Morphological and chemical composition of particulate matter in buses exhaust.

This research article investigates the particulate matter originated from the exhaust emissions of 20 bus models, within the territory of Vladivostok, Russian Federation. The majority of evaluated buses (17 out of 20) had emissions of large particles with sizes greater than 400 µm, which account for more than 80% of all measured particles. The analysis of the elemental composition showed that the exhaust emissions contained Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, and Zn, with the concentration of Zn prevailing in all samples by two to three orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of the other elements.

Morphologic and chemical composition of particulate matter in motorcycle engine exhaust.

Despite the fact that environmental pollution due to motorcycle exhaust gases reports a great increase, motorcycle production exhibits a great increase through the last years. Countries of Asia and Africa are reported to be the major regions where two-wheeled vehicles are a major transportation mode, with tens of millions of units sold per year. Motorcycle exhaust particles are considered to be the major contributor to environmental pollution due to their airborne dispersion, containing great amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aims at reporting an objective analysis of the main sources of the ambient air pollution as also particle size distribution and chemical composition analysis of particulate matter originated from the exhausts of two-wheeled vehicles used in the territory of Vladivostok, Russia. Various types of two-wheeled vehicles were examined (motorcycles, ATVs, scooters and wet bikes) using different types of engine and fuel system. Experimental results showed that there was no clear relation to the particle size distribution with the engine displacement of motorcycle and the number of strokes and the fuel system. Instead, there were reported two clear assumptions. The first one is that regarding to the motorcycle brand, a few samples did not exhibit a great percentage of PM10 fraction. The second one is that more modern vehicles, that have a harmful gas afterburning system, are usually the source of an increased percentage of PM10 emitted particles. At last, it should be mentioned that the laser particle size analysis method is capable of determining the particle sizes after their agglomeration whereas the optical morphometry method allows to determine the real particle size of emissions. In conclusion, it can be pointed out that the agglomeration of particles can lead to the reduction in the toxicity of particles emissions originated from two wheeled-vehicles.

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over MOF-supported cobalt catalysts (Co@MIL-53(Al)).

Novel nanohybrid materials were prepared by immobilizing Co nanoparticles on a microporous framework MIL-53(Al) as a porous host matrix. The synthesized cobalt-containing materials were characterized by XRD, STEM, and oxygen titration. The catalytic performance of Co@MIL-53(Al) nanohybrids was examined in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the first time. A higher selectivity to C5+ hydrocarbons and lower selectivity to methane for Co@MIL-53(Al) as compared to conventional Co/Al2O3 were observed.

[The information value of NMR tomography in the diagnosis of a giant kidney cyst]. / Informativnost' IaMR-tomografii v diagnostike gigantskoi kisty pochki.

The authors describe a case of a giant cyst of the right kidney (10 x 10 x 11 cm). The diagnosis was made with the aid of the current method of tomographic diagnosis--NMR tomography. It has been shown that information provided by the method supplements in many respects the data obtained by conventional methods of examination--radionuclide scanning, ultrasound studies, excretory urography and so forth. The merits and shortcomings of NMR tomography are provided. Differential diagnosis of cystic derangement of the kidneys carried out with the aid of NMR tomography is reviewed.

[Electrosurgical device EKhBCh-25-1-C]. / Elektrokhirurgicheskii apparat EKhBCh-25-1-C.

The outfit is intended for cutting, coagulation and microcoagulation of the biological tissue by high-frequency current during surgical interventions in stomatology. The outfit ensures smooth control of outlet power. It is fitted out with a timer for automatic time lag of electrosurgical exposure. The generator is triggered by pressing the pedal or push button of the electrode holder. The outfit is also equipped with a kit of instruments. A short technical specification of the outfit is given.

4-(Phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine and its hydrochloride.

The crystal structures of 4-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalen-1-amine, C(16)H(13)N(3), (I), and its hydrochloride, (4-aminonaphthalen-1-yl)phenyldiazenium chloride, C(16)H(14)N(3)(+) x Cl(-), (II), have been determined from X-ray single-crystal and powder data, respectively. The effect of the crystal environment on the molecular electronic structure was analysed on the AM1 level. One of the two symmetry-independent molecules in (I) is involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding, so that its dipole moment is twice as large as that of the other molecule. The cations in (II) form stacks along [100], with the Cl(-) anions forming hydrogen bonds to all three H atoms attached to N atoms.

Sodium 4-(2-pyridinyldiazenyl)resorcinolate monohydrate and ammonium 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthalenolate from powder diffraction data.

The crystal structures of two dyestuffs, Na(+).C(11)H(8)N(3)O(2)(-).H(2)O, (I), and NH(4)(+).C(10)H(5)N(2)O(5)(-), (II), were determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. In both structures, translationally related anions form stacks, and cations fill interstack channels. A comparison of the diffuse reflectance spectra of crystalline (I) and (II) with the absorption spectra of their aqueous solutions demonstrates that the geometry of their anions does not change significantly upon transfer from the crystalline to the solution state.

Thermal isomerization pathway of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-phenylimino-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrido[3,2-b]indole-3-carbonitrile discovered by laboratory powder data.

The evidence for thermal isomerization of the title compound, C(24)H(15)N(5)O(2), into 2-[(4-nitrophenyl)phenylamino]-5H-pyrido[3,2-b]indole-3-carbonitrile has been obtained as a consequence of crystal structure determinations from laboratory powder data.

Powder diffraction study of the hydrogen bonds in nitroxoline and its hydrochloride.

The crystal structures of 8-hydroxy-5-nitroquinoline, C9H6N2O3, (I), and 8-hydroxy-5-nitroquinolinium chloride, C9H7N2O3+*Cl-, (II), have been determined from X-ray powder data. In (I), the molecules are linked via moderately strong hydrogen bonds to form dimers. Such a packing motif is likely to be responsible for the low solubility of (I) in water. In (II), the inversion-related cations form stacks, and anions fill the interstack channels.

Peculiarities of the development of analgesic effect during transcutaneous dynamic electrical stimulation.

The effect of transcutaneous dynamic electrical neurostimulation on the development of analgesia was studied in behavioral and electrophysiological experiments on rats. A 30-min dynamic electrical stimulation elevated the nociception threshold in tail-flick and hot plate tests, increased the threshold of the late nociceptive flexor reflex, and decreased the number of bursts in the response. Intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg) abolished the analgesic effect of dynamic electrical neurostimulation. It is concluded that the key role in reflex analgesia during dynamic electrical neurostimulation is played by the endogenous cerebral opioid system, which inhibits the nociceptive signals traveling to CNS via unmyelinated C-fiber afferents.

Intermolecular -CH(3)...O(2)N-- contacts in two polymorphic modifications of (1E)-N'-[(E)-2-cyano-1-(dimethylamino)-2-nitrovinyl]-N,N-dimethylethanimidamide.

The title compound was synthesized and isolated in two crystal modifications. The structure of the orthorhombic modification was determined by the X-ray powder diffraction method and the structure of the monoclinic modification was determined using the X-ray single-crystal diffraction technique. The molecules in both polymorphs are E,E isomers. Intermolecular H(3)C....NO(2) contacts and their role in the formation of the polymorphic modifications are analyzed.