Discovery of a functionally selective ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) ligand for modulating brain dopamine.

SignificanceThe modulation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a (GHSR1a) signaling is a promising strategy for treating brain conditions of metabolism, aging, and addiction. GHSR1a activation results in pleiotropic physiological outcomes through distinct and pharmacologically separable G protein- and ß-arrestin (ßarr)-dependent signaling pathways. Thus, pathway-selective modulation can enable improved pharmacotherapeutics that can promote therapeutic efficacy while mitigating side effects. Here, we describe the discovery of a brain-penetrant small molecule, N8279 (NCATS-SM8864), that biases GHSR1a conformations toward Gαq activation and reduces aberrant dopaminergic behavior in mice. N8279 represents a promising chemical scaffold to advance the development of better treatments for GHSR1a-related brain disorders involving the pathological dysregulation of dopamine.

Serum fibroblast growth factor-2 levels complement vital biomarkers for diagnosing heart failure.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of atrial fibrillation is important as it is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) may serve as a diagnostic biomarker for heart failure due to its ability to promote cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy; however, the relationship between FGF2 concentration and heart failure is unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether FGF2 could aid in distinguishing patients with heart failure from healthy controls and those with dyspnea without heart failure. Additionally, to evaluate the possible correlation between serum FGF2 levels and its diagnostic parameters in patients with heart failure. METHODS: Plasma FGF2 concentration was measured in 114 patients with a complaint of dyspnea (enrolled in the study between January 2022 and August 2022). Based on heart failure diagnosis, the patients were assigned to three groups, as follows: heart failure (n = 80), non-heart-failure dyspnea (n = 34), and healthy controls (n = 36), following physical examination. Possible correlations between serum FGF2 levels and other prognostic parameters in patients with heart failure were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum FGF2 levels were higher in patients with heart failure (125.60 [88.95, 183.40] pg/mL) than in those with non-heart-failure dyspnea (65.30 [28.85, 78.95] pg/mL) and healthy controls (78.90 [60.80, 87.20] pg/mL) (p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified FGF2 concentration as a significant predictor in heart failure diagnosis, with an area under the curve of 0.8693 (p < 0.0001). Importantly, in the heart failure group, serum FGF2 concentrations correlated with key prognostic parameters for heart failure, such as reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and elevated serum levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum FGF2 level is strongly associated with an increased risk of heart failure and could serve as a useful biomarker to complement vital diagnostic parameters for heart failure.

Helium in the eroding atmosphere of an exoplanet.

Helium is the second-most abundant element in the Universe after hydrogen and is one of the main constituents of gas-giant planets in our Solar System. Early theoretical models predicted helium to be among the most readily detectable species in the atmospheres of exoplanets, especially in extended and escaping atmospheres 1 . Searches for helium, however, have hitherto been unsuccessful 2 . Here we report observations of helium on an exoplanet, at a confidence level of 4.5 standard deviations. We measured the near-infrared transmission spectrum of the warm gas giant 3 WASP-107b and identified the narrow absorption feature of excited metastable helium at 10,833 angstroms. The amplitude of the feature, in transit depth, is 0.049 ± 0.011 per cent in a bandpass of 98 angstroms, which is more than five times greater than what could be caused by nominal stellar chromospheric activity. This large absorption signal suggests that WASP-107b has an extended atmosphere that is eroding at a total rate of 1010 to 3 × 1011 grams per second (0.1-4 per cent of its total mass per billion years), and may have a comet-like tail of gas shaped by radiation pressure.

Classification of breast edema on T2-weighted imaging for predicting sentinel lymph node metastasis and biological behavior in breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether preoperative classification of breast edema on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) is useful for predicting sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis and biological behavior in patients with early-stage breast cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study involved 341 women with breast cancer who underwent breast MRI from January 2019 to March 2022. Breast edema was scored on a scale of 1-4 on T2WI (1, no edema; 2, peritumoral edema; 3, prepectoral edema; and 4, subcutaneous edema). A logistic regression model was employed for univariate and multivariate analyses. A clinicopathological model was established using independent influencing factors identified in the multivariate analyses, excluding breast edema score (BES). Subsequently, BES was incorporated into this model to establish a combined BES model. The AUC and Delong test were used to examine the additional predictive value of the BES. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis showed that breast edema was an independent risk factor for SLN metastasis. The combined BES model significantly improved the predictive performance of SLN metastasis compared with the clinicopathological model alone (AUC, 0.77 vs. 0.71; p=0.005). In addition, the BES was significantly positively correlated with the tumor diameter (p<0.001), histologic grade (p=0.001), Ki-67 index (p<0.001), and non-luminal subtypes (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The BES on T2WI is useful for predicting SLN metastasis. A higher grade of breast edema is associated with breast cancer aggressiveness and increases the probability of SLN metastasis.

Factors influencing the detection rate of fumarate peak in 1H MR spectroscopy of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma at 3 T MRI.

AIM: To identify factors that may be associated with fumarate detection rate in 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-RCC). MATERIALS AND MEHODS: Between February 2018 and March 2022, 16 FH-RCC patients with 30 lesions underwent 1H-MRS. Detection results were classified as having a detected fumarate peak (n=12), undetected peak (n=10), or technical failure (n=8). Factors including tumour size, tumour location, treatment history, and metastasis status were collected and analysed. A Bayesian logistic regression model was applied to evaluate the association between these factors and the detection result. RESULTS: Bayesian analysis demonstrated significant associations between fumarate detection results and the following factors: long-axis diameter (odds ratio [OR] of 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] of 1.07-2.53), short-axis diameter (OR of 1.90; 95% CI of 1.19-3.06), voxel size (OR of 2.85; 95% CI of 1.70-4.75), treatment history (OR of 0.35; 95% CI of 0.21-0.58), non-metastatic state (OR of 2.45; 95% CI of 1.48-4.06), and lymph node metastasis (OR of 0.35; 95% CI of 0.21-0.58). Technical failure results were associated with factors such as treatment history (OR of 2.59; 95% CI of 1.37-4.66), non-metastatic state (OR of 0.36; 95% CI of 0.19-0.66), and lymph node metastasis (OR of 2.61; 95% CI of 1.39-4.74). CONCLUSION: Tumour size, treatment history, and metastasis character were associated with the detection of abnormal fumarate accumulation. This finding will serve as a reference for interpreting 1H-MRS results and for selecting suitable scenarios to evaluate FH-RCC.

Predictive value of spectral computed tomography parameters for EGFR gene mutation in non-small-cell lung cancer.

AIM: To explore the predictive value of morphological signs and quantitative parameters from spectral CT for EGFR gene mutations in intermediate and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study included patients with intermediate or advanced NSCLC at Xinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital between January 2017 and December 2019. The patients were divided into the EGFR gene mutation-positive and -negative groups. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients aged 60.75 ± 9.66 years old were included: 32 were EGFR mutation-positive, and 47 were negative. There were significant differences in pathological stage (P<0.001), tumor diameter (P=0.019), lobulation sign, intrapulmonary metastasis, mediastinal lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis (P<0.001), bone metastasis (P<0.001), arterial phase normalized iodine concentration (NIC) (P=0.001), venous phase NIC (P=0.001), slope of the energy spectrum curve (λ) (P<0.001), and CT value at 70 keV in arterial phase (P=0.004) and venous phase (P=0.003) between the EGFR mutation-positive and -negative patients. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that intrapulmonary metastasis, distant metastasis, venous phase NIC, venous phase λ, and pathological stage were independent factors predicting EGFR gene mutations, with high diagnostic power (AUC = 0.975, 91.5% sensitivity, and 90.6% specificity). CONCLUSION: The pathological stage and the spectral CT parameters of intrapulmonary metastasis, distant metastasis, venous phase NIC, and venous phase λ might pre-operatively predict EGFR gene mutations in intermediate and advanced NSCLC.

Diagnostic value of adenohypophyseal MRI features in female children with precocious puberty.

AIM: To evaluate the diagnostic value of adenohypophyseal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features for precocious puberty (PP) in female children and also to establish a non-invasive diagnostic approach in clinics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 126 female children (37, 57, and 32 female children clinically diagnosed with central PP [CPP], incomplete PP [IPP], and controls, respectively) were enrolled in this study. Data were collected and analysed using analysis of variance. Pearson correlation and stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis were used to examine the association and build prediction models. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy. RESULTS: The values of adenohypophysis volume (aPV), adenohypophysis height (aPH), and signal-intensity ratio (SIR), height, weight, and seven laboratory testing characteristics were correlated closely with the activation status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis in the different groups (all p<0.05). Model 1 including aPV, weight, and aPH and Model 2 including SIR, aPV, and height were built to obtain predicted luteinising hormone (LH; R2 = 0.271) and LH/follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; R2 = 0.311). ROC analysis showed the predicted LH, predicted LH/FSH, and aPV were the top 3 best predictors in distinguishing CPP from controls (AUC = 0.969, 0.949, and 0.938) while predicted LH/FSH was the best predictor in distinguishing CPP from IPP and controls (AUC = 0.829 and 0.828). CONCLUSION: The adenohypophysis volume itself and the prediction models including main adenohypophyseal MRI features increased diagnostic efficiency for PP and offered a non-invasive and credible diagnostic method.

A novel strategy for predicting the efficacy of temozolomide treatment for metastatic pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies on the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) in the treatment of Metastatic pheochromocytoma / paraganglioma (MPP) patients. And it remains unclear which MPP patients may benefit from TMZ treatment. METHODS: This was a prospective study. MPP patients were enrolled. Patients were treated with TMZ until disease progression or intolerable toxicities. The primary endpoints were disease control rate (DCR) and objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included biochemical response rate progression-free survival (PFS) and safety. We compared the difference between effective and ineffective groups, to explore which patients are more suitable for TMZ treatment. RESULTS: 62 patients with MPP were enrolled and tumor response were evaluated in 54 patients. The DCR was 83% (35/42), and the ORR was 24% (10/41) among the progressive patients. PFS was 25.2 ± 3.1 months. The most common adverse event was nausea (41/55). We found that 92.9% (13/14) of patients with MGMT methylation greater than 7% respond to treatment. For the patients with MGMT methylation less than 7%, Ki-67 index could be used to guide the use of TMZ in these patients. Among the patients with Ki-67 index less than 5%, 66% (8/12) patients showed respond to treatment, and only 33% (4/12) patients with Ki-67 index more than 5% showed respond to TMZ. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that TMZ is a potential choice for the treatment of MPP with the high ability on disease control and well tolerability. We recommended to MGMT methylation analysis test and Ki-67 index to guide TMZ application.

JPT2 in subclinical hypothyroidism-related miscarriage as a transcription co-factor: involvement of LEPR/STAT3 activation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) has been identified to be associated with implantation failure, in which the dysfunction of trophoblast cells is involved. In this study, the transcriptomics of aborted placenta from SCH rats were analyzed. Jupiter microtubule-associated homolog 2 (JPT2) was downregulated in the aborted placenta. This study aims to investigate its role in SCH-associated miscarriage. METHODS: Spontaneous abortion was observed in SCH rats generated by thyroidectomy combined with levothyroxine administration. The transcriptomics analysis was performed using aborted placenta. Afterward, the effects of JPT2 on trophoblast cells were explored using gain-and loss-of-function experiments. RESULTS: Transcriptomics analysis showed 1286 downregulated genes and 2300 upregulated genes in the aborted placenta, and JPT2 was significantly downregulated in the aborted placenta from SCH rats. Afterward, gain-and loss-of-function experiments exhibited that overexpression of JPT2 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, spheroid formation of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells and their attachment to endometrial stromal cells, while these biological behaviors were suppressed by JPT2 knockdown. Furthermore, JPT2 accelerated the transcription of leptin receptor (LEPR), and activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal in a transcription factor AP-2γ-dependent manner. In addition, silencing of LEPR abolished the role of JPT2. CONCLUSION: Our results revealed that JPT2, which was downregulated in the aborted placenta from SCH rats, promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, spheroid formation, and attachment of trophoblast cells via regulating LEPR/STAT3 axis as a transcription co-factor. It is indicated that low expression of JPT2 may contribute to the abortion in individuals with SCH.

Clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for mortality in hospitalized diabetes and chronic kidney disease patients after COVID-19 infection following widespread vaccination.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 poses a significant threat to patients with comorbidities, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). China experienced a nationwide COVID-19 endemic from December 2022 to January 2023, which is the first occurrence of such an outbreak following China's widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccinations. METHODS: A total of 338 patients with diabetes and CKD combined with COVID-19 infection between December 7, 2022 and January 31, 2023 were included in this study. The end follow-up date was February 10, 2023. Univariate analysis and multivariate Cox analysis were used to analyze risk factors for death. RESULTS: During the 50-day median follow-up period, 90 patients in the study cohort died, for a mortality rate of 26.63%. The median age of the study cohort was 74 years, with a male predominance of 74%. During hospitalization, 21% of patients had incident AKI, 17% of patients experienced stroke, and 40% of patients experienced respiratory failure. Cox proportional hazard regression showed that older age, a diagnosis of severe or critically severe COVID-19 infection, incident AKI and respiratory failure, higher level of average values of fasting glucose during hospitalization, UA, and total bilirubin were independent risk factors for death in our multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the critical importance of identifying and managing comorbid risk factors for COVID-19, especially among the elderly, in order to optimize clinical outcomes, even after COVID-19 vaccination.

Novel alternative tools for metastatic pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas prediction.

OBJECTIVE: The existing prediction models for metastasis in pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PPGLs) showed high heterogeneity in different centers. Therefore, this study aimed to establish new prediction models integrating multiple variables based on different algorithms. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data of patients with PPGLs undergoing surgical resection at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2007 to 2022 were collected retrospectively. Patients were randomly divided into the training and testing sets in a ratio of 7:3. Subsequently, decision trees, random forest, and logistic models were constructed for metastasis prediction with the training set and Cox models for metastasis-free survival (MFS) prediction with the total population. Additionally, Ki-67 index and tumor size were transformed into categorical variables for adjusting models. The testing set was used to assess the discrimination and calibration of models and the optimal models were visualized as nomograms. Clinical characteristics and MFS were compared between patients with and without risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 198 patients with 59 cases of metastasis were included and classified into the training set (n = 138) and testing set (n = 60). Among all models, the logistic regression model showed the best discrimination for metastasis prediction with an AUC of 0.891 (95% CI, 0.793-0.990), integrating SDHB germline mutations [OR: 96.72 (95% CI, 16.61-940.79)], S-100 (-) [OR: 11.22 (95% CI, 3.04-58.51)], ATRX (-) [OR: 8.42 (95% CI, 2.73-29.24)] and Ki-67 ≥ 3% [OR: 7.98 (95% CI, 2.27-32.24)] evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tumor size ≥ 5 cm [OR: 4.59 (95% CI, 1.34-19.13)]. The multivariate Cox model including the above risk factors also showed a high C-index of 0.860 (95% CI, 0.810-0.911) in predicting MFS after surgery. Furthermore, patients with the above risk factors showed a significantly poorer MFS (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Models established in this study provided alternative and reliable tools for clinicians to predict PPGLs patients' metastasis and MFS. More importantly, this study revealed for the first time that IHC of ATRX could act as an independent predictor of metastasis in PPGLs.

Comparison of different freezing methods for micro-volume semen.

BACKGROUND: Mico-volume semen freezing is essential and used popularly for fertility preservation of patients suffering cancer or undergoing male reproductive system related surgeries, and for other reasons that may risk fertility potential in ART cycles. However, clinicians and embryologists still face some unresolved technical and theoretical issues about the frozen-thawed efficiency. OBJECTIVE: To choose the appropriate freezing method for different volumes of normal semen samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the frozen-thawed outcomes of semen with different volumes (20 uL, 50 uL, 100 uL, 200 uL, 500 uL and 1 mL) using two freezing methods (FLNV, static liquid nitrogen vapour cooling followed by liquid nitrogen preservation; RFLN, direct rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen) and analyzed the vitality, progressive motility and DNA fragmentation index of thawed sperm. RESULTS: We found that semen freezing with volumes more than 100 uL had better outcomes than volumes less than or equal to 50 uL after thawing. FLNV presented a higher efficiency for cryopreservation of semen with volumes less than 50 uL. CONCLUSION: For smaller (micro) volumes, the FLNV technique is better than the RFLN method. https://doi.org/10.54680/fr24110110412.

In ovo injection of AZD6244 suppresses feather follicle development by the inhibition of ERK and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways in goose embryos (Anser cygnoides).

1. Feathers are an important product from poultry, and the state of feather growth and development plays an important role in their economic value.2. In total, 120 eggs were selected for immunoblotting and immunolocalisation experiments of ERK and ß-catenin proteins in different developmental stages of goose embryos. The ERK protein was highly expressed in the early stage of goose embryo development, while ß-catenin protein was highly expressed in the middle stage of embryo development.3. The 120 eggs were divided into four treatment groups, including an uninjected group (BLANK), a group injected with 100 µl of cosolvent (CK), a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 5 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD5) and a group injected with 100 µl of AZD6244 containing cosolvent in a dose of 15 mg/kg AZD6244 containing cosolvent (AZD15). The eggs were injected on the ninth day of embryonic development (E9). Samples were collected at E21.5 to observe feather width, feather follicle diameter, ERK and Wnt/ß-catenin pathway protein expression.4. The AZD5 and AZD15 doses were within the embryonic safety range compared to the BLANK and CK groups and had no significant effect on the survival rate and weight at the inflection point, but significantly reduced the feather width and feather follicle diameter (p < 0.05). The AZD6244 treatment inhibited ERK protein phosphorylation levels and blocked the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, which in turn significantly down-regulated the expression levels of FZD4, ß-catenin, TCF4 and LEF1 (p < 0.05), with an inhibitory effect in the AZD15 group being more significant. The immunohistochemical results of ß-catenin and p-ERK were consistent with Western blot results.5. The small molecule inhibitor AZD6244 regulated the growth and development of feather follicles in goose embryos by the ERK and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways.

[Long-term health-related quality of life and related factors in children with severe hemophilia A who received regular low-dose prophylaxiss].

Objective: To investigate long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and related factors in children with severe hemophilia A (HA) who received regular low-dose prophylaxis. Methods: Clinical data of severe HA children who began to receive regular low-dose coagulation factor Ⅷ (FⅧ) prophylaxis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2011 were retrospectively enrolled. The longest last follow-up period was May 31, 2023. The attendance of school or work and daily physical activity during the last follow-up were investigated. The patients were divided into full attendance group and incomplete attendence group according to attendance. The patients were divided into into exercise attainment group (reached Chinese sports recommendation) and exercise nonattainment group according to the exercise status. Barthel score was used to assess activities of daily living and Haemo-QoL was used to assess quality of life. Long-term HRQoL for children aged 8-16 years and patients aged 17 years and above were assessed using Haemo-QoL SF and Haem-A-QoL versions, respectively. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between treatment conditions and Haemo-QoL scores. Results: A total of 22 cases were enrolled, the prophylaxis initiation age ranged from 1.8-17.9 (10.4±3.8) years old. The average prophylactic FⅧ dose during low-dose prophylaxis was 24.2 U/kg per week and the follow-up time was 6.3-15.1 (9.6±2.8) years. At the last follow-up, the age of the patients was (20.2±5.4) years, of which 14 (63.6%) were adults over 18 years old. There were 15 patients in the full attendance group and 7 patients in the incomplete attendence group. Compared with the full attendance group, the incomplete attendence group had a smaller preventive treatment dose [M(Q1, Q3), (28.4±11.1) vs (15.3±3.7) U/kg, P=0.012], shorter preventive treatment time [148. 1 (18.6, 346.5) vs 48.0 (32.0, 156.9) weeks, P=0.017], and higher annual joint bleeding rate (AJBR) [12.5 (6.0, 22.3) vs 14.2 (13.2, 17.8) times, P=0.017]. There were 7 cases in the exercise attainment group and 15 cases in the exercise nonattainment group. Compared to the exercise attainment group, the exercise nonattainment group had shorter preventive treatment time[313. 7 (156.9, 366.0) vs 48.0 (16.5, 108.9) weeks, P=0.006], a higher AJBR [7.0 (5.1, 10.0) vs 23.3 (12.5, 29.8), P=0.003] and a higher hemophilia joint health score (HJHS) [9.0 (2.0, 15.5) vs 23.0 (12.0, 27.8), P=0.014]. Barthel score showed 81.8% (18 cases) of the patients' living ability was not influenced by the illness. In Haemo-QoL score, the total score of Haemo-QoL SF in 7 cases was (47.6±17.0) scores, the total score of Haem-A-QoL in 15 cases was (45.2±22.6) scores. The daily activity dimension of the Haem-A-QoL score was the lowest [38.2 (10.9, 45.5) scores], which was positively correlated with the starting age of prophylactic initiation (r=0.501, P=0.057), and negatively correlated with the duration of prophylaxis (r=-0.545, P=0.036). Conclusions: Regular low-dose prophylaxis could improve the long-term HRQoL of some children with severe HA, and children with higher prophylactic doses and longer prophylactic treatment time have higher quality of life.

[Pathogenic characteristics and influence factors of bloodstream infection-induced severe sepsis in pediatric intensive care unit].

Objective: To summarize the pathogenic characteristics of bloodstream infection (BSI)-induced severe sepsis and analyze the influence factors in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Methods: Pediatric patients who were diagnosed with severe sepsis caused by BSI in the PICU of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2016 to December 2021 were retrospectively selected and divided into survival group and death group according to their discharge outcomes. Clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters, pathogenic characteristics and drug resistance of the patients were collected. The characteristics of pathogens, clinical and laboratory indicators were summarized, and the influencing factors of death in children with severe sepsis caused by BSI were analyzed based on binary multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 132 patients, aged [M (Q1, Q3)] 36 (10, 119) months, with BSI-induced severe sepsis were enrolled in this study, including 81 males and 51 females. There were 38 cases aged 36 (15, 120) months in the death group, including 23 males and 15 females. There were 94 cases, aged 36 (8, 108) months, in the survival group, including 58 males and 36 females. A total of 132 strains of pathogens were isolated, including 87 strains (65.9%) of Gram-negative bacteria. The top 5 pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (24 cases, 18.2%), Escherichia coli (17 cases, 12.9%), Acinetobacter baumannii (13 cases, 9.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 cases, 7.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10 cases, 7.6%). The proportion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in hospital-acquired BSI was higher than that in community-acquired BSI [52.9% (36/68) vs 15.6% (10/64), P=0.001]. The proportions of community-acquired infection were 58.5% (55/94) and 23.7% (9/38) in the survival and death groups, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The proportion of central venous catheter insertion before bloodstream infection in the death group was higher than that in the survival group [63.2% (24/38) vs 42.6% (40/94), P=0.034]. According to the binary multivariate logistic regression analysis, hospital-acquired infection (OR=4.80, 95%CI: 1.825-12.621, P=0.001), absolute neutrophil count (ANC) (OR=0.93, 95%CI: 0.863-0.993, P=0.030) and decreased albumin (OR=0.89, 95%CI: 0.817-0.977, P=0.014) were risk factors for death. Conclusions: The common pathogen of BSI-induced severe sepsis in PICU is Gram-negative bacteria. The proportion of multi-drug resistant organisms of BSI obtained in hospitals is high. Children with severe sepsis due to BSI with nosocomial acquired infection, ANC and decreased albumin have a high risk of death.

[Predictive value of whole brain perfusion on admission for shunt-dependent hydrocephalus fllowing aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage].

Objective: To explore the value of predicting shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (SDHC) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) based on whole brain CT perfusion(CTP) and clinical data within 24 hours at admission. Methods: The clinical and imaging data of aSAH patients who received interventional embolization in our hospital were retrospectively collected from March 2018 to August 2022. All patients underwent one-stop whole brain CT examination within 24 hours after symptom onset, and the qualitative and quantitative CTP parameters were obtained after post-processing. Follow-up was conducted once every 2 months by consulting electronic medical records or by telephone for 6 months. According to whether SDHC occurred or not, the patients were divided into SDHC group and non-SDHC group. The differences between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression model was used to analyze and determine the predictive factors of SDHC, and the SDHC predictive model was established. The effectiveness of the predictive model was evaluated by drawing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the subjects. Results: A total of 414 patients were included, including 132 males and 282 females, aged (59±11) years. 17.6%(73/414) patients had SDHC. There were significant differences in the occurrence of acute hydrocephalus, the World Neurosurgical League Scale (WFNS), the Hunt-Hess scale, the modified Fisher score (mFS), and the qualitative and quantitative parameters of CTP between the two groups (both P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that acute hydrocephalus (OR=8.621, 95%CI: 4.237-17.542),old age (OR=1.107, 95%CI: 1.068-1.148), high mFS and high Hunt-Hess classification (OR=3.740, 95%CI: 1.352-10.342) were the risk factors of SDHC in aSAH patients, and high mean cerebral blood flow (mCBF) (OR=0.931, 95%CI: 0.885-0.980) was a protective factor of SDHC.The area under ROC curve (AUC) of the prediction model constructed by these five variables was 0.923(95%CI: 0.89-0.95), with 84.5% sensitivity and 87.7% specificity. Conclusion: The mCBF and acute hydrocephalus, age, mFS and Hunt-Hess classification within 24 hours at admission can be used to predict SDHC for aSAH patients.

[The relationship between clinical characteristics and pathological features in patients with pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas].

Objective: To explore the correlation between clinical characteristics and pathological features in patients with pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGLs). Methods: A case series study. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with single and primary PPGLs after postoperative pathological diagnosis who were admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2019 and December 2022. The patients were divided into the Ki-67<3% group and the Ki-67≥3% group with Ki-67 proliferation index of 3% as the threshold. The relationship between clinical and pathological characteristics of PPGLs was analyzed. Results: A total of 399 PPGLs patients were included, with 177 males and 222 females, aged [M(Q1, Q3)] 45.0(35.5, 53.0) years. Among them, 226 (56.6%) cases originated from the adrenal gland, while 104 cases (26.1%) from the retroperitoneum. 20.9% (27/129) of the patients were found to harbor germline mutations of susceptibility genes, with SDHB mutations being the most common (10.1%, 13/129). The Ki-67 staining was performed on 302 cases, with a Ki-67 proliferation index [M(Q1, Q3)] of 2.0% (1.0%, 3.0%). There were 194 cases in Ki-67<3% group and 108 cases in Ki-67≥3% group. Compared with the patients in Ki-67<3% group, the age of onset in Ki-67≥3% group was younger (P=0.029). Compared with the patients with paragangliomas without SDHB or Cluster 1A-related gene mutations, positive 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) imaging or negative O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) immunohistochemistry staining, those with SDHB or Cluster 1A-related gene mutations, negative 131I-MIBG imaging or positive MGMT immunohistochemistry staining had a higher Ki-67 index (all P<0.05). Compared with adrenal pheochromocytoma, retroperitoneal paragangliomas had a higher proportion of SDHB mutations and a higher proportion of normetanephrine (NMN) secretory types (all P<0.05). Compared with adrenal pheochromocytoma, the maximum diameter of head and neck paraganglioma tumors was smaller [3.0 (1.9, 3.8) cm vs 4.7 (3.4, 6.4) cm, P<0.001] and the proportion of Ki-67≥3% was higher (61.3% vs 33.8%, P=0.007). Conclusions: PPGLs patients with earlier onset age, SDHB or Cluster 1A-related gene mutations, negative 131I-MIBG imaging, or positive MGMT immunohistochemistry staining tend to have a higher Ki-67 index. Head and neck tumors, though smaller, exhibit a higher proliferation potential.

[Clinical features of patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma].

Objective: To analyze the clinical features of patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL). Methods: A follow-up study. The clinical data of 250 patients with metastatic PPGL treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2018 to August 2023 were retrospectively analyzed, including 124 males and 126 females. The clinical features and treatment status of patients with metastatic PPGL were summarized and analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate patients' prognosis. Results: The age of onset, age of diagnosis, and age of tumor metastasis in patients with metastatic PPGL were (33.1±14.2) years, (35.4±15.2) years, and (40.7±15.3) years, respectively. Metastasis occurred in 26.4%(66/250) of patients at the time of initial diagnosis. Among patients without metastases at the time of initial diagnosis, the time from primary tumor resection to metastasis[M(Q1, Q3)] was 5.0 (3.0, 9.0) years, among which 20.1%(37/184) of patients had metastases more than 10 years after surgery. Most patients showed increased 24-hour urinary norepinephrine and plasma normetanephrine, accounting for 78.2%(176/225) and 78.7%(85/108), respectively. 42.3%(69/163) of patients had increased neuron specific enolase (NSE)levels. Germline mutations were screened in 201 patients, of which 55.2%(111/201) had germline pathogenic mutations. In patients with gene mutations, 76.5%(85/111) had SDHB mutations. 52.0%(130/250) of metastatic PPGL patients had primary sites outside the adrenal gland, with the Ki-67 index of 5% (3%, 8%). There were 85.6%(214/250) patients had multisystem metastasis, with bone metastasis being the most common site of metastasis, accounting for 60.8%(152/250). In terms of treatment, 32.8%(75/229) of patients underwent two treatment regimens and 8.7%(20/229) of patients underwent three treatment regimens. Most patients had a good prognosis, with a 5-year and 10-year survival rate of 88.0% and 84.0%, respectively. However, some patients had rapid disease progression, and as of August 2023, 30 patients died, and the time from diagnosis to death in deceased patients was 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) years. Conclusions: Patients with metastatic PPGL have a high rate of germline mutations, especially those with SDHB mutations. The metastatic PPGL is usually multisystem metastasis with the characteristics of mostly paraganglioma, large lesion diameter and high Ki-67 index.

[Analysis of risk factors for venous thromboembolism in patients with polycythemia vera and establishment of a prediction model].

Objective: To investigate the risk factors of venous thrombosis in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and establish a prediction model for venous thrombosis. Methods: PV patients with JAK2V617F gene mutation positive in the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from September 2017 to November 2023 were retrospectively included. The patients were divided into groups according to whether they had venous thrombosis. After matching age and gender factors with propensity scores, 102 patients were included in the venous thrombosis group [46 males, 56 females, with a median age M (Q1, Q3) of 52 (44, 60) years] and 204 cases were included in the group without venous thrombosis [92 males, 112 females, with a median age of 52 (44, 59) years]. The clinical and laboratory characteristics, disease progression and incidence of gene mutation were compared between the two groups. The follow-up cohort ended on November 20, 2023, with a median follow-up [M (Q1, Q3)] of 11 (1, 53) years. Multivariate Cox risk model was used to analyze the influencing factors of venous thrombosis in PV patients, and establish a scoring system for the venous thrombosis risk factor prediction model of PV patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the predictive efficiency of the model. Results: Hemoglobin concentration, the ratio of hematopoietic volume≥55%, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio≥5, hypertension, subcostal spleen≥5 cm and secondary myelofibrosis in venous thrombosis group were higher than those in non-venous thrombosis group (all P<0.05). In addition, the proportion of history of thromboembolism, V617F gene mutation load (V617F%)≥50%, diabetes mellitus, ASXL1 mutation and secondary reticular silver staining≥3 in the venous thrombosis group were higher than those in the non-venous thrombosis group (all P<0.05). The proportion of PV patients with 3 or more gene mutations was 44.1% (45/102) in venous thrombosis group, which was higher than that of PV patients without venous thrombosis 29.9% (61/204) (P=0.014). The proportion of ASXL1 gene mutation in venous thrombosis group was 17.6% (18/102), which was higher than the 4.9% (10/204) in non-venous thrombosis group (P<0.001). Multivariate Cox risk model analysis showed that previous thromboembolism history (HR=2.031, 95%CI: 1.297-3.179, P=0.002), V617F%≥50% (HR=2.141, 95%CI: 1.370-3.347, P=0.001), ASXL1 mutation (HR=4.632, 95%CI: 1.497-14.336, P=0.008), spleen subcostal≥5 cm (HR=1.771, 95%CI: 1.047-2.996, P=0.033) are the risk factors of venous thrombosis in PV patients. According to HR values, a score system for predicting risk of venous thrombosis in PV patients was established: previous history of thromboembolism, V617F%≥50% and spleen subcostoal≥5 cm were assigned 1 point respectively, and ASXL1 mutation was assigned 2 points. Low risk group: score 0, medium risk group: score 1-2, high risk group: score≥3. The ROC curve analysis of the model for predicting venous thrombosis in PV patients showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.807 (95%CI: 0.755-0.860), with the sensitivity of 88.2% and the specificity of 59.8% when the Youden index was 0.48. Conclusions: Previous thromboembolism history, V617F%≥50%, ASXL1 mutation, spleen subcostoal≥5 cm are risk factors of venous thrombosis in PV patients. The established prediction model has good prediction efficiency.

[Application of modified urethral separation method in artificial urethral sphincter implantation and its influence on intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry].

Objective: To explore the application of modified urethral separation method in artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) implantation in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and its influence on the results of urethral pressure profilometry. Methods: A prospective collection of clinical data was conducted on 25 patients with stress urinary incontinence who underwent modified urethral separation method in AUS implantation and underwent urethral pressure profilometry in Beijing Hospital, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University and the Second Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University from March 2019 to June 2023. The improved urethral separation method was to borrow part of the white membrane tissue of the cavernous body while freeing the dorsal side of the cavernous body of the urethra. The circumference of the urethra, sleeve size, and urethral pressure were recorded, the patient's autonomous urinary control before and after surgery and the changes of the international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-short form (ICI-Q-SF) score, incontinence quality of life questionnaire (I-QoL) score, urinary frequency score, nocturia score were compared. Follow-up was conducted in the clinic or by telephone at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after activation of the device, and once a year thereafter. Local skin status and urine control were assessed, residual urine volume was measured by ultrasound and subjective score scale was completed. Results: All patients were male, aged 27-85 (65.8±15.7) years old. The circumference of the cuff used in this study was 4.0 cm in 4 patients (16.0%), 4.5 cm in 16 patients (64.0%), 5.0 cm in 4 patients (16.0%), and 5.5 cm in 1 patient (4.0%). Among them, the urethral circumference matched the cuff size in 14 cases (56.0%), the urethral circumference was smaller than the cuff size in 4 cases (16.0%), and the urethral circumference was larger than the cuff size in 7 cases (28.0%). Preoperative urodynamic examination showed that the maximum urethral pressure (MUP) was (78.0±25.9) cmH2O, (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa) and the maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) was (53.4±26.6) cmH2O. The MUP of AUS device in the inactivated state was (88.0±26.5) cmH2O, which was not significantly higher than that before operation (P>0.05). The MUCP was (68.2±24.5) cmH2O, which was significantly higher than that before operation (P<0.05). The MUP and MUCP of the AUS device in the activated state were (146.6±25.2) cmH2O and (123.0±28.3) cmH2O, which were significantly higher than those before surgery and in the inactivated state (both P<0.001). All patients in the group reached the social urinary control standards at the first month of device activation. During a follow-up period of 2-50 months, 22 patients (88.0%) used the initial AUS device and all met social urinary control standards. The AUS device was replaced in 1 case. One patient died of cerebrovascular accident. One patient removed the device due to complications. The number of pads [M (Q1, Q3)] used in 25 patients before and after operation was 4.5 (3.0, 6.5) and 1 (0, 1) respectively, with statistically significant differences (P<0.001). ICI-Q-SF score, I-QoL score, urinary frequency score and nocturia score of 25 patients were significantly improved after surgery (all P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complications was 20.0% (5/25), including 2 cases of painless hematuria, 1 case of infection, 1 case of urethral erosion, and 1 case of dysuria. Except for one patient who experienced urethral erosion and had his sleeve removed, the remaining four patients regained social urination control with active support treatment, and no symptoms recurred until the last follow-up. Conclusion: The modified urethral separation method has no significant effect on urethral pressure in patients with SUI, and can increase the volume of peri-urethral tissue in the cuff, thereby reducing the risk of intraoperative urethral injury and the incidence of postoperative urethral erosion.