Prevention of iron deficiency by milk fortification. II. A field trial with a full-fat acidified milk.

In a longitudinal study from age 3 to 15 mo, 276 term, healthy, spontaneously weaned infants received a full-fat acidified milk fortified with 15 mg of elemental Fe as ferrous sulfate and 100 mg of ascorbic acid/100 g of powder and 278 control infants received milk without additives. At ages 9 and 15 mo significant differences were encountered in all measures of Fe nutriture in favor of the fortified group (p less than 0.001). Anemia (Hg less than 110 g/L) was present in 25.7% of unfortified infants compared with only 2.5% in those fortified at age 15 mo. Saturation of transferrin less than 9% was present in 33.8% and serum ferritin less than 10 micrograms/L in 39.1% of the nonfortified infants. The figures for the fortified group were 7 and 8.5% respectively. The efficiency of the fortified acidified milk in eradicating Fe deficiency in the infants while discouraging use by other family members make this milk a useful targeted product in programs of supplementary food distribution in the underdeveloped world.

Bioavailability of iron in soy-based formula and its effect on iron nutriture in infancy.

Soy products have been reported to inhibit absorption of nonheme food iron and fortification iron. Iron bioavailability from a soy formula (Prosobee-PP 710) (iron added as ferrous sulfate: 12 mg/L; ascorbic acid: 54 mg/L) was examined in 16 adult women using the extrinsic radioactive tag method. The geometric mean absorption from the soy formula was only 1.7%. The effect of this formula on iron nutrition in infants was studied in 47 healthy term infants weaned spontaneously before 2 months of age and who received the formula ad libitum until 9 months of age. For control, 45 infants received a cow's milk formula fortified with ferrous sulfate (iron: 15 mg/L; ascorbic acid: 100 mg/L), which has been shown to be effective in preventing iron deficiency, and 49 additional breast-fed infants were also followed. All babies received solid foods (vegetables and meat) starting at 4 months of age. Iron nutritional status was determined at 9 months. Infants fed soy formula and iron-fortified cow's milk had similar mean values of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin; both formula groups differed significantly (P less than .05) from the breast-fed group in all measurements except free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. Anemia (hemoglobin less than 11 g/dL) was present in only 4.3% and 2.2% of infants receiving the soy and the fortified formulas, respectively, v 27.3% in the breast-fed group. These results indicate that soy formula, in spite of the lower iron bioavailability when measured in adults, is essentially as effective as iron-fortified cow's milk in preventing iron deficiency in infants.

Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine does not depress serologic responses to diphtheria, tetanus or pertussis antigens when coadministered in the same syringe with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine at two, four and six months of age.

The safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b consisting of purified polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) were evaluated in 277 Chilean infants who were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group A, PRP-T mixed with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine in a single syringe and given as a single inoculation in one arm and placebo in the other arm; Group B, PRP-T given in one arm and DTP in the other arm; Group C, DTP given in one arm and placebo in the other. Infants were immunized at 2, 4 and 6 months of age and examined daily for 4 days after each immunization. Serum PRP antibodies; tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis antitoxin; pertussis agglutinins; and antibodies to Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin were measured at baseline and 2 months after each dose. PRP-T was well-tolerated. After three doses of PRP-T vaccine 100% of infants attained PRP antibody concentrations > or = 0.15 micrograms/ml and 96 to 99% achieved high anti-PRP concentrations (> or = 1.0 micrograms/ml). The post-third dose anti-PRP geometric mean titer was high (6.94 micrograms/ml) in infants who were given PRP-T combined with DTP, although it was somewhat lower than the geometric mean titer of the group who received PRP-T in a separate arm (9.93 micrograms/ml) (P not significant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The clinical and immunologic response of Chilean infants to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus protein conjugate vaccine coadministered in the same syringe with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis vaccine at two, four and six months of age.

The safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b consisting of purified polyribosylribitolphosphate conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) was evaluated in 278 Chilean infants who were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: Group A, PRP-T mixed with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-pertussis (DTP) vaccine in a single syringe and given as a single inoculation in one arm and placebo in the other arm; Group B, PRP-T given in one arm and DTP in the other arm; Group C, DTP given in one arm and placebo in the other. Infants were immunized at 2, 4 and 6 months of age and examined daily for 4 days after each immunization; serum PRP antibodies were measured at baseline and 2 months after each dose. The only adverse systemic reaction attributable to PRP-T beyond that caused by DTP alone was a 7 to 20% increase in febrile responses in the first 24 hours after the first and second doses of vaccine; the fevers were largely low grade and not accompanied by increased irritability, diminished activity or loss of appetite, compared with the group who received DTP without PRP-T. After the first dose 72% of infants who received PRP-T combined with DTP and 67% who received it in a separate arm attained antibody concentrations greater than or equal to 0.15 micrograms/ml. After two doses of PRP-T, 93 and 95%, respectively, had concentrations greater than or equal to 0.15 microgram/ml and after three doses 100% of infants who received PRP-T had such titers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Haemoglobin fortified cereal: a source of available iron to breast-fed infants.

We tested in the field an extruded rice flour, fortified with a bovine haemoglobin concentrate (Fe:14 mg/100 g of powder). This cereal has a high iron bioavailability, good protein quality and amino acid score. Healthy, term breast-fed infants were prospectively studied. One group (n = 92) received the fortified cereal (from 4 to 12 months of age). As control, 96 infants received regular solid foods (cooked vegetables and meat) from age 4 months. At the end of the field trial, a subsample of infants in both groups was supplemented with 45 mg Fe during 90 d. Iron nutrition status was determined at 9, 12 and 15 months. At 12 months, iron deficiency anaemia was present in 17 per cent of controls, in 10 per cent of fortified infants as a whole, but only in 6 per cent of the babies who consumed over 30 g of cereal/d. In addition, this latter group did not show any significant changes in iron nutrition status after the supplementation trial. Results demonstrate that the consumption of a haemoglobin fortified cereal is effective in markedly reducing the incidence of iron deficiency in breast-fed infants.

[Prevention of iron deficiency in infants by fortified milk. Field study of a low-fat milk]. / Prevención de la carencia de hierro en lactantes, mediante la fortificación de la leche. I. Estudio sobre el terreno de una leche semidescremada.

Healthy term infants were given a low-fat powdered milk fortified with 15 mg/100g of iron, as ferrous sulphate, for one year, starting at three months of age. The control group received non-fortified milk. A total of 510 infants entered the study, and 314 could be studied at the age of 15 months. Consumption of the fortified formulas was monitored through iron determinations in stools. Groups had a comparable hemoglobin concentration at the age of three months. Hemoglobin was higher in the fortified group at nine months (11.7 +/- 1.0 vs 11.4 +/- 1.1 g/dl, p less than 0.02), and 15 months (12.0 +/- 1.1 vs 11.4 +/- 1.2, p less than 0.001). The percentage of subjects with anemia (Hb less than 11.0 g/dl) was lower in the fortified group: 14.8% vs 27.7% of the controls at nine months and 7.0% vs 35.3% at 15 months. Percentages of subjects with iron deficiency (Fe/TIBC less than 9%) were lower in the fortified group: 28.0% vs 49.1% of the controls at nine months, and 20.0% vs 41.8% at 15 months. Although the fortified milk markedly improved iron nutrition, deficiency of this mineral was still high in the group receiving it. This was probably due to the low bioavailability of iron when administered with non-modified milks.

[Effect of breast feeding and psychosocial variables upon psychomotor development of 12-month-old infants]. / Efecto de la lactancia materna y variables psicosociales sobre el desarrollo psicomotor en niños de 12 meses de edad.

This study evaluates the participation of psychosocial variables in the relation between breast feeding (BF) and psychomotor development (PMD) in dyads with different BF duration. We assessed 138 mother-infant dyads, divided in two groups: 86 received BF as unique source of milk feeding for at least 6 months (prolonged BF group) and 52 were weaned before 45 days of age (early weaning group). General information about pregnancy, delivery and feeding was collected in a non experimental prospective design. At 6-7 months of age a milk feeding situation was observed at home, and mother-infant interactional patterns were recorded through a specially designed scale. At 12 months of age the PMD was assessed (Bayley Scales of Infant Development). Infant temperament, home stimulation, mother depression and family stress were also measured. Similar family characteristics were observed in both study groups. Early bonding and first feeding experiences were different, both reported as better in the prolonged BF group. Moreover, dyads of this group showed a higher variety and quality of mother-infant interactional patterns during feeding, with a higher synchrony and reciprocity in the relationship. Mean Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) were similar in both groups. Explicatory variables for MDI and PDI are different in both study groups. Dyads who attained prolonged BF conform from a psychosocial perspective--a different group than the early weaned.

Hemoglobin-fortified biscuits: bioavailability and its effect on iron nutriture in school children.

School-age children in Chile received 30 g of wheat-flour biscuits daily through a National School Lunch Program. To improve iron nutrition, these biscuits were fortified with 6% of a bovine hemoglobin concentrate. Hemoglobin iron bioavailability, measured with a double isotope technique, showed that heme-iron absorption in fortified biscuits was high (19.7%). In a pilot field trial, a cohort of 215 school-children received fortified biscuits (30 g) daily during two school periods, and their iron nutrition status was compared with that of children who received non-fortified biscuits (n = 212). Acceptability of both types of biscuits was excellent. Initially, both groups had comparably good iron nutrition. The fortified children presented higher mean ferritin values at the end of the first and second school periods. Good iron stores (serum ferritin greater than or equal to 20 micrograms/lt) were present in 92% and 79% of the fortified and control subjects, respectively (P less than 0.004). The high-iron bioavailability, the good organoleptic characteristics and the biological effect on iron nutriture make this product an appealing alternative to combat iron deficiency.

Reembarazo en la adolescencia: análisis de la población perteneciente a la Red del Hospital Padre Hurtado, entre los años 2005-2015 / Teenage pregnancy: analysis of the population belonging to the Padre Hurtado Hospital Network, between 2005-2015

OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL: Evaluar prevalencia de adolescentes multíparas >2, en la población atendida en Hospital Padre Hurtado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, con información extraída de la ficha electrónica de partos e intervenciones, realizados entre 2005-2015 HPH. Los datos fueron tabulados en Microsoft Excel y luego analizados en el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS versión 22. RESULTADOS: Se atendieron 62.656 partos y hubo 5.770 eventos gestacionales que requirieron alguna intervención, de éstas, 14.030 (20,5%) ocurrieron en pacientes menores de 20 años y 356 (0,52%) en menores de 15 años. El número de multíparas fue de 940 (10,3% de mujeres con embarazo adolescente). En el caso de primigestas <15 años, 68 presentaron más de un embarazo durante su adolescencia (19,3% de embarazadas). El período intergestacional tuvo una mediana en 3 años (rango 1 - 6 años). Cuando una adolescente <15 años se embaraza por primera vez, tiene un OR de 2,25 (IC 95%: 1.71-2.95; X2: 35,46; p<0,001) de volver a embarazarse durante su adolescencia, en relación a las adolescentes que se embarazan por primera vez después de los 15 años. En cuanto a intervenciones, al comparar ambos grupos, las menores de 15 años tienen un OR 2,75 de que al embarazarse, requieran cirugía. CONCLUSIÓN: La frecuencia de embarazo adolescente evaluada, es superior a la nacional y mundial. Cuando el primer embarazo ocurre <15 años, éstas tienen mayor riesgo de presentar un segundo embarazo durante la adolescencia. Una medida de prevención secundaria, es la utilización de MAC en el puerperio inmediato, idealmente LARCs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of multiparous adolescents, in the population that had their births at Hospital Padre Hurtado. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study, with information taken from the electronic database of the center, Birth data and Interventions, between 2005 and 2015. The data was tabulated in Microsoft Excel and the analysis was done with IBM SPSS 22 version. RESULTS: It occurred 62,656 deliveries and 5,770 pregnancies that ended in an intervention, from the total, 14,030 (20.5%) occurred in girls under 20 years and 356 (0.52%) under 15 years old (yo). The number of multiparous was 940 (10.3% of all of the adolescent pregnancies). For first time pregnants under 15 yo, 68 had a reiterative pregnancy among their adolescence (19.3% of pregnant <15 yo). The median time between pregnancies was 3 years (range 1- 6 years). When a girl <15 yo gets pregnant for the first time, she has an OR of 2.25 (IC 95%: 1.71-2.95; X2: 35,46; p<0,001) of getting pregnant again during adolescence compared to girls that get pregnant between 15-18 yo. About interventions, the group under 15yo had an OR 2.75 (in Chile all forms of abortions are illegal) compared with the group above 15 years, of requiring surgery when pregnant. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of adolescent pregnancy analized, is above the national and international publications. Plus, if the pregnancy occurs under 15 yo, they have a greater chance of having another teenage pregnancy. An effective secondary prevention could be administration of contraception during immediate postpartum, ideally LARCs.

[Exclusive use of blue dye to detect sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer]. / Validación y uso de la técnica del linfonodo centinela axilar con colorante exclusivo en pacientes con cáncer de mama.

BACKGROUND: The use of a dye and radiocolloid to detect sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer increases the detection rates. However the use of either method alone does not modify the false negative rate. Therefore there is no formal contraindication for the exclusive use of dye to detect nodes. AIM: To report a prospective analysis of the exclusive blue dye technique for sentinel node biopsy in patients with early breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the first 100 women with pathologically proven breast cancer who met the inclusion criteria. Patent blue dye was used as colorant. In the first 25 cases sentinel node was identified using radiocolloid and blue dye an then an axillary dissection performed. In the next 25 women, blue dye was used exclusively for detection and an axillary dissection was performed. In the next 50 cases, blue dye was used and only isolated sentinel node biopsy was performed. RESULTS: In 92 of the 100 women a sentinel node was successfully detected. In the first 50 women, the false negative rate of sentinel lymph node detection was 6.9%. No complications occurred. During follow-up, lasting three to 29 months, no axillary relapse was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel node biopsy in patients with early breast cancer using exclusively blue dye is feasible and safe.

[Iron-deficiency anemia in the nursing infant: its elimination with iron-fortified milk]. / Anemia ferropriva en el lactante: erradicación con leche fortificada con hierro.

We evaluated the effect of iron-supplemented milk on 86 healthy infants who were followed from 3 to 12 months of age. Whole milk was supplemented with 15 mg elementary iron as ferrous sulphate and 100 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g powder. 104 infants received the same milk with no supplement and served as control. All iron nutritional parameters were higher in the supplemented group at 9 and 12 months of treatment (p < 0.01). Iron-deficiency anemia was shown in 34% of the control as compared to 0% of the treatment group. The product exhibited excellent tolerance and could therefore be used to eradicate iron-deficiency anemia of the infant.

Effect of supplementation with an iron-fortified milk on incidence of diarrhea and respiratory infection in urban-resident infants.

To address the hypothesis that increased infectious morbidity is associated with iron supplementation, 783 randomly selected infants were provided with a powdered full fat cow's milk (non-fortified group) and 872 with a powdered acidified full fat cow's milk fortified with 15 mg of iron as ferrous sulfate (fortified group). All infants were followed from birth to 15 months of age with a monthly home visit by a nurse who recorded morbidity occurring during the previous 30 days. At 9 months of age, 15% of infants in each cohort were receiving breast milk only; data for these infants were segregated to make the third group. Episodes (mean +/- SD) of diarrhea/infant/year were 1.06 +/- 1.29, 1.14 +/- 1.37, and 0.82 +/- 1.04 for the fortified, non-fortified and breast-fed groups, respectively; the fortified and non-fortified bottle-fed groups had a very similar incidence of respiratory illness; 2.66 +/- 2.07 and 2.74 +/- 2.24 episodes/infant/year, respectively. The incidence of respiratory illness for both bottle-fed groups was significantly higher than that for the breast-fed group (2.22 +/- 1.84 respiratory episodes/infant/year). We conclude that for the infants the tested form of iron fortified milk, which is sufficient to lower iron deficiency anemia, does not result in an increased incidence of diarrhea or respiratory illness.

Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from two cohorts of young children in Santiago, Chile: incidence of and lack of correlation between illness and proposed virulence factors.

Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from children in two cohorts in Santiago, Chile. In a cohort containing a cross section of children aged 0 to 4 years, Y. enterocolitica was isolated from stool samples of 1.1% of children with diarrhea and 0.2% of age-matched control children. In a subgroup of this cohort from which weekly stool samples were obtained from all children irrespective of clinical status, 6% of children had asymptomatic Yersinia infections. In a birth cohort (with a greater representation of children less than 1 year of age and a significantly higher rate of diarrhea), Y. enterocolitica was isolated from 1.9% of children with diarrhea and 0.6% of controls (P = 0.05). Biogroup 1A strains (which lacked traditional phenotypic and molecular markers for pathogenicity) were isolated from seven children with diarrhea but from no control children in the birth cohort (P = 0.02). All other isolates, including all isolates from asymptomatic children, were "pathogenic" strains in biogroup 4, serogroup O3; no association between these isolates and occurrence of disease was found. Y. enterocolitica is found among young children in Santiago, with asymptomatic infections not uncommon occurrences. However, questions about the association between previously described virulence factors and diarrheal illness remain.

Epidemiologic studies of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in a low socioeconomic level peri-urban community in Santiago, Chile.

The incidence of diarrhea due to six categories of diarrheogenic Escherichia coli was determined in two pediatric cohorts in a low socioeconomic level community in Santiago, Chile, with access to chlorinated water. An age cross-sectional cohort of 340 children aged birth to 47 months was assembled. A newborn cohort was assembled by enrolling 10-12 newborns monthly for 12 months. Episodes of diarrhea were detected by twice weekly household visits. E. coli from stool cultures of cases and matched controls were hybridized with DNA probes specific for enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, enteroaggregative, and diffuse adherence E. coli. Overall, the incidence of diarrhea was low (2.1 episodes/infant/year). Nevertheless, a putative E. coli enteropathogen was found in a large proportion of diarrheal episodes, particularly during the summer. In both cohorts, enterotoxigenic E. coli were important pathogens. Enteropathogenic E. coli were incriminated during the first year of life in the newborn cohort, where they were found significantly more often in cases (p = 0.021) than in controls; beyond this age, isolation rates were similar. In contrast, the relative risk of isolation of diffuse adherence E. coli increased with age in the age cross-sectional cohort, where, overall, the difference in rate of isolation between cases and controls was significant (p = 0.0024). Enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic E. coli were isolated infrequently. Enteroaggregative E. coli were encountered equally in cases and controls. Facile transmission of E. coli enteropathogens is occurring in this community despite the availability of potable water.

PIP: Researchers conducted an age cross sectional cohort analysis of 340 0-47 month old children and newborn cohort analysis of 144 newborns to determine the diarrheogenic Escherichia coli incidence in Santa Julia, a low socioeconomic community in Santiago, Chile. Children in the age cross sectional cohort had age, sex, and sector matched controls. The newborns had sex matched controls. A public health nurse or nurse auxiliary visited the household of each subject 2 times a week to detect diarrhea episodes. Between December 1986 and February 1990, the age cross sectional cohort had 1178 episodes of diarrhea and the newborn cohort had 674 episodes. The overall diarrhea incidence was only 2.1 episodes/child/year. An E. coli enteropathogen was isolated in many of these episodes, especially during the summer (e.g. enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC], 2.2 cases/month in summer vs. 0.4 cases/month in winter; p = .00001). Diffuse adherence E. coli (DAEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) infections also peaked in the summer. ETEC contributed greatly to diarrheal episodes in both cohorts. Among newborns, EPEC was isolated significantly more often in cases than controls during the 1st 12 months of life (6.7% vs. 2.5%; p = .021). After 1 year, however, E. coli isolation rates were essentially the same. On the other hand, in the age cross sectional cohort, the relative risk of isolation of DAEC rose with age (e.g., 1.1 for 0.11 months, 1.4 for 36-47 months, and 2.1 for = or 48 months). In the same cohort, DAEC infections were much more common in cases than controls (16.6% vs. 11.9%; p = .0024). Enteroinvasive and enterohemorrhagic E. coli were the most rarely isolated E. coli types. No difference in the isolation rate of enteroaggregative E. coli existed between cases and controls. Since most households in Santa Julia have access to potable water (68%) and an indoor toilet (64%), food contamination were likely the vehicles of E. coli transmission because more than 50% of households do not have a refrigerator.

Validación y uso de la técnica del linfonodo centinela axilar con colorante exclusivo en pacientes con cáncer de mama / Exclusive use of blue dye to detect sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer

Background: The use of a dye and radiocolloid to detect sentinel lymph nodes in breast cáncer increases the detection rates. However the use of either method alone does not modify the false negative rate. Therefore there is no formal contraindication for the exclusive use of dye to detect nodes. Aim: To repon a prospective analysis of the exclusive blue dye technique for sentinel node biopsy in patients with early breast cáncer Patients and methods: We analyzed the first 100 women with pathologically proven breast cáncer who met the inclusión criteria. Patent blue dye was used as colorant. In the first 25 cases sentinel node was identified using radiocolloid and blue dye an then an axillary dissection perfomed. In the next 25 women, blue dye was used exclusively for detection and an axillary dissection was perfomed. In the next 50 cases, blue dye was used and only isolated sentinel node biopsy was perfomed. Results: In 92 of the 100 women a sentinel node was successfully detected. In the first 50 women, the false negative rate of sentinel lymph node detection was 6.9 percent. No complications occurred. During follow-up, lasting three to 29 months, no axillary relapse was observed. Conclusions: Sentinel node biopsy in patients with early breast cáncer using exclusively blue dye is feasible and safe.

Espatulas de thierry versus forceps de kjelland

Presentamos la experiencia y evolución del parto instrumentado en nuestro Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología, en los últimos once años 1992-2002. La evidencia demostró que respecto de las lesiones maternas y fetales, las Espátulas (ET), o instrumento no articulado de la clasificación general de los fórceps (F), son significativamente menores cuando se las compara con el fórceps articulado y fenestrado de Kjelland o Kielland (FK), por lo que se sugiere su conocimiento y adiestramiento en los Servicios de la especialidad, y cambiar el concepto de la presa del cráneo-fetal o biparieto malar por la toma libre facio malar.