Thoracic radiotherapy may improve the outcome of extensive stage small cell lung carcinoma patients treated with first-line immunotherapy plus chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Immunotherapy plus etoposide and platinum (EP)-based chemotherapy is the standard of care for patients with extensive stage-small cell lung carcinoma (ES-SCLC). In the era of immunotherapy, the role of thoracic radiotherapy for ES-SCLC remains unclear. METHODS: We retrospectively included ES-SCLC patients treated with first-line EP-based chemotherapy plus atezolizumab or durvalumab at Taichung Veterans General Hospital to evaluate the prognostic role and safety of thoracic radiotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 22 patients were included. The median age was 64 years and most of them were male and smokers. Sixteen patients (72.7%) received durvalumab, while the other 6 patients (27.3%) underwent atezolizumab treatment. Among these patients, 11 (50.0%) had a history of thoracic radiotherapy. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between patients with and without thoracic radiotherapy. In the overall population, the objective response rate to immunotherapy plus chemotherapy was 73.7%. The progression-free survival and overall survival were 6.0 months (95% CI: 4.0-7.9) and 13.8 months (95% CI: 8.0-19.6), respectively. The overall survival was significantly longer in patients with thoracic radiotherapy (not-reached [NR] [95% CI NR-NR] vs. 9.6 months [95% CI 2.5-16.6]), respectively ( P value by log-rank test <0.001). Both multivariate analysis and subgroup analysis specifically comparing patients with consolidative thoracic radiotherapy and patients with clinical benefits to systemic therapy who did not undergo thoracic radiotherapy indicated that thoracic radiotherapy improved survival. CONCLUSION: The real-world efficacy of EP-based chemotherapy plus atezolizumab or durvalumab was comparable with that of clinical trials. Thoracic radiotherapy may improve the outcome of ES-SCLC.

Histological Transformation after Acquired Resistance to the Third-Generation EGFR-TKI in Patients with Advanced EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Background and Objectives: Third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) is one of the standard-of-care therapies in patients with EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma; however, acquired resistance inevitably developed. Despite the proposition of histological transformation being one of the resistance mechanisms, its incidence and influence on outcome remain unclear. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at Taichung Veterans General Hospital on patients with advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma receiving the third-generation EGFR-TKI. Only patients receiving rebiopsy were included in the analysis. Results: A total of 55 patients were studied. Eight patients (14.5%) showed histological transformation, including three small cell carcinoma, three squamous cell carcinoma, one large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and one with a mixture of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma components. The median treatment duration of the third-generation EGFR-TKI before rebiopsy was numerically longer in patients with histological transformation than those without (16.0 vs. 10.9 months). Both the overall survival time from the start of third-generation EGFR-TKI initiation (30.8 vs. 41.2 months) and from rebiopsy (6.6 vs. 12.9 months) to mortality were numerically shorter amongst the transformed population. All patients in the transformed group did not respond to the next line of systemic treatment. One patient with histological transformation receiving local treatment for the metastatic site had a longer overall survival. Conclusions: Repeating biopsy to identify histological transformation should be considered in patients with progression to the third-generation EGFR-TKI. Histological transformations could contribute to the acquired resistance with the implication of a worse prognosis. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal therapy for these patients.

Primary Tumor Resection Is Associated with a Better Outcome among Advanced EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Receiving EGFR-TKI Treatment.

OBJECTIVES: The characteristics and efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with primary tumor resection (PTR) is not yet clear. METHODS: We enrolled advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients with EGFR-TKI as first-line therapy to access the impact of PTR on the outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 466 patients were enrolled with 76 patients (16.3%) undergoing PTR; 59 patients recurred after curative surgery, while 17 patients underwent surgery as diagnostic purposes. PTR patients displayed a better performance status, a lower metastatic burden, and much less measurable diseases (30.3 vs. 97.4%, p < 0.001). PTR patients experienced a significantly longer progression-free survival (25.1 [95% CI 16.6-33.7] vs. 9.4 [95% CI 8.4-10.4] months; aHR 0.40 [95% CI 0.30-0.54], p < 0.001) and overall survival (56.8 [95% CI 36.3-77.2] vs. 31.8 [95% CI 28.2-35.4] months; aHR 0.57 [95% CI 0.39-0.84], p = 0.004). Survival advantage was still observed while comparing PTR patients with the better performance and lower metastatic burden subgroup found within the non-resection group. Moreover, the progression-free survival and overall survival of 11 patients who were found having pleural metastases during surgery and underwent PTR plus pleural biopsy, were also longer than those with pure N0--1/M1a-malignant pleural effusion disease in the non-resection group (n = 19) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION: PTR was associated with significantly better outcomes in advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients treated with EGFR-TKI. Further studies are needed to evaluate the biological role of PTR among these patients.

Real-world efficacy and safety of lorlatinib in treating advanced ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer patients.

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation is a rare driver mutation in lung cancer. This study was aimed to report on the efficacy of lorlatinib in real-world practice and to evaluate the impact of prior ALK inhibitor treatments. We retrospectively evaluated patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with lorlatinib regarding its efficacy, the impact of prior ALK inhibitor treatments and the adverse events, in particular dyslipidemia. A total of 22 ALK-positive patients were analyzed. All patients had received at least one second-generation ALK inhibitor(s), while 12 patients had a history of crizotinib treatment. For lorlatinib, the objective response rate was 35.7%, and disease control rate was 64.3%. Their progression-free survival (PFS) was 6.2 months. With prior therapies, patients receiving only second-generation ALK inhibitor(s) treatment showed PFS longer than those with both crizotinib and second-generation ALK inhibitor(s) treatments (15.2 vs. 6.2 months). Moreover, patients who showed benefits from prior ALK inhibitor(s) also had a PFS longer than those who did not (6.5 vs. 3.5 months). Regarding adverse events, 94.7% of patients had dyslipidemia and 21.1% of them were in grade 3 or 4. None of these patients discontinued the treatment due to dyslipidemia. No acute complication occurred with dyslipidemia. The real-world efficacy of lorlatinib and adverse events were similar to those reported in clinical trials. Interestingly, the history and responses of prior ALK inhibitor treatments may influence the efficacy of subsequent lorlatinib treatment.

Impact of tumor disappearance ratio on the prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma ≤2 cm in size: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Lung cancer patients can have advanced-stages at diagnosis, even the tumor size is ≤2 cm. We aimed to study the relationship between image characteristics, clinical, and patholoigcal results. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled patients with lung adenocarcinoma at Taichung Veterans General Hospital and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital from 2007 to 2015, who were diagnosed with treatment naïve primary tumor lesions at sizes less than 2 cm, as measured by computed tomography (CT) scans. The patient was analyzed for lymph node (LN) and distant metastasis evaluation, with clinicopathological characteristics, including tumor-disappearance ratio (TDR) (tumor diameter at the mediastinal/lung window) over chest CT scans, pathological diagnosis, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Totally 280 patients were surveyed initially and showed significantly increase of clinical LN involvement and distant metastasis when TDR ≤75% compared with >75% (21.6% vs 0% for LN involvement; 27.1% vs 0% for distant metastasis; both p < 0.001). We included 199 patients having surgical treatment and follow-up for the survival analysis. With a TDR ≤75%, significantly worse DFS (HR, 19.23; 95% CI, 2.60-142.01; p = 0.004) and a trend of worse OS (HR, 4.97; 95% CI, 0.61-40.61; p = 0.134) were noted by Kaplan-Meier method. TDR ≤75% revealed more advanced pathological stage, and more tumors containing micropapillary or solid subtypes when diagnosed adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: For lung cancer patients with primary tumor ≤2 cm, TDR ≤75% was related to more advanced stages, the presence of micropapillary or solid components of adenocarcinoma subtypes, worse DFS, and a trend of worse OS.

Overexpression of Aurora-A bypasses cytokinesis through phosphorylation of suppressed in lung cancer.

Mitosis is a complicated process by which eukaryotic cells segregate duplicated genomes into two daughter cells. To achieve the goal, numerous regulators have been revealed to control mitosis. The oncogenic Aurora-A is a versatile kinase responsible for the regulation of mitosis including chromosome condensation, spindle assembly, and centrosome maturation through phosphorylating a range of substrates. However, overexpression of Aurora-A bypasses cytokinesis, thereby generating multiple nuclei by unknown the mechanisms. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we found that SLAN, a potential tumor suppressor, served as a substrate of Aurora-A and knockdown of SLAN induced immature cytokinesis. Aurora-A phosphorylates SLAN at T573 under the help of the scaffold protein 14-3-3η. The SLAN phosphorylation-mimicking mutants T573D or T573E, in contrast to the phosphorylation-deficiency mutant T573A, induced higher level of multinucleated cells, and the endogenous SLAN p573 resided at spindle midzone and midbody with the help of the microtubule motor MKLP1. The Aurora-A- or SLAN-induced multiple nuclei was prevented by the knockdown of 14-3-3η or Aurora-A respectively, thereby revealing a 14-3-3η/Aurora-A/SLAN cascade negatively controlling cytokinesis. Intriguingly, SLAN T573D or T573E inactivated and T573A activated the key cytokinesis regulator RhoA. RhoA interacted with SLAN np573, i.e., the nonphosphorylated form of SLAN at T573, which localized to the spindle midzone dictated by RhoA and ECT2. Therefore, we report here that SLAN mediates the Aurora-A-triggered cytokinesis bypass and SLAN plays dual roles in that process depending on its phosphorylation status.

Transcriptional repression of Aurora-A gene by wild-type p53 through directly binding to its promoter with histone deacetylase 1 and mSin3a.

In this study, we firstly showed that p53 transcriptionally represses Aurora-A gene expression through directly binding to its promoter. DNA affinity precipitation assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that p53 physically bound to the Aurora-A promoter. Moreover, the in vitro and in vivo assays showed that p53 directly bound to the Aurora-A promoter together with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and mSin3a as corepressors. Furthermore, we identified that the nucleotides -360 to -354 (CCTGCCC), upstream of the Aurora-A transcriptional start site, was responsible for the p53-mediated repression. Mutation within this site disrupted its interaction with p53, mSin3a and HDAC1, as well as attenuated the repressive effect of p53 on Aurora-A promoter activity. Treatment with trichostatin A (TSA), a HDAC1 inhibitor, disrupted the interaction of p53-HDAC1-mSin3a complex with the nucleotides -365∼-345 region, and enhanced the Aurora-A promoter activity and gene expression. Additionally, knockdown of p53 or mSin3a also drastically blocked the formation of p53-HDAC1-mSin3a repressive complex onto this promoter region and elevated the Aurora-A promoter activity and gene expression. Moreover, the p53-HDAC1-mSin3a repressive complex also involved in the inhibition of Aurora-A gene expression upon cisplatin treatment. Finally, the clinical investigation showed that Aurora-A and p53 exhibited an inverse correlation in both the expression level and prognostic status, and the low p53/high Aurora-A showed the poorest prognosis of NSCLC patients. Our findings showed novel regulatory mechanisms of p53 in regulating Aurora-A gene expression in NSCLC cells.

EGFR mutation and lobar location of lung adenocarcinoma.

The objective of this study was to investigate the associations among lung cancer location, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status. Treatment-naive, pathologically confirmed lung adenocarcinomas with tumor specimens available for genetic analysis were included from 2011 through 2014. Overall, 1771 patients with lung adenocarcinoma were included for analysis, after excluding those with carcinoma not otherwise specified, or synchronous multiple primary lung cancers. The median age was 64 years, and the female:male and never smoker:ever smoker ratios were 930:855 (52:48%) and 1167:604 (65:35%), respectively. The EGFR mutation rate was 56%. Among patients, 1093 (62%) had primary tumors in the upper lobes. Compared with the characteristics of the EGFR wild-type, tumors with EGFR activating mutations were more common in women (P < 0.001), never smokers (P < 0.001), and in the upper lobes (P = 0.004). Among EGFR activating mutations, compared with the EGFR exon 19 deletion, L858R mutation were more common in women (P = 0.002), never smokers (P = 0.038), and the upper lobes P < 0.0005). The present study is the first to address that different pulmonary lobar locations might harbor different EGFR mutation subtypes. We demonstrated that adenocarcinomas with L858R mutation, rather than exon 19 deletion or wild-type EGFR gene, prefer to locate over the upper lungs. This phenomenon was more significant in females and never-smokers, implying the result of complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Therefore, EGFR L858R mutation and exon 19 deletion may not be identical disease entity from the point of carcinogenesis.

Mechanisms underlying lung resistance-related protein (LRP)-mediated doxorubicin resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells.

Lung resistance-related protein (LRP) is a human major vault protein (MVP) implicated in drug resistance of cancer cells in a cell-type dependent manner. The primary goal of the study was to understand the role(s) of LRP in doxorubicin (DOX) resistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells and the underlying working mechanisms. In the study, the roles of LRP in the regulation of DOX dynamics, nuclear import of minor vault proteins (vault poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, vPARP and telomerase associated protein-1, TEP-1) and DOX-mediated cytotoxicity were examined in CH27 and H460 cells. Our results were the first to show that the CH27 cells with higher LRP expression levels were more resistant to DOX-induced cytotoxicity as shown in apoptosis experiments. LRP at the nuclear membrane could regulate DOX efflux from the nucleus to the cytosol, and also the reverse vPARP/TEP1 influx from the cytosol, to protect NSCLC cells from DOX-induced apoptosis. Cytosolic LRP could bind to DOX, vPARP and TEP1 to clear DOX away from the nucleus and promote the assembly of vaults for cell protection again. Based on the data obtained, the molecular mechanisms responsible for DOX resistance of NSCLC were delineated to demonstrate that LRP, vPARP and TEP1 were potential targets for NSCLC therapy. Inhibitors of these proteins, including small interfering LRP (siLRP), wheat-germ agglutenin (WGA) (WGA), 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) and 3,6,9-trisubstituted acridine 9-[4-(N,N-dimethylamino) phenylamino]-3,6-bis(3-pyrrolodinopropionamido) acridine (BRACO-19), break down the DOX resistance of NSCLC cells, particularly in CH27 cells, and may have therapeutic values in the control of NSCLC.

Interactions between household air pollution and GWAS-identified lung cancer susceptibility markers in the Female Lung Cancer Consortium in Asia (FLCCA).

We previously carried out a multi-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) on lung cancer among never smokers in the Female Lung Cancer Consortium in Asia (FLCCA) (6,609 cases, 7,457 controls) that identified novel susceptibility loci at 10q25.2, 6q22.2, and 6p21.32, and confirmed two previously identified loci at 5p15.33 and 3q28. Household air pollution (HAP) attributed to solid fuel burning for heating and cooking, is the leading cause of the overall disease burden in Southeast Asia, and is known to contain lung carcinogens. To evaluate the gene-HAP interactions associated with lung cancer in loci independent of smoking, we analyzed data from studies participating in FLCCA with fuel use information available (n = 3; 1,731 cases; 1,349 controls). Coal use was associated with a 30% increased risk of lung cancer (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.6). Among the five a priori SNPs identified by our GWAS, two showed a significant interaction with coal use (HLA Class II rs2395185, p = 0.02; TP63 rs4488809 (rs4600802), p = 0.04). The risk of lung cancer associated with coal exposure varied with the respective alleles for these two SNPs. Our observations provide evidence that genetic variation in HLA Class II and TP63 may modify the association between HAP and lung cancer risk. The roles played in the cell cycle and inflammation pathways by the proteins encoded by these two genes provide biological plausibility for these interactions; however, additional replication studies are needed in other non-smoking populations.

Real-world clinical efficacy of bevacizumab biosimilar in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Background: Bevacizumab is extensively used in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Numerous clinical trials have proven the clinical efficacies of bevacizumab biosimilars (BB). Objective: Our study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes between bevacizumab reference product (RP) and BB among advanced NSCLC patients in a real-world setting. Design: We retrospectively analyzed stage IV metastatic NSCLC patients who were treated with bevacizumab as part of a combination therapy. Patients were categorized into chemotherapy (CT) and epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) groups. We compared the patients' characteristics, treatment efficacy, and adverse events between RP and BB in the two treatment groups. Methods: From January 2020 to July 2022, a total of 171 patients who underwent combination therapy with bevacizumab were screened. Seventy-nine of these patients met the study's inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the final analysis. We utilized the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate progression-free survival (PFS) and the log-rank test to compare PFS between groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors of PFS. Results: Within the CT cohort, 34 patients were treated with RP in combination with platinum and pemetrexed, and 25 patients received a combination regimen with BB. The median PFS was 6.9 months in the RP group and 8.9 months in the BB group (p = 0.255). Within the EGFR-TKI cohort, 20 patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC received first-line treatment with EGFR-TKI plus bevacizumab. Of these patients, 9 were treated with a combination regimen that included RP, and 11 patients received EGFR-TKI in combination with BB. The median PFS was 18.4 months for the RP group and 13.6 months for the BB group (p = 0.363). Conclusion: In our advanced NSCLC patients, we found no difference in clinical outcomes when receiving treatment with RP or BB. Given a combination regimen, BB was as effective as RP together with either CT or EGFR-TKIs.

Taiwan Nationwide Study of First-Line ALK-TKI Therapy in ALK-Positive Lung Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The clinical outcomes of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) advanced lung adenocarcinoma vary according to real-world data. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to investigate the treatment discontinuation (TTD) and overall survival (OS) of patients with ALK+ advanced lung adenocarcinoma treated with first-line ALK-TKIs in Taiwan. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated all advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients registered in the National Taiwan Cancer Registry from 2017 to 2020 who had ALK rearrangement and received ALK-TKI treatment, using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). The TKI treatment sequences were classified into first generation (G1: crizotinib), second generation (G2: ceritinib, alectinib, brigatinib), and third generation (G3: lorlatinib). RESULTS: A total of 587 patients were analyzed, with a median age of 60.0 years, 91 (15.5%) aged ≥ 74 years, 293 (49.9%) female, 397 (67.6%) never smoked, and 534 (91.0%) with stage IV disease. Patients who received next-generation ALK-TKIs during the treatment course had longer median time to ALK-TKI TTD and OS. The TTD of the G1, G1+2, G1+2+3, G2, and G2+3 groups was 7.5 (5.4-11.1), 40.6 (29.4-not calculated (NC)), 50.3 (41.3-NC), 34.3 (29.2-43.0), and 36.3 (22.4-NC) months, respectively (p < 0.001). The median OS of the patients in the G1, G1+2, G1+2+3, G2, and G2+3 groups was 10.6 (7.5-14.6), not reached (NR) (NC-NC), NR (NC-NC), 43.0 (36.3-NC), and NR (30.3-NC) months, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared with treatment with crizotinib alone, the multivariate analysis revealed that treatment with next-generation TKIs was independently associated with longer TTD (G1+2 (hazard ratio (HR), 0.24; 95% CI 0.17-0.33; p < 0.001), G1+2+3 or G1+3 (HR, 0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10-0.28; p < 0.001), G2 (HR, 0.26; 95% CI 0.19-0.36; p < 0.001), and G2+3 (HR, 0.25; 95% CI 0.14-0.44; p < 0.001)) and median OS (G12 (HR, 0.24; 95% CI 0.17-0.35; p < 0.001), G1+2+3 or G1+3 (HR, 0.09; 95% CI 0.04-0.21; p < 0.001), G2 (HR, 0.22; 95% CI 0.15-0.31; p < 0.001), and G2+3 (HR, 0.20; 95% CI 0.10-0.42; p < 0.001)). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with ALK+ NSCLC, treatments including next-generation ALK-TKIs were independently associated with longer survival outcomes.

Primary tumor consolidative therapy improves the outcomes of patients with advanced EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma treated with first-line osimertinib.

Background: Patients with advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) inevitably experience drug resistance following treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Objectives: We aimed to analyze the effect of primary tumor consolidative therapy (PTCT) on patients treated with first-line osimertinib. Design and methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients with advanced stage III or stage IV LAD with EGFR-sensitizing mutations (exon 19 deletion or L858R mutation) with disease control after first-line osimertinib. A curative dose of primary tumor radiotherapy or primary tumor resection was classified as PTCT. We compared the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with and without PTCT. Results: This study included 106 patients with a median age of 61.0 years, and of those, 42% were male and 73.6% were never-smokers. Exon 19 deletion was observed in 67.9%, 30.2% had a programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score <1%, 33.0% had brain metastasis, and 40.6% had oligometastasis. In all, 53 (50%) patients underwent PTCT. Patients who underwent PTCT demonstrated significantly better PFS [30.3 (95% confidence interval (CI), 24.1-36.4) versus 18.2 (95% CI, 16.1-20.2) months; p = 0.005] and OS [not reached versus 36.7 (95% CI, 32.5-40.9) months; p = 0.005] than patients who did not. A multivariate analysis showed that PTCT was an independent factor associated with better PFS [hazard ratio (HR), 0.22; 95% CI, 0.10-0.49; p < 0.001] and OS [HR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01-0.82; p = 0.032]. The PFS benefits of PTCT were consistent across subgroups, and the HR tended to be lower in patients aged <65 years, males, smokers, stage IVB disease, L858R, PD-L1 expression ⩾1%, non-oligometastasis, and brain metastasis. Conclusion: Of the patients with advanced EGFR-mutant LAD, those who underwent PTCT had a significantly better survival outcome than those who did not. The survival benefits were consistent across different subgroups.

Low-dose CT screening among never-smokers with or without a family history of lung cancer in Taiwan: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: In Taiwan, lung cancers occur predominantly in never-smokers, of whom nearly 60% have stage IV disease at diagnosis. We aimed to assess the efficacy of low-dose CT (LDCT) screening among never-smokers, who had other risk factors for lung cancer. METHODS: The Taiwan Lung Cancer Screening in Never-Smoker Trial (TALENT) was a nationwide, multicentre, prospective cohort study done at 17 tertiary medical centres in Taiwan. Eligible individuals had negative chest radiography, were aged 55-75 years, had never smoked or had smoked fewer than 10 pack-years and stopped smoking for more than 15 years (self-report), and had one of the following risk factors: a family history of lung cancer; passive smoke exposure; a history of pulmonary tuberculosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders; a cooking index of 110 or higher; or cooking without using ventilation. Eligible participants underwent LDCT at baseline, then annually for 2 years, and then every 2 years up to 6 years thereafter, with follow-up assessments at each LDCT scan (ie, total follow-up of 8 years). A positive scan was defined as a solid or part-solid nodule larger than 6 mm in mean diameter or a pure ground-glass nodule larger than 5 mm in mean diameter. Lung cancer was diagnosed through invasive procedures, such as image-guided aspiration or biopsy or surgery. Here, we report the results of 1-year follow-up after LDCT screening at baseline. The primary outcome was lung cancer detection rate. The p value for detection rates was estimated by the χ2 test. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between lung cancer incidence and each risk factor. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of LDCT screening were also assessed. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02611570, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between Dec 1, 2015, and July 31, 2019, 12 011 participants (8868 females) were enrolled, of whom 6009 had a family history of lung cancer. Among 12 011 LDCT scans done at baseline, 2094 (17·4%) were positive. Lung cancer was diagnosed in 318 (2·6%) of 12 011 participants (257 [2·1%] participants had invasive lung cancer and 61 [0·5%] had adenocarcinomas in situ). 317 of 318 participants had adenocarcinoma and 246 (77·4%) of 318 had stage I disease. The prevalence of invasive lung cancer was higher among participants with a family history of lung cancer (161 [2·7%] of 6009 participants) than in those without (96 [1·6%] of 6002 participants). In participants with a family history of lung cancer, the detection rate of invasive lung cancer increased significantly with age, whereas the detection rate of adenocarcinoma in situ remained stable. In multivariable analysis, female sex, a family history of lung cancer, and age older than 60 years were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and invasive lung cancer; passive smoke exposure, cumulative exposure to cooking, cooking without ventilation, and a previous history of chronic lung diseases were not associated with lung cancer, even after stratification by family history of lung cancer. In participants with a family history of lung cancer, the higher the number of first-degree relatives affected, the higher the risk of lung cancer; participants whose mother or sibling had lung cancer were also at an increased risk. A positive LDCT scan had 92·1% sensitivity, 84·6% specificity, a PPV of 14·0%, and a NPV of 99·7% for lung cancer diagnosis. INTERPRETATION: TALENT had a high invasive lung cancer detection rate at 1 year after baseline LDCT scan. Overdiagnosis could have occurred, especially in participants diagnosed with adenocarcinoma in situ. In individuals who do not smoke, our findings suggest that a family history of lung cancer among first-degree relatives significantly increases the risk of lung cancer as well as the rate of invasive lung cancer with increasing age. Further research on risk factors for lung cancer in this population is needed, particularly for those without a family history of lung cancer. FUNDING: Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan.

EGFR exon 19 in-frame deletion and polymorphisms of DNA repair genes in never-smoking female lung adenocarcinoma patients.

We explored potential associations between genetic polymorphisms in genes related to DNA repair and detoxification metabolism and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in a cohort of 410 never-smoking patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of EGFR mutation status in association with the genotypes of DNA repair and detoxification metabolism genes were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. We found an association between in-frame deletion in EGFR exon 19 and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800566C/T located in NQO1 (aOR, 2.2 with 95% CI, 1.0-4.8) in female never-smokers. The SNP rs744154C/G in ERCC4 was also associated with the EGFR exon 19 in-frame deletion both in never-smokers (aOR, 1.7 with 95% CI, 1.0-3.0) and female never-smokers (aOR, 1.9 with 95% CI, 1.0-3.6). Although the association was marginally significant in multivariate logistic regression analysis, the A/A genotype of rs1047840 in EXO1 was associated with a 7.6-fold increase in the occurrence of the EGFR exon 19 in-frame deletion in female never-smokers. Moreover, risk alleles in NQO1, ERCC4 and EXO1 were associated with an increasing aOR of the EGFR exon 19 in-frame deletion both in never-smokers (p = 0.007 for trend) and female never-smokers (p = 0.002 for trend). Our findings suggest that the in-frame deletion in EGFR exon 19 is associated with polymorphisms in DNA repair and detoxification metabolism genes in never-smoking lung adenocarcinoma patients, especially in females.

Pemetrexed induces both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis through ataxia telangiectasia mutated/p53-dependent and -independent signaling pathways.

Pemetrexed, a new-generation antifolate, has demonstrated promising single-agent activity in front- and second-line treatments of non-small cell lung cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of pemetrexed-mediated antitumor activity remains unclear. The current study shows that pemetrexed induced DNA damage and caspase-2, -3, -8, and -9 activation in A549 cells and that treatment with caspase inhibitors significantly abolished cell death, suggesting a caspase-dependent apoptotic mechanism. The molecular events of pemetrexed-mediated apoptosis was associated with the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)/p53-dependent and -independent signaling pathways, which promoted intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis by upregulating Bax, PUMA, Fas, DR4, and DR5 and activating the caspase signaling cascade. Supplementation with dTTP allowed normal S-phase progression and rescued apoptotic death in response to pemetrexed. Overall, our findings reveal that the decrease of thymidylate synthase and the increase of Bax, PUMA, Fas, DR4, and DR5 genes may serve as biomarkers for predicting responsiveness to pemetrexed.

Artificial Intelligence Assisted Computational Tomographic Detection of Lung Nodules for Prognostic Cancer Examination: A Large-Scale Clinical Trial.

Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has emerged as a standard method for detecting early-stage lung cancer. However, the tedious computer tomography (CT) slide reading, patient-by-patient check, and lack of standard criteria to determine the vague but possible nodule leads to variable outcomes of CT slide interpretation. To determine the artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted CT examination, AI algorithm-assisted CT screening was embedded in the hospital picture archiving and communication system, and a 200 person-scaled clinical trial was conducted at two medical centers. With AI algorithm-assisted CT screening, the sensitivity of detecting nodules sized 4−5 mm, 6~10 mm, 11~20 mm, and >20 mm increased by 41%, 11.2%, 10.3%, and 18.7%, respectively. Remarkably, the overall sensitivity of detecting varied nodules increased by 20.7% from 67.7% to 88.4%. Furthermore, the sensitivity increased by 18.5% from 72.5% to 91% for detecting ground glass nodules (GGN), which is challenging for radiologists and physicians. The free-response operating characteristic (FROC) AI score was ≥0.4, and the AI algorithm standalone CT screening sensitivity reached >95% with an area under the localization receiver operating characteristic curve (LROC-AUC) of >0.88. Our study demonstrates that AI algorithm-embedded CT screening significantly ameliorates tedious LDCT practices for doctors.

Association of smoking and ALK tyrosine-kinase inhibitors on overall survival in treatment-naïve ALK-positive advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

Introduction: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion mutation is more common in younger and never-smoking lung cancer patients. The association of smoking and ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on overall survival (OS) of treatment-naïve ALK-positive advanced lung adenocarcinoma remains unclear in real-world. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated all 33170 lung adenocarcinoma patients registered in the National Taiwan Cancer Registry from 2017 to 2019, of whom 9575 advanced stage patients had ALK mutation data. Results: Among the 9575 patients, 650 (6.8%) patients had ALK mutation with the median follow-up survival time 30.97 months (median age, 62 years; 125 [19.2%] were aged ≥75 years; 357 (54.9%) females; 179 (27.5) smokers, 461 (70.9%) never-smokers, 10 (1.5%) with unknown smoking status; and 544 (83.7%) with first-line ALK-TKI treatment). Overall, of 535 patients with known smoking status who received first-line ALK-TKI treatment, never-smokers and smokers had a median OS of 40.7 months (95% confidence interval (CI), 33.1-47.2 months) and 23.5 months (95% CI, 11.5-35.5 months) (P=0.015), respectively. Among never-smokers, those who received first-line ALK-TKI treatment had a median OS of 40.7 months (95% CI, 22.7-57.8 months), while those ALK-TKI not as first-line treatment had a median OS of 31.7 months (95% CI, 15.2-42.8 months) (P=0.23). In smokers, the median OS for these patients was 23.5 months (95% CI, 11.5-35.5 months) and 15.6 months (95% CI, 10.2-21.1 months) (P=0.026), respectively. Conclusions and relevance: For patients with treatment-naïve advanced lung adenocarcinoma, the ALK test should be performed irrespective of smoking status and age. Smokers had shorter median OS than never-smokers among treatment-naïve-ALK-positive patients with first-line ALK-TKI treatment. Furthermore, smokers not receiving first-line ALK-TKI treatment had inferior OS. Further investigations for the first-line treatment of ALK-positive smoking advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients are needed.

Adjuvant chemotherapy compared with observation in patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma.

Introduction: For patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma, benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy remain controversial. Here, we aimed to evaluate such benefits. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on the database of the National Taiwan Cancer Registry. We analyzed patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma (re-classified by AJCC 8th edition) diagnosed during the period from January 2011 to December 2017. They were divided into two groups: (1) group 1: tumor <=3 cm with visceral pleural invasion (VPI); (2) group 2: tumor >3 cm, but <=4 cm. Overall survival (OS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were evaluated. Risk factors for survival were determined. Results: A total of 2,100 patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma (1,265 in group 1 and 835 in group 2) were enrolled for study. The proportions of patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy in group 1 and 2 were 39.1% and 68.6%, respectively. Amongst group 1 patients, adjuvant chemotherapy was not an independent risk factor for OS and CSS. Amongst group 2 patients, high-grade histologic findings and receiving sublobar resection were two risk factors for poorer survival. Adjuvant chemotherapy was also associated with an OS (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38-0.72; P<0.001) and CSS (aHR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37-0.78; p=0.001) benefit regardless of the presence or absence of risk factors. Conclusion: For patients with T2aN0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma, adjuvant chemotherapy improved OS and CSS in those with tumors >3 cm, but <=4 cm.For patients with tumors <=3 cm with VPI, adjuvant chemotherapy had no survival benefit.

Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening in Relatives With a Family History of Lung Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The role of a family history of lung cancer (LCFH) in screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has not been prospectively investigated with long-term follow-up. METHODS: A multicenter prospective study with up to three rounds of annual LDCT screening was conducted to determine the detection rate of lung cancer (LC) in asymptomatic first- or second-degree relatives of LCFH. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2011, there were 1102 participants enrolled, including 805 and 297 from simplex and multiplex families (MFs), respectively (54.2% women and 70.0% never-smokers). The last follow-up date was May 5, 2021. The overall LC detection rate was 4.5% (50 of 1102). The detection rate in MF was 9.4% (19 of 202) and 4.4% (4 of 91) in never-smokers and in those who smoked, respectively. The corresponding rates for simplex families were 3.7% (21 of 569) and 2.7% (6 of 223), respectively. Of these, 68.0% and 22.0% of cases with stage I and IV diseases, respectively. LC diagnoses within a 3-year interval from the initial screening tend to be younger, have a higher detection rate, and have stage I disease; thereafter, more stage III-IV disease and 66.7% (16 of 24) with negative or semipositive nodules in initial computed tomography scans. Within the 6-year interval, only maternal (modified rate ratio = 4.46, 95% confidence interval: 2.32-8.56) or maternal relative history of LC (modified rate ratio = 5.41, 95% confidence interval: 2.84-10.30) increased the risk of LC. CONCLUSIONS: LCFH is a risk factor for LC and is increased with MF history, among never-smokers, younger adults, and those with maternal relatives with LC. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the mortality benefit of LDCT screening in those with LCFH.