the existing literature on ITB during pregnancy, suggests that ITB therapy in pregnancy poses a low risk of teratogenicity and infant withdrawal seizures; however, larger, controlled studies are necessary to make those conclusions with confidence. Healthcare providers caring for pregnant ITB patients should be cognizant of the potential for such patients to require increased doses of ITB during pregnancy to achieve adequate symptom control.

Personality and treatment-related correlates of trustworthiness: A web-survey with chronic pain narratives.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined personality and treatment-related correlates of trustworthiness in chronic pain narratives. METHODS: 727 adults participated in an online survey and rated eight narratives written by patients with chronic pain. Eighty-six percent of the participants identified themselves as having experienced chronic pain (n = 626) and 14% identified themselves as people with a medical background (n = 101). The survey examined psychological characteristics, trustworthiness and expressions of pain severity, desire for medication, and frustration with pain care. RESULTS: Pain narratives that were rated as likable, stoic, or appreciative were significantly associated with higher trustworthiness; narratives that were rated as depressed, hostile, or histrionic were significantly associated with lower trustworthiness. Similar results were found for patient peers and clinicians. Patients that expressed a high level of pain severity were rated as significantly less trustworthy (P < .001). Pain narratives that expressed frustration with pain care were also rated as significantly less trustworthy (P = .009). For pain narratives that expressed frustration with pain care, patient peers gave higher ratings of trustworthiness compared to providers (P = .008), whereas both gave similar ratings when no frustration with pain care was expressed in the narrative. DISCUSSION: Our results show that the way in which patients communicate about their pain are significantly associated with how trustworthy they are perceived. Future research should explore how trustworthiness is related to subsequent pain management and interpersonal dynamics.

Topical Ketamine in the Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and adverse effects of topical ketamine in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Retrospective charts were reviewed of patients 18 years or older diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome and treated with topical ketamine during the study period of May 2006 to April 2013 in an academic medical center specialty pain clinic. Exclusion criteria consisted of subjects who 1) were treated with topical ketamine for pain syndromes other than complex regional pain syndrome, 2) initiated other pain therapies concurrently with topical ketamine, 3) had less than two documented visits, 4) began use of topical ketamine prior to the start of the study period, 5) were under 18 years of age. Subjects with ICD-9 diagnoses codes complex regional pain syndrome-1 or complex regional pain syndrome-2 were identified from encounter-based data and billing records. Data collected for each subject included demographics, description of complex regional pain syndrome, concurrent medications and medical conditions, type of ketamine compound prescribed, duration of therapy, side effects, reasons for discontinuation (if any), and pain scores (numerical pain rating scale; 0 to 10). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained prior to initiating the study. Sixteen subjects met the inclusion/exclusion criteria for the study, 69% of which were female with an average age of 46 years (range: 24 to 60). Subjects took an average of 3.7 other pain medications (range: 2 to 8), had an average of 2.7 other co-morbid pain conditions (range: 1 to 5), and 1.6 other co-morbid non-pain conditions (range: 0 to 4). Eight (50%) reported that their pain had improved, while 7 (44%) reported a worsening of pain. One reported no change in pain score. No subjects reported adverse effects. Based on the findings in this study, the use of topical ketamine in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome shows promise due to the overall limited options available to treat this condition, as well as the favorable safety profile of topical agents. Future prospective controlled studies are needed to demonstrate a clear benefit.

Posttraumatic growth, quality of life, and treatment symptoms among cancer chemotherapy outpatients.

OBJECTIVE: The experiences of positive adjustment and growth, termed Posttraumatic Growth (PTG), are commonly reported among cancer survivors in the years after treatment. However, few studies have examined PTG among patients in active treatment for cancer. This study examined both positive and negative valenced change in PTG and relationships with treatment-related symptoms and mental and physical quality of life (QOL) among adults in active cancer treatment. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, adult outpatients (n = 114) completed a self-administered questionnaire. Hierarchical linear regression modeling (HLM) was performed to examine unique associations between positive and negative valenced change in PTG and QOL subscales and symptom reporting, controlling for theoretically relevant sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: The majority of participants (87%) reported at least one positive life change, whereas half (50%) reported at least one negative life change across PTG items. In HLM analysis of QOL subscales, negative valence PTG scores were positively associated with Physical Functioning and Bodily Pain and inversely associated with General Health, Role Physical, and Mental Health (F(12, 71) = 5.13; p < .0001). In HLM analysis of treatment symptom burden, positive valence PTG scores were inversely associated with age at diagnosis and reports of nausea (F(8, 83) = 2.93; p = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Reports of positive and negative life changes since diagnosis are common among adults actively receiving treatment for cancer. Assessments of both valenced PTG scores can provide a broader profile of biopsychosocial adjustment and symptom reporting during cancer treatment.

Placement of an implantable drug delivery system under the breast.

OBJECTIVE: Our case will demonstrate a safe and practical alternative location for an implantable drug delivery system (IDDS) pump. Traditionally, these pumps have been placed subcutaneously in the lower abdomen. We will describe the technique used for under the breast placement. PATIENT: The patient was a 52-year-old female with metastatic colon cancer and chronic flank pain. RESULTS: The pump was placed in the retromammary location with no complications or problems with patient discomfort. Adequate pain control was achieved. CONCLUSION: The retromammary location for the IDDS pump is a safe and aesthetically pleasing option for some patients. This location is a useful alternative for female cachectic patients, or patients with abdominal ostomies.

Trustworthiness as a clinical variable: the problem of trust in the management of chronic, nonmalignant pain.

The subjective nature of pain leads to many treatment difficulties. These problems can often be resolved if we know that the patient is trustworthy. Trustworthiness should be assessed as a distinct clinical variable. This is more easily achieved if we examine the three components of trustworthiness: the patient's subjective reports, which we call testimony; the reason that the patient seeks treatment, which we call motive; and the patient's adherence with efforts to get well, which we call responsibility. Because of difficulties with assessing testimony and motive, we propose that establishing the patient's responsibility is the key to assessing trustworthiness.