Is women's sexual function impaired by an abnormal pap smear?

OBJECTIVE: Although the stressful psychological impact on women of an abnormal Pap smear is well documented, little research has been undertaken on its sexual impact. Our objective was to assess the impact of an abnormal Pap smear on the sexual function of affected women. METHODS: A prospective study compared the sexual function of 48 women with an abnormal Pap smear (case group) with that of 48 women with a normal Pap smear (control group). Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index and the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. The questionnaires were mailed to the participants. RESULTS: Surprisingly, the risk of sexual dysfunction was comparable between women with and without an abnormal Pap smear (odds ratio [OR] 0.7; p = 0.4). The OR remained statistically non-significant after adjustment for risk factors. Multivariable analysis showed that only older age at first intercourse, depression and anxiety were identified as factors significantly associated with sexual dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Contrary to our clinical experience, female sexual function is not impaired by an abnormal Pap smear. Further research is needed to better understand how sexuality in women with abnormal Pap smears may be affected.

Sexual Function, Sexual Dysfunctions, and ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: The scientific literature on sexuality among mentally ill patients clearly shows a higher prevalence of sexual disorders for many mental disorders, but little is known about sexuality in individuals suffering from ADHD. Clinicians will often assume that specific difficulties of ADHD are bound to affect sexual functioning. AIM: The aim of this study was to provide a review of the literature to gain better knowledge about sexuality in subjects with ADHD and to discuss screening and management of their potential sexual problems. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was performed in Pubmed, PsychInfo, and Embase databases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were sexual function and sexual dysfunctions. RESULTS: The studies indicated that subjects with ADHD report more sexual desire, more masturbation frequency, less sexual satisfaction, and more sexual dysfunctions than the general population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Clinicians working with subjects with ADHD should explore the quality of their sexual life. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: This is the first systematic review of the sexuality of individuals with ADHD. However, the results are limited by the small number of studies, by the small sample size of many studies, and the potential for bias. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD is a mental disorder affecting sexual health. Further studies are warranted to learn more about sexuality in subjects with ADHD. Soldati L, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Schockaert P, et al. Sexual Function, Sexual Dysfunctions, and ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review. J Sex Med 2020;17:1653-1664.

[Looking for, recognizing and choosing a mate]. / Chercher, reconnaître, choisir un partenaire.

Sex needs recognition and synchronization. Many levels are found, from chemical cell recognition to mirror neurons which anticipate actions and emotions of a partner. Some animals recognize species, but not sex. Many more recognize sex, but not individuals. Individualized sex and/or social relations are only found in birds and mammals. Imprinting defines sex objects and goals, stereotyped or flexible, according to species. In humans, sex imprinting conditions sex orientation, practices and response to contradictory prescriptions of personal drives, social rules, fashion, medias and life history's contingencies.

La sexualité nécessite des reconnaissances et des synchronisations. De la reconnaissance chimique des cellules aux neurones miroirs qui anticipent les gestes et les émotions d'un partenaire, bien des niveaux de connaissance du conjoint existent. Certains animaux reconnaissent leurs congénères, pas leur sexe. Beaucoup plus reconnaissent le sexe, mais pas les individus. Seuls les oiseaux et mammifères ont des relations sexuelles et sociales personnalisées. Des «â€…empreintes ¼ mettent en place la définition, stéréotypée ou flexible selon les cas, d'objets et objectifs sexuels. Chez les humains, l'empreinte sexuelle conditionne l'orientation, les pratiques recherchées et la réponse aux prescriptions contradictoires des pulsions personnelles, des règles sociales, des modes, des médias et des contingences des histoires de vie.

[Integration of sexual medicine into the care of HIV patients]. / Intégration de la médecine sexuelle dans le cadre de la prise en charge de patients souffrant du VIH.

HIV affection affects sexual function, sexual health and relationships as well as mental health and quality of life. Due to the importance of sexual health for each individual and in order to ensure optimal and quality care, we have assessed the demand for sexual health and advise not only among HIV patients but also among professionals in this area and nursing staff. The results showed that sexuality was important both for patients and caregivers. Also, we did find out that carers want to create a better professional network with the aim of redirecting patients to specialists according to their specific needs. Carers have also expressed a desire to have relevant training in sexology and sexual health to achieve this.

L'affection VIH affecte la fonction et la santé sexuelles, la relation de couple, aussi bien que la santé mentale et la qualité de vie. Pour assurer une prise en charge et une qualité de soins optimales, en raison de l'importance de la santé sexuelle pour chaque individu, nous avons évalué la demande concernant la sexualité et la santé sexuelle chez les patients souffrant d'une affection VIH et les besoins de connaissances professionnelles dans ce domaine du personnel soignant. Les résultats ont montré que la sexualité occupait une place importante chez les patients et les soignants. De plus, les soignants souhaitent créer un meilleur réseau professionnel, dans le but de rediriger les patients vers des spécialistes en fonction de leurs besoins spécifiques. Enfin, les soignants ont exprimé une volonté de mieux se former en sexologie et en santé sexuelle.

[Advanced age, cognitive decline and sexuality in healthcare institutions]. / Âge avancé, déclin cognitif et sexualité dans les institutions de santé.

Sexuality in an important aspect of human life at all ages and expressing it is an essential human need regardless of age. Society is ageing and people are living longer life. As the sexuality continues during the entire life many factors affect the sexuality in older population. The aging process and remodeling of the life style play an important role in the alteration of sexual needs and sexual behavior in advanced age. Sexuality expression is considered as a fundamental mental health need of all individuals, regardless of gender and age. The majority of healthcare professionals do not proactively discuss sexuality issues with old age patients, and this requires further attention.

La sexualité est un aspect important de la vie humaine à tous les âges et son expression est un besoin humain essentiel, quel que soit l'âge. La société vieillit et les gens vivent plus longtemps. Alors qu'elle se poursuit tout au long de la vie, de nombreux facteurs influent sur la sexualité des personnes âgées. Le processus de vieillissement et le remodelage du mode de vie jouent un rôle important dans la modification des besoins sexuels et du comportement sexuel à un âge avancé. L'expression de la sexualité est considérée comme un besoin fondamental de la santé mentale de tous les individus, sans distinction de sexe et d'âge. La majorité des professionnels de la santé ne discutent pas de manière proactive des problèmes de sexualité avec les personnes âgées, ce qui nécessite une plus grande attention.

The Woman's Body (Not the Man's One) Is Used to Evaluate Sexual Desire: An Eye-Tracking Study of Automatic Visual Attention.

INTRODUCTION: Vision of the human body has been shown to be key in eliciting sexual desire. However, whether the visual pattern characterizing sexual desire is different in women and men is still unclear. AIM: To investigate the effect of gender on visual patterns triggered by an identical set of stimuli depicting attractive heterosexual couples. METHODS: Heterosexual women and men (n = 106) were tested on a picture-viewing task associated with eye tracking. The context of sexual desire was activated by asking the participant whether they perceived such desire while looking at sensual pictures of heterosexual couples. Data were analyzed using mixed-subject design analyses of variance. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Fixation durations were used to investigate visual patterns. 2 areas of interest were created to investigate visual patterns (face vs body area). RESULTS: Results showed longer fixations on body rather than face areas irrespective of participant gender. Moreover, all participants looked longer at women's than men's bodies and at the faces of the opposite sex. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings shed light on the automatic processes underlying sexual desire, which has the potential to improve the care of patients suffering from sexual disorders by optimizing interventions. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The strengths of this study are the use of an eye-tracking paradigm, the dissociation between 2 fixation areas (ie, face and body), and the use of an identical set of stimuli allowing an accurate between-gender comparison of the visual pattern. The limitations are the small sample size, the use of healthy heterosexual individuals, and the absence of measures of sexual arousal and genital response. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the association between the human body and sexual desire. They also reveal the unique attentional attractiveness of woman's bodies across genders. Bolmont M, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Boisgontier MP, et al. The Woman's Body (Not the Man's One) Is Used to Evaluate Sexual Desire: An Eye-Tracking Study of Automatic Visual Attention. J Sex Med 2019;16:195-202.

[About possible contributors and new perspectives to addictive use of cybersex]. / Cybersexe entre usage et addiction : vers de nouveaux modèles conceptuels et thérapeutiques.

The term « cybersex ¼ refers to the use of the Internet for sexual purposes (pornography, webcams, dating). While moderate use of cybersex could have a positive effect on sexual life, a small fraction of these cyber-users could have difficulties to control their consumption with negative consequences. This phenomenon, whose understanding of the mechanisms still raises debates, seems to be influenced by various psychological factors, including avoidant attachment (avoidance of close emotional relationship) and depressed mood. Sexual desire, different types of motivations for using cybersex, and impulsivity could contribute, to some extent, to this phenomenon. Despite of their preliminary character, current available data lead us to recommend an integrated approach of the treatment of the persons facing these difficulties.

Le terme de « cybersexe ¼ fait référence à l'utilisation d'internet pour des motifs sexuels (pornographie, webcams, rencontres). Alors qu'un usage modéré du cybersexe pourrait avoir des effets positifs sur la vie sexuelle, une petite fraction de ses utilisateurs pourrait en avoir une consommation peu contrôlée avec des conséquences négatives. Ce phénomène dont la compréhension est encore sujette à débats semble influencé par différents facteurs psychologiques, notamment l'attachement évitant (fuite des relations trop intimes) et l'humeur dépressive. Le désir sexuel, le type de motivations à l'usage du cybersexe et l'impulsivité pourraient dans une certaine mesure y contribuer. Malgré leur caractère préliminaire, les données disponibles à ce jour invitent à une approche intégrée du traitement des personnes confrontées à ces difficultés.

[The care of the sexuality among oncologic patients - A research project within the University hospitals of Geneva]. / Prise en charge de la sexualité chez les patients oncologiques: Un projet de recherche au sein des Hôpitaux universitaires de Genève.

Cancer affects sexual function, sexual health and relationships as well as mental health and quality of life. Due to the importance of sexual health for each individual and in order to ensure optimal and quality care, we have assessed the demand for sexual health and advise not only among cancer patients but also among professionals in this area and nursing staff. The results showed that sexuality was important both for patients and caregivers. Also we did find out that carers want to create a better professional network with the aim of redirecting patients to specialists according to their specific needs. Carers have also expressed a desire to have relevant training in sexology and sexual health to achieve this.

Les cancers affectent la fonction sexuelle, la santé sexuelle, la relation de couple, ainsi que la santé mentale et la qualité de vie. Pour assurer une prise en charge et une qualité de soins optimales, en raison de l'importance de la santé sexuelle pour chaque individu, nous avons évalué la demande concernant la sexualité et la santé sexuelle chez les patients atteints d'un cancer et les besoins de connaissances professionnelles dans ce domaine du personnel soignant. Les résultats ont montré que la sexualité avait une place importante chez les patients et les soignants. De plus, les soignants souhaitent créer un meilleur réseau professionnel, dans le but de rediriger les patients vers des spécialistes, en fonction de leurs besoins spécifiques. Enfin les soignants ont exprimé une volonté de mieux se former en sexologie et en santé sexuelle.

[Cancer and sexual medicine: a hand to the human]. / Médecine sexuelle et cancers : une main tendue vers l'humain.

Cancer itself and its treatments can result in physical and/or psychological adverse events which include disorders of sexual health. Both clinicians and patients are reluctant to talk about sexual issues, body image or intimacy between partners. Barriers from the clinician's perspective include feeling inadequately trained, lack of time or privacy. On the patients' side, embarrassment or belief that their sexual health are an untreatable complication of their disease and its treatment are the main barriers. Concerned by this problematic, a multidisciplinary group was created to address the question of sexual health in cancer patients and to set up a specialized training for the clinicians, with the overall goal to integrate this field in the standard management of cancer patients.

Le cancer et ses traitements peuvent induire de nombreux effets secondaires. Parmi eux, les problèmes liés à la santé sexuelle sont souvent laissés de côté, tant par les cliniciens que par les patients eux-mêmes. Du côté des cliniciens, les principaux obstacles évoqués sont le sentiment d'une formation inadéquate, ou le manque de temps ou d'intimité. Du côté des patients, la gêne ou l'impression que les problèmes sexuels liés au cancer sont incurables, sont souvent retrouvées. Devant cette problématique, un groupe multidisciplinaire a été créé pour traiter de la santé sexuelle des patients oncologiques et mettre en place une formation spécialisée pour les cliniciens, avec comme objectif global d'intégrer la problématique sexuelle dans la prise en charge globale de ces patients.

[Sexual function and clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation]. / Fonction sexuelle et reconstruction du clitoris après mutilation génitale féminine.

Evidence on sexual function of women living with female genital mutilation (FGM) and on clitoral reconstruction after FGM is limited. Such surgery is performed in case of chronic clitoral pain, clitoral dyspareunia or for female identity reasons. In this article we summarize the anatomical, psychosexual and sociocultural factors that influence sexual function of women with FGM and the available data on clitoral reconstruction. Surgical resection of the fibrous tissue around the clitoris, with eventual excision of painful post-traumatic neuromas, could improve pain and sexual function. In asymptomatic women, multidisciplinary non-surgical management could be equally or more beneficial and less risky than surgery.

Les données de la littérature sur la fonction sexuelle de la femme avec mutilation génitale féminine (MGF) et la reconstruction clitoridienne après MGF, effectuée en cas de douleurs clitoridiennes chroniques, dyspareunie clitoridienne ou pour des raisons d'identité, sont limitées. Dans cet article, nous résumons les facteurs anatomiques, psychosexuels et socioculturels qui influencent la sexualité des femmes avec MGF et les données disponibles sur la reconstruction du clitoris. La résection du tissu fibreux périclitoridien pendant la chirurgie, avec l'éventuelle excision des névromes post-traumatiques douloureux, pourrait réduire les douleurs et améliorer la fonction sexuelle. En l'absence de douleurs, une prise en charge multidisciplinaire non chirurgicale semble comporter moins de risques et être autant ou plus bénéfique que la chirurgie.

[Sexual medicine in Lausanne : past, present and future]. / Médecine sexuelle à Lausanne : passé, présent et futur.

Sexuality is a natural function, part of global health and has to be evaluated in every patient. When difficulties or dyfunctions happen in this domain, a specific mangement should be proposed. Sexual medicine is a « young ¼ transversal discipline developping these last years in the french-speaking area of Switzerland. We present in this article a short history of sexual medicine in Lausanne and the recent activity in the Sexual Medicine Consultation of the Maternity in the CHUV.

La sexualité est une fonction naturelle, composante de la santé et mérite d'être évaluée chez chacun de nos patients. Lorsque des difficultés, des dysfonctions ou une insatisfaction surviennent dans le domaine de la sexualité, une prise en charge spécifique devrait être proposée. La médecine sexuelle est une discipline transversale relativement « jeune ¼ qui se développe en Suisse romande notamment. Nous présentons dans cet article un bref rappel historique de la médecine sexuelle à Lausanne, ainsi que l'activité actuelle au sein de la Consultation de médecine sexuelle de la maternité du CHUV.

[Interest of a psychosomatic approach Two example of what might be concealed behind gynecological symptoms]. / Intérêt de l'approche psychosomatique. Deux exemples de ce qui se cache derrière des symptômes en gynécologie.

Two situations found in everyday gynecological practice demonstrate how a trustworthy doctor-patient relationship is built. This relationship helps to uncover what is concealed behind physical symptoms, which can perturb daily life (couple, social, family life) beyond a purely medical approach. To understand what is really happening rarely leads to a rapid solution. A stable chronicity that does not involve too many treatments, including surgical ones, can already be considered a success.

Deux situations rencontrées en pratique gynécologique courante montrent comment se construit une relation médecin-patient de confiance. Cette relation permet de découvrir ensemble ce qui se cache derrière des symptômes physiques perturbant la vie quotidienne (vies de couple, sociale, familiale) au-delà de la rationalité médicale. La compréhension des enjeux réels débouche rarement sur une solution immédiate. Une chronicité stable sans trop de traitements, y compris chirurgicaux, est déjà un succès.

[When sex hurts the couple : the case of endometriosis]. / Quand le sexe fait mal au couple : le cas particulier de l'endométriose.

Sexual health is a critical aspect of quality of life and is also influenced by medical conditions and health care interventions, particularly when gynaecological disorders are involved. Dyspareunia is a common symptom of endometriosis, a cause of personal distress and a main raison for seeking treatment. Endometriosis negatively affects different domains of sexual function and specific biopsychological variables (chronic pain, recurrence, infertility) may further worsen quality of sexual function and relationship. Consequences of endometriosis treatment on global sexual functioning have not been featured prominently in the available literature, assuming wrongly that sexual pain improvement was always translated into a recovered sexual health.

La santé sexuelle est un aspect essentiel de la qualité de vie et est influencée par des conditions et des interventions médicales, en particulier lorsque des pathologies gynécologiques sont en question. La dyspareunie est un symptôme fréquent d'endométriose, une cause de détresse personnelle et un motif important de consultation. L'endométriose affecte négativement différents domaines de la fonction sexuelle et les variables biopsycho-sociales spécifiques (douleur chronique, récurrence, infertilité) peuvent aggraver la fonction sexuelle et la relation dans le couple. Les conséquences du traitement de l'endométriose sur la fonction sexuelle globale n'ont pas été évaluées de manière précise dans la littérature, qui affirme à tort que la diminution de la dyspareunie correspond toujours à l'amélioration de la santé sexuelle.

Homophobia: An Impulsive Attraction to the Same Sex? Evidence From Eye-Tracking Data in a Picture-Viewing Task.

INTRODUCTION: Some models suggest that homophobia can be explained as a denied attraction toward same-sex individuals. While it has been found that homophobic men have same-sex attraction, these results are not consistent. AIM: This study drew on the dual-process models to test the assumption that sexual interest in homosexual cues among men high in homophobia will depend on their specific impulses toward homosexual-related stimuli. METHODS: Heterosexual men (N = 38) first completed a scale measuring their level of homonegativity. Then, they performed a manikin task to evaluate their impulsive approach tendencies toward homosexual stimuli (IAHS). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: A picture-viewing task was performed with simultaneous eye-tracking recording to assess participants' viewing time of the visual area of interest (i.e., face and body). RESULTS: IAHS positively predicted the viewing time of homosexual photographs among men with a high score of homonegativity. Men with a high homonegativity score looked significantly longer at homosexual than at heterosexual photographs but only when they had a high IAHS. CONCLUSION: These findings confirm the importance of considering the variability in impulsive processes to understand why some (but not all) men high in homophobia have homosexual interest. These findings reinforce the theoretical basis for elaborating a dual-process model for behaviors in the sexual context.

Homophobia Is Related to a Low Interest in Sexuality in General: An Analysis of Pupillometric Evoked Responses.

INTRODUCTION: A recent study by Cheval et al (J Sex Med 2016;13:825-834) found that individuals high in homophobia look significantly less long at sex-related photographs, regardless of their nature (ie, homosexual or heterosexual). Because viewing time is under some conscious control, this result could indicate that individuals high in homophobia have a low sexual interest in any sexual stimuli or are consciously motivated to avoid sexual material in line with their conscious values. AIM: To determine the mechanism underlying shorter viewing time of sex-related photographs in individuals high in homophobia using pupil dilatation, which is considered a spontaneous, unconscious, and uncontrollable index of sexual interest. METHODS: Heterosexual men (N = 36) completed a questionnaire assessing their level of homo-negativity and then performed a picture-viewing task with simultaneous eye-tracking recording to assess their pupillary responses to the presentation of sexually related or neutral photographs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Non-linear mixed models were carried out to fit the individual non-linear trajectories of pupillary reaction. Different parameters were obtained including the final asymptote of the pupillary response. RESULTS: Results showed that the final pupil size of men high in homophobia increased significantly less to the presentation of sex-related images (ie, heterosexual and homosexual) than the pupil size of men low in homophobia. In contrast, no significant difference in the final pupil size reaction toward homosexual images (vs heterosexual images) emerged between men high and men low in homophobia. CONCLUSION: Theoretically, these findings reinforce the necessity to consider that homophobia might reflect concerns about sexuality in general and not homosexuality in particular.

Sexual Anatomy and Function in Women With and Without Genital Mutilation: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Female genital mutilation (FGM), the partial or total removal of the external genitalia for non-medical reasons, can affect female sexuality. However, only few studies are available, and these have significant methodologic limitations. AIM: To understand the impact of FGM on the anatomy of the clitoris and bulbs using magnetic resonance imaging and on sexuality using psychometric instruments and to study whether differences in anatomy after FGM correlate with differences in sexual function, desire, and body image. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on sexual function and sexual anatomy was performed in women with and without FGM. Fifteen women with FGM involving cutting of the clitoris and 15 uncut women as a control group matched by age and parity were prospectively recruited. Participants underwent pelvic magnetic resonance imaging with vaginal opacification by ultrasound gel and completed validated questionnaires on desire (Sexual Desire Inventory), body image (Questionnaire d'Image Corporelle [Body Image Satisfaction Scale]), and sexual function (Female Sexual Function Index). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes were clitoral and bulbar measurements on magnetic resonance images. Secondary outcomes were sexual function, desire, and body image scores. RESULTS: Women with FGM did not have significantly decreased clitoral glans width and body length but did have significantly smaller volume of the clitoris plus bulbs. They scored significantly lower on sexual function and desire than women without FGM. They did not score lower on Female Sexual Function Index sub-scores for orgasm, desire, and satisfaction and on the Questionnaire d'Image Corporelle but did report significantly more dyspareunia. A larger total volume of clitoris and bulbs did not correlate with higher Female Sexual Function Index and Sexual Desire Inventory scores in women with FGM compared with uncut women who had larger total volume that correlated with higher scores. CONCLUSION: Women with FGM have sexual erectile tissues for sexual arousal, orgasm, and pleasure. Women with sexual dysfunction should be appropriately counseled and treated.

[Biological etiologies of transsexualism]. / Le point sur les étiologies biologiques de la transsexualité.

Transsexualism or gender dysphoria is a disorder of sexual identity of unknown etiology. At the biological level, one assumes atypical brain development during certain periods of its formation (genesis) notably during embryogenesis, as a result of altered hormonal influence and a particular genetic polymorphism. This article summarizes the research conducted to date in these three areas only, excluding psycho-social and environmental factors.

[Sexual medicine in obstetrics and gynecology]. / Médecine sexuelle en gynécologie-obstétrique.

Obstetrics and gynecology specialists should be women's favoured interlocutors when talking about their sexuality. Indeed every day they assess their patient's intimacy, they manage pathologies that have a potential but well-known impact on sexuality, and they are very early aware of a more global approach like psycho-somatic. Furthermore, women are going to meet their obstetrician and gynecologist through all ages, from adolescence to post-menopause. At every step sexual problems can occur that can be searched, investigated and mostly managed by this specialist. The relationship between female sexual medicine and obstetrics and gynecology is undeniable and deserve to be favoured and consolidated.

[Eye tracking and desire: new scientific and clinical perspectives in sexual medicine]. / Eye tracking et désir: nouvelles perspectives scientifiques et cliniques en médecine sexuelle.

There is a growing interest in the field of neurobiology of sexual function. With the advent of advanced technologies such as fMRI or EEG, it was possible to investigate the neuronal and psychobiological bases of the various phases of sexual response and sexual desire. Recently, a new technique debuted in sexual medicine, eye tracking. Thus through this article, we will leave the definition of sexual desire, through various neuropsychological studies in this field to finish on the unique and very recent eye tracking study that highlighted the visual patterns of desire sexual.

[Neurobiological, psychological and sociological approach to sexual desire and sexual satisfaction]. / Une approche neurobiologique, psychologique et sociologique du désir sexuel et de la satisfaction sexuelle.

In the last years, University Fund Maurice Chalumeau (FUMC) launched a dynamic of research designed to promote scientific excellence and the development of Sexology with particular interest regarding sexual desire. The FUMC has supported a research project entitled "Neurobiological, psychological and sociological approach to sexual desire and sexual satisfaction". This project, sampled on 600 people (300 men and 300 women) aged between 25 and 46 years, was structured around three studies: a broad sociological study and two more specific ones, focused on some psychological mechanisms and neurobiological factors involved in sexual desire. The results show how the secondary socialization, personal expectations, beliefs and values in sexuality, sexual motivations, body image, as well as the neurobiological foundations and visual patterns, are of vital importance in the dynamics of sexual desire.