RESUMO
Reflecting its pleiotropic functions, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) localizes to various sub-cellular structures during mitosis. At kinetochores, PLK1 contributes to microtubule attachments and mitotic checkpoint signaling. Previous studies identified a wealth of potential PLK1 receptors at kinetochores, as well as requirements for various mitotic kinases, including BUB1, Aurora B, and PLK1 itself. Here, we combine ectopic localization, in vitro reconstitution, and kinetochore localization studies to demonstrate that most and likely all of the PLK1 is recruited through BUB1 in the outer kinetochore and centromeric protein U (CENP-U) in the inner kinetochore. BUB1 and CENP-U share a constellation of sequence motifs consisting of a putative PP2A-docking motif and two neighboring PLK1-docking sites, which, contingent on priming phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and PLK1 itself, bind PLK1 and promote its dimerization. Our results rationalize previous observations and describe a unifying mechanism for recruitment of PLK1 to human kinetochores.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase CDC2/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Mitose , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase CDC2/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Células HeLa , Histonas/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Quinase 1 Polo-LikeRESUMO
A defining property of circadian clocks is temperature compensation, characterized by the resilience of their near 24-hour free-running periods against changes in environmental temperature within the physiological range. While temperature compensation is evolutionary conserved across different taxa of life and has been studied within many model organisms, its molecular underpinnings remain elusive. Posttranscriptional regulations such as temperature-sensitive alternative splicing or phosphorylation have been described as underlying reactions. Here, we show that knockdown of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 (CPSF6), a key regulator of 3'-end cleavage and polyadenylation, significantly alters circadian temperature compensation in human U-2 OS cells. We apply a combination of 3'-end-RNA-seq and mass spectrometry-based proteomics to globally quantify changes in 3' UTR length as well as gene and protein expression between wild-type and CPSF6 knockdown cells and their dependency on temperature. Since changes in temperature compensation behavior should be reflected in alterations of temperature responses within one or all of the 3 regulatory layers, we statistically assess differential responses upon changes in ambient temperature between wild-type and CPSF6 knockdown cells. By this means, we reveal candidate genes underlying circadian temperature compensation, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (EIF2S1).
Assuntos
Relógios Circadianos , Animais , Humanos , Relógios Circadianos/genética , Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Mamíferos , Fatores de Poliadenilação e Clivagem de mRNA/genética , Fosforilação , TemperaturaRESUMO
Crossing over between homologs is critical for the stable segregation of chromosomes during the first meiotic division. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mer3 (HFM1 in mammals) is a SF2 helicase and member of the ZMM group of proteins, that facilitates the formation of the majority of crossovers during meiosis. Here, we describe the structural organisation of Mer3 and using AlphaFold modelling and XL-MS we further characterise the previously described interaction with Mlh1-Mlh2. We find that Mer3 also forms a previously undescribed complex with the recombination regulating factors Top3 and Rmi1 and that this interaction is competitive with Sgs1BLM helicase. Using in vitro reconstituted D-loop assays we show that Mer3 inhibits the anti-recombination activity of Sgs1 helicase, but only in the presence of Dmc1. Thus we provide a mechanism whereby Mer3 interacts with a network of proteins to protect Dmc1 derived D-loops from dissolution.
Assuntos
DNA Helicases , Recombinação Homóloga , Meiose , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Troca Genética , DNA Helicases/química , DNA Helicases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Meiose/genética , Ligação Proteica , Dobramento de Proteína , RecQ Helicases/antagonistas & inibidores , RecQ Helicases/química , RecQ Helicases/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Ligação CompetitivaRESUMO
Accurate chromosome segregation in mitosis requires sister kinetochores to bind to microtubules from opposite spindle poles. The stability of kinetochore-microtubule attachments is fine-tuned to prevent or correct erroneous attachments while preserving amphitelic interactions. Polo kinase has been implicated in both stabilizing and destabilizing kinetochore-microtubule attachments. However, the mechanism underlying Polo-destabilizing activity remains elusive. Here, resorting to an RNAi screen in Drosophila for suppressors of a constitutively active Polo mutant, we identified a strong genetic interaction between Polo and the Rod-ZW10-Zwilch (RZZ) complex, whose kinetochore accumulation has been shown to antagonize microtubule stability. We find that Polo phosphorylates Spindly and impairs its ability to bind to Zwilch. This precludes dynein-mediated removal of the RZZ from kinetochores and consequently delays the formation of stable end-on attachments. We propose that high Polo-kinase activity following mitotic entry directs the RZZ complex to minimize premature stabilization of erroneous attachments, whereas a decrease in active Polo in later mitotic stages allows the formation of stable amphitelic spindle attachments. Our findings demonstrate that Polo tightly regulates the RZZ-Spindly-dynein module during mitosis to ensure the fidelity of chromosome segregation.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/fisiologia , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Mitose , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Segregação de Cromossomos , Dineínas/metabolismo , Feminino , Cinetocoros/química , Masculino , Microtúbulos/química , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
In mitosis, for each daughter cell to inherit an accurate copy of the genome from the mother cell, sister chromatids in the mother cell must attach to microtubules emanating from opposite poles of the mitotic spindle, a process known as bi-orientation. A surveillance mechanism, termed the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), monitors the microtubule attachment process and can temporarily halt the separation of sister chromatids and the completion of mitosis until bi-orientation is complete. SAC failure results in abnormal chromosome numbers, termed aneuploidy, in the daughter cells, a hallmark of many tumours. The HORMA-domain-containing protein mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2) is a subunit of the SAC effector mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). Structural conversion from the open to the closed conformation of MAD2 is required for MAD2 to be incorporated into the MCC. In vitro, MAD2 conversion and MCC assembly take several hours, but in cells the SAC response is established in a few minutes. Here, to address this discrepancy, we reconstituted a near-complete SAC signalling system with purified components and monitored assembly of the MCC in real time. A marked acceleration in MAD2 conversion and MCC assembly was observed when monopolar spindle 1 (MPS1) kinase phosphorylated the MAD1-MAD2 complex, triggering it to act as the template for MAD2 conversion and therefore contributing to the establishment of a physical platform for MCC assembly. Thus, catalytic activation of the SAC depends on regulated protein-protein interactions that accelerate the spontaneous but rate-limiting conversion of MAD2 required for MCC assembly.
Assuntos
Biocatálise , Pontos de Checagem da Fase M do Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Proteínas Mad2/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Humanos , Cinética , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Estabilidade Proteica , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Preblastoderm Drosophila embryo development is characterized by fast cycles of nuclear divisions. Extracts from these embryos can be used to reconstitute complex chromatin with high efficiency. We now discovered that this chromatin assembly system contains activities that recognize unprotected DNA ends and signal DNA damage through phosphorylation. DNA ends are initially bound by Ku and MRN complexes. Within minutes, the phosphorylation of H2A.V (homologous to γH2A.X) initiates from DNA breaks and spreads over tens of thousands DNA base pairs. The γH2A.V phosphorylation remains tightly associated with the damaged DNA and does not spread to undamaged DNA in the same reaction. This first observation of long-range γH2A.X spreading along damaged chromatin in an in vitro system provides a unique opportunity for mechanistic dissection. Upon further incubation, DNA ends are rendered single-stranded and bound by the RPA complex. Phosphoproteome analyses reveal damage-dependent phosphorylation of numerous DNA-end-associated proteins including Ku70, RPA2, CHRAC16, the exonuclease Rrp1 and the telomer capping complex. Phosphorylation of spindle assembly checkpoint components and of microtubule-associated proteins required for centrosome integrity suggests this cell-free system recapitulates processes involved in the regulated elimination of fatally damaged syncytial nuclei.
Assuntos
Sistema Livre de Células/metabolismo , Quebras de DNA , Drosophila/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cromatina/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA , Drosophila/citologia , Drosophila/embriologia , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Autoantígeno Ku/genética , Autoantígeno Ku/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Proteoma/genética , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodosRESUMO
Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful approach to identify and map protein-protein interactions. Its applications support computational modeling of three-dimensional structures and complement classical structural methodologies such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy (EM). A plethora of cross-linkers, MS methods, and data analysis programs have been developed, but due to their methodological complexity application is currently reserved for specialized mass spectrometry laboratories. Here, we present a simplified single-step purification protocol that results in improved identifications of cross-linked peptides. We describe an easy-to-follow pipeline that combines the MS-cleavable cross-linker DSBU (disuccinimidyl dibutyric urea), a Q-Exactive mass spectrometer, and the dedicated software MeroX for data analysis to make cross-linking MS accessible to structural biology and biochemistry laboratories. In experiments focusing on kinetochore subcomplexes containing 4-10 subunits (so-called KMN network), one-step peptide purification, and enrichment by size-exclusion chromatography yielded identification of 135-228 non-redundant cross-links (577-820 cross-linked peptides) from each experiment. Notably, half of the non-redundant cross-links identified were not lysine-lysine cross-links and involved side chains with hydroxy groups. The new pipeline has a comparable potential toward the identification of protein-protein interactions as previously used pipelines based on isotope-labeled cross-linkers. A newly identified cross-link enabled us to improve our 3D-model of the KMN, emphasizing the power of cross-linking data for evaluation of low-resolution EM maps. In sum, our optimized experimental scheme represents a viable shortcut toward obtaining reliable cross-link data sets.
RESUMO
Increased tolerance of enzymes towards thermal and chemical stress is required for many applications and can be achieved by macrocyclization of the enzyme resulting in the stabilizing of its tertiary structure. Thus far, macrocyclization approaches utilize a very limited structural diversity, which complicates the design process. Herein, we report an approach that enables cyclization through the installation of modular crosslinks into native proteins composed entirely of proteinogenic amino acids. Our stabilization procedure involves the introduction of three surface-exposed cysteine residues, which are reacted with a triselectrophile, resulting in the inâ situ cyclization of the protein (INCYPRO). A bicyclic version of sortaseâ A was designed that exhibits increased tolerance towards thermal as well as chemical denaturation, and proved to be efficient in protein labeling under denaturing conditions. In addition, we applied INCYPRO to the KIX domain, resulting in up to 24 °C increased thermal stability.
Assuntos
Aminoaciltransferases/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Reagentes de Ligações Cruzadas/química , Cisteína Endopeptidases/química , Cisteína/química , Staphylococcus aureus/enzimologia , Animais , Ciclização , Estabilidade Enzimática , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , Desnaturação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Staphylococcus aureus/química , TemperaturaRESUMO
PTEN is a dual-specificity protein tyrosine phosphatase. As one of the central tumor suppressors, a thorough regulation of its activity is essential for proper cellular homeostasis. The precise implications of PTEN inhibition by reactive oxygen species (e.g. H2 O2 ) and the subsequent structural consequences remain elusive. To study the effects of PTEN inhibition, bisperoxidovanadium (bpV) complexes serve as important tools with the potential for the treatment of nerve injury or cardiac ischemia. However, their mode of action is unknown, hampering further optimization and preventing therapeutic applications. Based on protein crystallography, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy, we elucidate the molecular basis of PTEN inhibition by H2O2 and bpV complexes. We show that both molecules inhibit PTEN via oxidative mechanisms resulting in the formation of the same intramolecular disulfide, therefore enabling the reactivation of PTEN under reductive conditions.
Assuntos
Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Compostos Organometálicos/farmacologia , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/antagonistas & inibidores , Peróxidos/farmacologia , Vanádio/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/química , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Compostos Organometálicos/química , Oxirredução , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/metabolismo , Peróxidos/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Vanádio/químicaRESUMO
Faithfull cell division relies on mitotic chromosomes becoming bioriented with each pair of sister kinetochores bound to microtubules oriented toward opposing spindle poles. Erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments often form during early mitosis, but are destabilized through the phosphorylation of outer kinetochore proteins by centromeric AURORA B kinase (ABK) and centrosomal AURORA A kinase (AAK), thus allowing for re-establishment of attachments until biorientation is achieved. MPS1-mediated phosphorylation of NDC80 has also been shown to directly weaken the kinetochore-microtubule interface in yeast. In human cells, MPS1 has been proposed to transiently accumulate at end-on attached kinetochores and phosphorylate SKA3 to promote microtubule release. Whether MPS1 directly targets NDC80 and/or promotes the activity of AURORA kinases in metazoans remains unclear. Here, we report a novel mechanism involving communication between kinetochores and centrosomes, wherein MPS1 acts upstream of AAK to promote error correction. MPS1 on pole-proximal kinetochores phosphorylates the C-lobe of AAK thereby increasing its activation at centrosomes. This proximity-based activation ensures the establishment of a robust AAK activity gradient that locally destabilizes mal-oriented kinetochores near spindle poles. Accordingly, MPS1 depletion from Drosophila cells causes severe chromosome misalignment and erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments, which can be rescued by tethering either MPS1 or constitutively active AAK mutants to centrosomes. Proximity-based activation of AAK by MPS1 also occurs in human cells to promote AAK-mediated phosphorylation of the NDC80 N-terminal tail. These findings uncover an MPS1-AAK cross-talk that is required for efficient error correction, showcasing the ability of kinetochores to modulate centrosome outputs to ensure proper chromosome segregation.
RESUMO
Regulated protein degradation controls protein levels of all short-lived proteins to ensure cellular homeostasis and also protects cells from misfolded or other abnormal proteins. The most important players in the degradation system are E3 ubiquitin ligases which recognize exposed sequence motifs, so-called degrons, of target proteins and mark them through the attachment of ubiquitin for degradation. N-terminal (Nt) sequences are extensively used as degrons (N-degrons) and all 20 amino acids are able to feed proteins in 1 of the 5 known N-degron pathways. Studies have mainly focused on characterizing systematically the role of the starting amino acid on protein stability and less on the identification of the E3 ligases involved. Recent data from our lab and literature suggest that there is an extensive interplay of N-recognins and Nt-modifying enzymes like Nt-acetyltransferases (NATs) or N-myristoyltransferases which only starts to be elucidated. It suggests that improperly modified or unexpectedly unmodified proteins become rapidly removed after synthesis ensuring protein maturation and quality control of specific subsets of proteins. Here, we describe a peptide pull-down and down-stream bioinformatics workflow conducted in the MaxQuant and Perseus computational environment to identify N-recognin candidates in an unbiased way using quantitative mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. Our workflow allows the identification of N-recognin candidates for specific N-degrons, to determine their sequence specificity and it can be applied as well more general to identify binding partners of N-terminal modifications. This method paves the way to identify pathways involved in protein quality control and stability acting at the N-terminus.
Assuntos
Peptídeos , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , Peptídeos/química , Proteólise , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
The activity, localization and fate of many cellular proteins are regulated through ubiquitination, a process whereby one or more ubiquitin (Ub) monomers or chains are covalently attached to target proteins. While Ub-conjugated and Ub-associated proteomes have been described, we lack a high-resolution picture of the dynamics of ubiquitination in response to signaling. In this study, we describe the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-regulated Ubiproteome, as obtained by two complementary purification strategies coupled to quantitative proteomics. Our results unveil the complex impact of growth factor signaling on Ub-based intracellular networks to levels that extend well beyond what might have been expected. In addition to endocytic proteins, the EGF-regulated Ubiproteome includes a large number of signaling proteins, ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes, transporters and proteins involved in translation and transcription. The Ub-based signaling network appears to intersect both housekeeping and regulatory circuitries of cellular physiology. Finally, as proof of principle of the biological relevance of the EGF-Ubiproteome, we demonstrated that EphA2 is a novel, downstream ubiquitinated target of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), critically involved in EGFR biological responses.
Assuntos
Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Biologia de Sistemas/métodos , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular , Análise por Conglomerados , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Proteoma/química , Receptor EphA2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Ubiquitina/químicaRESUMO
The precise regulation of microtubule dynamics over time and space in dividing cells is critical for several mitotic mechanisms that ultimately enable cell proliferation, tissue organization, and development. Astral microtubules, which extend from the centrosome toward the cell cortex, must be present for the mitotic spindle to properly orient, as well as for the faithful execution of anaphase and cytokinesis. However, little is understood about how the dynamic properties of astral microtubules are regulated spatiotemporally, or the contribution of astral microtubule dynamics to spindle positioning. The mitotic regulator Cdk1-CyclinB promotes destabilization of centrosomal microtubules and increased microtubule dynamics as cells enter mitosis, but how Cdk1 activity modulates astral microtubule stability, and whether it impacts spindle positioning, is unknown. Here, we uncover a mechanism revealing that Cdk1 destabilizes astral microtubules in prometaphase and thereby influences spindle reorientation. Phosphorylation of the EB1-dependent microtubule plus-end tracking protein GTSE1 by Cdk1 in early mitosis abolishes its interaction with EB1 and recruitment to microtubule plus ends. Loss of Cdk1 activity, or mutation of phosphorylation sites in GTSE1, induces recruitment of GTSE1 to growing microtubule plus ends in mitosis. This decreases the catastrophe frequency of astral microtubules and causes an increase in the number of long astral microtubules reaching the cell cortex, which restrains the ability of cells to reorient spindles along the long cellular axis in early mitosis. Astral microtubules thus must not only be present but also dynamic to allow the spindle to reorient, a state assisted by selective destabilization of long astral microtubules via Cdk1.
Assuntos
Proteína Quinase CDC2/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Microtúbulos , Prometáfase , Fuso Acromático , Anáfase , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Estabilidade ProteicaRESUMO
SMAC/DIABLO and HTRA2 are mitochondrial proteins whose amino-terminal sequences, known as inhibitor of apoptosis binding motifs (IBMs), bind and activate ubiquitin ligases known as inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), unleashing a cell's apoptotic potential. IBMs comprise a four-residue, loose consensus sequence, and binding to IAPs requires an unmodified amino terminus. Closely related, IBM-like N termini are present in approximately 5% of human proteins. We show that suppression of the N-alpha-acetyltransferase NatA turns these cryptic IBM-like sequences into very efficient IAP binders in cell lysates and in vitro and ultimately triggers cellular apoptosis. Thus, amino-terminal acetylation of IBM-like motifs in NatA substrates shields them from IAPs. This previously unrecognized relationship suggests that amino-terminal acetylation is generally protective against protein degradation in human cells. It also identifies IAPs as agents of a general quality control mechanism targeting unacetylated rogues in metazoans.
Assuntos
Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose Ligadas ao Cromossomo X , Acetilação , Apoptose/fisiologia , Humanos , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Proteínas Inibidoras de Apoptose Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/metabolismoRESUMO
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) relies on the recruitment of Mad1-C-Mad2 to unattached kinetochores but also on its binding to Megator/Tpr at nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) during interphase. However, the molecular underpinnings controlling the spatiotemporal redistribution of Mad1-C-Mad2 as cells progress into mitosis remain elusive. Here, we show that activation of Mps1 during prophase triggers Mad1 release from NPCs and that this is required for kinetochore localization of Mad1-C-Mad2 and robust SAC signaling. We find that Mps1 phosphorylates Megator/Tpr to reduce its interaction with Mad1 in vitro and in Drosophila cells. Importantly, preventing Mad1 from binding to Megator/Tpr restores Mad1 accumulation at kinetochores, the fidelity of chromosome segregation, and genome stability in larval neuroblasts of mps1-null mutants. Our findings demonstrate that the subcellular localization of Mad1 is tightly coordinated with cell cycle progression by kinetochore-extrinsic activity of Mps1. This ensures that both NPCs in interphase and kinetochores in mitosis can generate anaphase inhibitors to efficiently preserve genomic stability.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Segregação de Cromossomos , Cromossomos de Insetos , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Mitose , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Poro Nuclear/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Aneuploidia , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/embriologia , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Células HeLa , Humanos , Interfase , Proteínas Associadas à Matriz Nuclear/genética , Proteínas Associadas à Matriz Nuclear/metabolismo , Poro Nuclear/genética , Complexo de Proteínas Formadoras de Poros Nucleares/genética , Complexo de Proteínas Formadoras de Poros Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Pch2 is a meiosis-specific AAA+ protein that controls several important chromosomal processes. We previously demonstrated that Orc1, a subunit of the ORC, functionally interacts with budding yeast Pch2. The ORC (Orc1-6) AAA+ complex loads the AAA+ MCM helicase to origins of replication, but whether and how ORC collaborates with Pch2 remains unclear. Here, we show that a Pch2 hexamer directly associates with ORC during the meiotic G2/prophase. Biochemical analysis suggests that Pch2 uses its non-enzymatic NH2-terminal domain and AAA+ core and likely engages the interface of ORC that also binds to Cdc6, a factor crucial for ORC-MCM binding. Canonical ORC function requires association with origins, but we show here that despite causing efficient removal of Orc1 from origins, nuclear depletion of Orc2 and Orc5 does not trigger Pch2/Orc1-like meiotic phenotypes. This suggests that the function for Orc1/Pch2 in meiosis can be executed without efficient association of ORC with origins of replication. In conclusion, we uncover distinct functionalities for Orc1/ORC that drive the establishment of a non-canonical, meiosis-specific AAA+ assembly with Pch2.
Assuntos
Meiose/fisiologia , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Complexo de Reconhecimento de Origem/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Replicação do DNA/genética , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G2 do Ciclo Celular/fisiologia , Meiose/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/fisiologia , Complexo de Reconhecimento de Origem/fisiologia , Prófase/fisiologia , Ligação Proteica/genética , Origem de Replicação/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiologia , Saccharomycetales/genética , Saccharomycetales/metabolismoRESUMO
Clathrin ensures mitotic spindle stability and efficient chromosome alignment, independently of its vesicle trafficking function. Although clathrin localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochore fiber microtubule bundles, the mechanisms by which clathrin stabilizes microtubules are unclear. We show that clathrin adaptor interaction sites on clathrin heavy chain (CHC) are repurposed during mitosis to directly recruit the microtubule-stabilizing protein GTSE1 to the spindle. Structural analyses reveal that these sites interact directly with clathrin-box motifs on GTSE1. Disruption of this interaction releases GTSE1 from spindles, causing defects in chromosome alignment. Surprisingly, this disruption destabilizes astral microtubules, but not kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and chromosome alignment defects are due to a failure of chromosome congression independent of kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. GTSE1 recruited to the spindle by clathrin stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting the microtubule depolymerase MCAK. This work uncovers a novel role of clathrin adaptor-type interactions to stabilize nonkinetochore fiber microtubules to support chromosome congression, defining for the first time a repurposing of this endocytic interaction mechanism during mitosis.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Cadeias Pesadas de Clatrina/genética , Cinesinas/genética , Proteínas Associadas aos Microtúbulos/genética , Microtúbulos/genética , Mitose/genética , Animais , Segregação de Cromossomos/genética , Clatrina/genética , Humanos , Cinetocoros/metabolismo , Camundongos , Células-Tronco Embrionárias Murinas/metabolismo , Fuso Acromático/genéticaRESUMO
The circadian clock drives daily changes of physiology, including sleep-wake cycles, through regulation of transcription, protein abundance, and function. Circadian phosphorylation controls cellular processes in peripheral organs, but little is known about its role in brain function and synaptic activity. We applied advanced quantitative phosphoproteomics to mouse forebrain synaptoneurosomes isolated across 24 hours, accurately quantifying almost 8000 phosphopeptides. Half of the synaptic phosphoproteins, including numerous kinases, had large-amplitude rhythms peaking at rest-activity and activity-rest transitions. Bioinformatic analyses revealed global temporal control of synaptic function through phosphorylation, including synaptic transmission, cytoskeleton reorganization, and excitatory/inhibitory balance. Sleep deprivation abolished 98% of all phosphorylation cycles in synaptoneurosomes, indicating that sleep-wake cycles rather than circadian signals are main drivers of synaptic phosphorylation, responding to both sleep and wake pressures.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Prosencéfalo/metabolismo , Sono , Sinapses/metabolismo , Vigília , Animais , Relógios Circadianos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fosforilação , FosfotransferasesRESUMO
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a critical role in cell proliferation and differentiation, thus it is often associated with diseases such as cancers. Unfortunately, although attractive, developing anti-cancer strategy targeting Wnt signaling has been challenging given that the most attractive targets are involved in protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Here, we develop a stapled peptide inhibitor that targets the interaction between ß-catenin and T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor transcription factors, which are crucially involved in Wnt signaling. Our integrative approach combines peptide stapling to optimize proteolytic stability, with lessons learned from cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) design to maximize cellular uptake resulting in NLS-StAx-h, a selective, cell permeable, stapled peptide inhibitor of oncogenic Wnt signaling that efficiently inhibits ß-catenin-transcription factor interactions. We expect that this type of integrative strategy that endows stapled peptides with CPP features will be generally useful for developing inhibitors of intracellular PPIs.
Assuntos
Peptídeos Penetradores de Células/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteína Axina/genética , Proteína Axina/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos Penetradores de Células/química , Peptídeos Penetradores de Células/farmacologia , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes Reporter , Células HeLa , Humanos , Microscopia Confocal , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Via de Sinalização Wnt/efeitos dos fármacos , beta Catenina/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) prevents premature sister chromatid separation during mitosis. Phosphorylation of unattached kinetochores by the Mps1 kinase promotes recruitment of SAC machinery that catalyzes assembly of the SAC effector mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC). The SAC protein Bub3 is a phospho-amino acid adaptor that forms structurally related stable complexes with functionally distinct paralogs named Bub1 and BubR1. A short motif ("loop") of Bub1, but not the equivalent loop of BubR1, enhances binding of Bub3 to kinetochore phospho-targets. Here, we asked whether the BubR1 loop directs Bub3 to different phospho-targets. The BubR1 loop is essential for SAC function and cannot be removed or replaced with the Bub1 loop. BubR1 loop mutants bind Bub3 and are normally incorporated in MCC in vitro but have reduced ability to inhibit the MCC target anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), suggesting that BubR1:Bub3 recognition and inhibition of APC/C requires phosphorylation. Thus, small sequence differences in Bub1 and BubR1 direct Bub3 to different phosphorylated targets in the SAC signaling cascade.