A Specific CNOT1 Mutation Results in a Novel Syndrome of Pancreatic Agenesis and Holoprosencephaly through Impaired Pancreatic and Neurological Development.

We report a recurrent CNOT1 de novo missense mutation, GenBank: NM_016284.4; c.1603C>T (p.Arg535Cys), resulting in a syndrome of pancreatic agenesis and abnormal forebrain development in three individuals and a similar phenotype in mice. CNOT1 is a transcriptional repressor that has been suggested as being critical for maintaining embryonic stem cells in a pluripotent state. These findings suggest that CNOT1 plays a critical role in pancreatic and neurological development and describe a novel genetic syndrome of pancreatic agenesis and holoprosencephaly.

BTB-Kelch protein Krp1 regulates proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts.

The BTB-Kelch protein Krp1 is highly and specifically expressed in skeletal muscle, where it is proposed to have a role in myofibril formation. We observed significant upregulation of Krp1 in C2 cells early in myoblast differentiation, well before myofibrillogenesis. Krp1 has a role in cytoskeletal organization and cell motility; since myoblast migration and elongation/alignment are important events in early myogenesis, we hypothesized that Krp1 is involved with earlier regulation of differentiation. Krp1 protein levels were detectable by 24 h after induction of differentiation in C2 cells and were significantly upregulated by 48 h, i.e., following the onset myogenin expression and preceding myosin heavy chain (MHC) upregulation. Upregulation of Krp1 required a myogenic stimulus as signaling derived from increased myoblast cell density was insufficient to activate Krp1 expression. Examination of putative Krp1 proximal promoter regions revealed consensus E box elements associated with myogenic basic helix-loop-helix binding. The activity of a luciferase promoter-reporter construct encompassing this 2,000-bp region increased in differentiating C2 myoblasts and in C2 cells transfected with myogenin and/or MyoD. Knockdown of Krp1 via short hairpin RNA resulted in increased C2 cell number and proliferation rate as assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, whereas overexpression of Krp1-myc had the opposite effect; apoptosis was unchanged. No effects of changed Krp1 protein levels on cell migration were observed, either by scratch wound assay or live cell imaging. Paradoxically, both knockdown and overexpression of Krp1 inhibited myoblast differentiation assessed by expression of myogenin, MEF2C, MHC, and cell fusion.

Lyplal1 is dispensable for normal fat deposition in mice.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have detected association between variants in or near the Lysophospholipase-like 1 (LYPLAL1) locus and metabolic traits, including central obesity, fatty liver and waist-to-hip ratio. LYPLAL1 is also known to be upregulated in the adipose tissue of obese patients. However, the physiological role of LYPLAL1 is not understood. To investigate the function of Lyplal1 in vivo we investigated the phenotype of the Lyplal1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi homozygous mouse. Body composition was unaltered in Lyplal1 knockout mice as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning, both on normal chow and on a high-fat diet. Adipose tissue distribution between visceral and subcutaneous fat depots was unaltered, with no change in adipocyte cell size. The response to both insulin and glucose dosing was normal in Lyplal1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi homozygous mice, with normal fasting blood glucose concentrations. RNAseq analysis of liver, muscle and adipose tissue confirmed that Lyplal1 expression was ablated with minimal additional changes in gene expression. These results suggest that Lyplal1 is dispensable for normal mouse metabolic physiology and that despite having been maintained through evolution Lyplal1 is not an essential gene, suggesting possible functional redundancy. Further studies will be required to clarify its physiological role.