RESUMEN
Protected areas (PAs) are pivotal to biodiversity conservation, yet their efficacy is compromised by insufficient funding and management. So-called other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) present a paradigm shift and address PA limitations. Such measures can expand conservation areas, enhance connectivity, and improve the existing system. To assess the conservation status of biodiversity in Tibetan cultural areas in China, we investigated the spatial distribution of wildlife vulnerable to human disturbance (large- and medium-sized mammals and terrestrial birds) in Xinlong, a traditional Tibetan cultural area. In particular, we compared a PA (Xionglongxi Nature Reserve) and OECMs targeting species conservation. We also investigated the relationship of wildlife with human temporal and spatial activities. The OECMs complemented areas not covered by PA, especially in rich understory biodiversity regions. More species in OECMs tolerated human presence than species in the PA. Existing biodiversity reserves failed to cover areas of high conservation value in Tibet and offered limited protection capacity. Expanding PAs and identifying OECMs improved Xinlong's system by covering most biodiversity hotspots. Building on the tradition of wildlife conservation in Tibet, harnessing OECMs may be an effective means of augmenting biodiversity conservation capacity. We recommend further evaluation of OECMs effectiveness and coverage in Tibetan area as a way to enhance the current PA system.
èªç¶ä¿æ¤å°(protected areas, PAs)被认为æ¯çç©å¤æ ·æ§ä¿æ¤çæéè¦ä¸æææçæªæ½ä¹ä¸ãç¶è, ç±äºèµéä¸è¶³å管ç缺失çå ç´ , èªç¶ä¿æ¤å°ä½ç³»çæææ§è¢«å¤§å¹ 度åå¼±ã"å ¶ä»ææçåºäºåºåçä¿æ¤æªæ½(other effective areabased conservation measures, OECMs)"å¼èµ·äºåºäºåºåçä¿æ¤èå¼è½¬å, è½å¤ææ弥补PAsçä¸è¶³ãOECMsè½å¤ææå®ç°ä¿æ¤é¢ç§¯çæ©å¤§, å 强ä¿æ¤å°ä¹é´çè¿éæ§, å®åç°æä¿æ¤å°ä½ç³»ãåºäºæ¤, 为è¿ä¸æ¥äºè§£ä¸å½èæåå°åºçç©å¤æ ·æ§çä¿æ¤æ åµ, è¯ä¼°PAsåOECMså¨ç©ç§ä¿æ¤ä¸çå·®å¼ãæ们以ä¸å½æ°é¾å¿ä¸ºä¾, è°æ¥äºå½å°å¤§ä¸ååºä¹³å¨ç©åå°æ é¸ç±»è¿ç±»å®¹æå人为干æ°çéçå¨ç©ç空é´åå¸åä¸äººç±»äºä½çæ¶ç©ºæ´»å¨å ³ç³»ãç»æ表æ, å¨ä¿æ¤åºæ æ³è¦ççåºå, OECMsè½å¤æä¾ææçè¡¥å , å¦æä¸åºåççç©å¤æ ·æ§ä¿æ¤ãå¨OECMsèå´å , æ´å¤çç©ç§è½å¤å¨æ¶ç©ºæ´»å¨ä¸å®¹å¿äººç±»çåå¨, å°¤å ¶æ¯çç©ç©ç§ãå¨å½åçç©å¤æ ·æ§ä¼å ä¿æ¤åºæ æ³æ¶µçèåºé«ä¿æ¤ä»·å¼åºå以åç°æä¿æ¤åºä¿æ¤è½åæéçæ åµä¸, èåºéçå¨ç©çä¿æ¤éè¦éåæ´å¤é对æ§çæªæ½ãéè¿æ©å¤§ä¿æ¤åºåç¡®å®OECMsåºå, è½å¤è¦çæ°é¾ç»å¤§é¨åçç©å¤æ ·æ§çç¹å°åºãé´äºèåºçéçå¨ç©ä¿æ¤ä¼ ç», åå©OECMsçåéæ¯å®ååæé«èåºçç©å¤æ ·æ§ä¿æ¤ä¿æ¤è½åçæææ段ãæ们建议æªæ¥è¿ä¸æ¥è¯ä¼°èåºçOECMsçæææ§åè¦çæ åµ, å®åèªç¶ä¿æ¤å°ä½ç³»ã åºäºå ¶ä»ææçåºåä¿æ¤æªæ½çä¸å½æ°é¾å¿ä¿æ¤å°ä½ç³»æ建.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Mamíferos , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Animales , Tibet , Mamíferos/fisiología , Aves/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The habitat plays a crucial role in ensuring the survival of wildlife. However, the increasing disturbances caused by human activities present a substantial threat to habitats, especially for species such as the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), which is a significant small predator. Currently, research on leopard cats predominantly focuses on low-altitude regions within its distribution range, leaving plateau areas understudied. To enhance our understanding of the impact of human disturbances on leopard cat habitats, we undertook a study employing infrared camera trappings to monitor leopard cats' activity in Xinlong of southwestern China between 2015 and 2023. We analyzed the spatial distribution and habitat suitability of the leopard cats by utilizing ensemble species distribution models (ESDMs). Moreover, we employed two-species occupancy models to investigate the spatial interaction between leopard cats and human disturbances. The results indicated that (1) the potential suitable habitat area for leopard cats encompassed approximately 1324.93 km2 (14.3%), primarily located along the banks of Yalong river. (2) The distribution of suitable habitat was predominantly influenced by competitors, specifically the yellow-throated marten (YTM), accounting for 52.4% of the influence, as well as environmental factors such as distance to water (DTW) at 12.0% and terrain roughness index (TRI) at 10.0%. Human interference, including cattle presence (4.6%), distance to road (DTD, 4.9%), and distance to settlement (DTS, 3.5%), had a limited impact on the habitat distribution. (3) Within a 5 km radius, habitat suitability increased with proximity to human settlements. (4) Leopard cats exhibited spatial independence from humans and domestic cattle (species interaction factor (SIF) = 1.00) while avoiding domestic horses (SIF = 0.76 ± 0.03). The relatively minor impact of human disturbances in Xinlong could be attributed to traditional cultural practices safeguarding wildlife and the leopard cat's environmental adaptability. We recommend establishing a novel conservation paradigm based on the living dynamics of wildlife communities in Xinlong, thereby offering a more targeted approach to biodiversity preservation in the future.