Measles outbreak: preliminary report on a case series of the first 8,070 suspected cases, Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, February to November 2018.

We report an ongoing measles outbreak in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. As at 3 November 2018, 1,631 cases were confirmed corresponding to an incidence of 75.3 per 100,000 inhabitants; all five sanitary districts presented confirmed cases. Reintroduction of measles virus in Manaus is likely related to the current outbreak in Venezuela and due to recent decline in measles vaccine coverage. Given the current scenario, prevention and control measures should target individuals aged 15-29 years.

The translation into Portuguese of the 11th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). / Tradução para a língua portuguesa da 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-11).

The 11th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) represents an advance in the focus on knowledge and new disease approaches. The ICD is used for different practical purposes, enabling assessment of progress in the global health agenda, resource allocation, patient safety, health care qualification, and health insurance reimbursement. It is entirely digital, with technological resources that allow periodic updating. In early 2022, ICD-11 entered into official force, having been made available in several official ICD languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, French, and English. The translation process into Brazilian Portuguese, coordinated by the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with support from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS) and PAHO/WHO, is presented here. The work was carried out in three stages between August 2021 and December 2022 by translators with different backgrounds: medical specialists (49), physiotherapists (1), pharmacologists (1), and dentists (1). This methodological article aims to broaden the discussion of perspectives on implementing the ICD-11 in Brazil and build an opportunity for its adaptation and use by other Portuguese-speaking countries.

A 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde representa um avanço no enfoque do conhecimento e em novas abordagens das doenças. A Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde é utilizada para diferentes finalidades práticas, possibilitando avaliação do avanço da agenda de saúde global, alocação de recursos, segurança do paciente, qualificação da assistência à saúde e reembolso de seguros de saúde. É inteiramente digital, com recursos tecnológicos que permitem sua atualização periódica. No início de 2022, a 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde entrou em vigência oficial, tendo sido disponibilizada em vários de seus idiomas oficiais, como o árabe, chinês, espanhol, francês e inglês. Apresenta-se aqui o processo de tradução para a língua portuguesa em uso no Brasil, coordenado pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, com apoio do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde. O trabalho foi realizado em três etapas entre agosto de 2021 e dezembro de 2022 por tradutores com diferentes formações: médicos especialistas (49), fisioterapeuta (1), farmacologista (1) e odontologista (1). Com este artigo metodológico, almeja-se ampliar a discussão de perspectivas para implementação da 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde no Brasil e construir uma oportunidade para sua adaptação e uso por outros países de língua oficial portuguesa.

[Perinatal mortality in Brazil in 2018: an epidemiological analysis according to the modified Wigglesworth classification]. / Mortalidade perinatal no Brasil em 2018: análise epidemiológica segundo a classificação de Wiggleworth modificada.

Perinatal mortality includes fetal mortality and early neonatal mortality (0 to 6 days of life). The study described perinatal deaths in Brazil in 2018 according to the modified Wigglesworth classification. The data sources were the Brazilian Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Information System on Live Births. Fetal mortality and perinatal mortality rates were calculated per 1,000 total births (live births plus stillbirths) and the early neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births, compared using their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Perinatal deaths were classified in groups of antepartum causes, congenital anomalies, prematurity, asphyxia, and specific causes. For each group of causes, the study calculated the number of deaths by weight group, in addition to mortality rates and respective 95%CI, besides the spatial distribution of mortality rates by state of Brazil. A total of 35,857 infant deaths were recorded, of which 18,866 (52.6%) were early neonatal deaths, while stillbirths totaled 27,009. Perinatal deaths totaled 45,875, for a mortality rate of 15.5‰ births. The highest mortality rate (7.6‰; 7.5‰-7.7‰) was observed in the antepartum group, followed by prematurity (3.6‰; 3.6‰-3.7‰). In the antepartum group, 14 of the 27 states (eight of which in the Northeast and four in the North) presented perinatal mortality rates above the national rate. Perinatal mortality in Brazil was high, and most deaths could have been prevented with investment in prenatal and childbirth care.

A mortalidade perinatal engloba a mortalidade fetal e a neonatal precoce (0 a 6 dias). Este estudo descreveu os óbitos perinatais ocorridos no Brasil em 2018, segundo a classificação de Wigglesworth modificada. As fontes de dados foram os Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e sobre Nascidos Vivos. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade fetal e perinatal por mil nascimentos totais (nascidos vivos mais natimortos) e a taxa de mortalidade neonatal precoce por mil nascidos vivos, e comparadas usando seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Os óbitos perinatais foram classificados nos grupos de causas anteparto, anomalias congênitas, prematuridade, asfixia e causas específicas. Foi calculado, para cada grupo de causas, o número de óbitos por faixa de peso, além das taxas de mortalidade e os respectivos IC95%, e feita a distribuição espacial das taxas de mortalidade por Unidade da Federação (UF). Foram registrados 35.857 óbitos infantis, sendo 18.866 (52,6%) neonatais precoces; os natimortos somaram 27.009. Os óbitos perinatais totalizaram 45.875, perfazendo uma taxa de mortalidade de 15,5‰ nascimentos. A maior taxa de mortalidade (7,6‰; 7,5‰-7,7‰) foi observada no grupo anteparto, seguido da prematuridade (3,6‰; 3,6‰-3,7‰). No grupo anteparto, 14 das 27 UFs (sendo oito na Região Nordeste e quatro na Região Norte) apresentaram as taxas de mortalidade perinatal acima da nacional. A taxa de mortalidade perinatal no Brasil mostrou-se elevada, e a maioria dos óbitos poderia ser prevenida com investimento em cuidados pré-natais e ao nascimento.

La mortalidad perinatal engloba la mortalidad fetal y neonatal precoz (0 a 6 días). Este estudio describió los óbitos perinatales ocurridos en Brasil en 2018, según la clasificación de Wigglesworth modificada. Las fuentes de datos fueron los Sistemas de Información sobre Mortalidad y sobre Nacidos Vivos. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad fetal y perinatal por 1.000 nacimientos totales (nacidos vivos más mortinatos) y la tasa de mortalidad neonatal precoz por 1.000 nacidos vivos, y se compararon usando sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Los óbitos perinatales se clasificaron en los grupos de causas: anteparto, anomalías congénitas, prematuridad, asfixia y causas específicas. Se calculó, para cada grupo de causas, el número de óbitos por franja de peso, además de las tasas de mortalidad y los respectivos IC95%, y se realizó la distribución espacial de las tasas de mortalidad por Unidad de la Federación (UF). Se registraron 35.857 óbitos infantiles, siendo 18.866 (52,6%) neonatales precoces; los mortinatos sumaron 27.009. Los óbitos perinatales totalizaron 45.875, ascendiendo a una tasa de mortalidad de un 15,5‰ nacimientos. La mayor tasa de mortalidad (7,6‰; 7,5‰-7,7‰) se observó en el grupo anteparto, seguido de la prematuridad (3,6‰; 3,6‰-3,7‰). En el grupo anteparto, 14 de las 27 UFs (estando ocho en la región Nordeste y cuatro en la región Norte) presentaron tasas de mortalidad perinatal por encima de la nacional. La tasa de mortalidad perinatal en Brasil se mostró elevada y la mayoría de los óbitos podría ser prevenido con inversión en cuidados prenatales y en el nacimiento.

Maternal Mortality in Brazil, 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal death continues to be one of the most challenging public health problems that needs to be addressed in low and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to describe the problem of maternal death in Brazil, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). METHODS: This study used data from the GBD 2019 to show the numbers of deaths and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) - number of deaths/100,000 live births - in Brazil and its 27 Federated Units (FU), for ages 10 to 54 years, from 1990 to 2019. The annual variation of the MMR was estimated in 1990, 2010, and 2019. The MMR were shown for specific causes as well as for five-year age groups. The estimates were presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). RESULTS: The number of maternal deaths, as well as the MMR showed a 49% reduction from 1990 to 2019. This reduction occurred heterogeneously throughout the country, and the profile of the MMR for specific causes changed between 1990 and 2019: from hypertensive gestation diseases, to indirect maternal deaths, followed by hypertensive gestation diseases. In the extreme age groups, the MMR is higher, with mortality increasing exponentially in direct proportion with age. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal deaths in Brazil have decreased substantially since 1990; however, the numbers still fall short of what was established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Indirect causes are the greatest problem in more than 60% of the FU, especially for hypertensive pregnancy diseases.

National congenital anomaly registers in the world: historical and operational aspects. / Registros nacionais de anomalias congênitas no mundo: aspectos históricos e operacionais.

OBJECTIVE: To identify registers of congenital anomalies with national coverage currently available around the world, highlighting their main historical and operational characteristics. METHODS: This was a documentary study by means of a Medline database search (via PubMed) and searches involving reports, official documents and websites. Studies reporting at least one national registry were included. RESULTS: 40 registers of national congenital anomalies were identified in 39 different countries. All registers included in the study were concentrated in upper-middle or high-income countries located in Europe. Most of the registers were population-based, compulsory notification and with a time limit for notification of up to 1 year of age. The Brazilian register showed the highest annual coverage. CONCLUSION: The registers analyzed showed different characteristics, related to the reality of each country. The results presented provide support for the theme of congenital anomalies surveillance, especially in places where such activity is intended to be implemented.

List of priority congenital anomalies for surveillance under the Brazilian Live Birth Information System. / Lista de anomalias congênitas prioritárias para vigilância no âmbito do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos do Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To define the list of priority congenital anomalies for improving their recording on the Brazilian Live Birth Information System (Sinasc). METHODS: Based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), international protocols and meetings with specialists, the list of priority anomalies was built considering two main criteria: being diagnosable at birth and having intervention available at different levels. The list was submitted for consideration by the Brazilian Medical Genetics and Genomics Society. RESULTS: The list comprised eight groups of congenital anomalies distributed according to the type of related anomaly, as well as the affected part of the body and its corresponding code in ICD-10 Chapter XVII. CONCLUSION: The list of priority congenital anomalies for notification provides a basis for improving case recording on Sinasc.

How Brazil can hold back COVID-19. / Como o Brasil pode deter a COVID-19.

This article presents the strategies and actions adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health to hold back COVID-19. The response to the disease was immediate and occurred prior to the first case being detected in Brazil. Provision of information and communication to the population and the press was adopted as a fundamental strategy for addressing the epidemic. Guidance provided to the population has been clear, stressing the importance of coronavirus transmission prevention measures. Efforts have been directed towards strengthening health surveillance and health care, as well as boosting research, development and innovation. Actions have targeted human resource training and expanding coverage afforded by the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Protecting health workers is a priority. All SUS health workers, managers and directors are dedicated to preserving the health and life of each and every Brazilian citizen.

COVID-19 in Brazil: evolution of the epidemic up until epidemiological week 20 of 2020. / COVID-19 no Brasil: evolução da epidemia até a semana epidemiológica 20 de 2020.

Objective to describe the evolution of COVID-19 in Brazil up until epidemiological week 20 of 2020. Methods this is an ecological study based on data and official documents from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and international organizations; comparisons were made between Brazil and other countries and incidence and mortality rates were calculated. Results by the end of epidemiological week 20, 233,142 cases, and 15,633 deaths had been confirmed for Brazil as a whole and 3,240 (58.2%) of the country's municipalities had reported at least one case; Brazil was at an earlier phase of the pandemic when compared to other countries, except Russia and Turkey, regarding cumulative cases, and except Canada regarding cumulative deaths; the highest rates were found in Brazil's Northern Region states, where Amazonas state had the highest incidence rates(4,474.6/1,000,000) and mortality rates (331.8/1,000,000). Conclusion Brazil is one of the countries with the highest number of confirmed cases and deaths, with marked regional differences.

COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil: Where are we at?

OBJETIVE: To analyze the trends of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 by Federal Units (FU). METHOD: Ecological time-series based on cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19 from March 11 to May 12. Joinpoint regression models were applied to identify points of inflection in COVID-19 trends, considering the days since the 50th confirmed case as time unit. RESULTS: Brazil reached its 50th confirmed case of COVID-19 in 11 March 2020 and, 63 days after that, on May 12, 177,589 cases had been confirmed. The trends for all regions and FU are upward. In the last segment, from the 31st to the 63rd day, Brazil presented a daily percentage change (DPC) of 7.3% (95%CI= 7.2;7.5). For the country the average daily percentage change (ADPC) was 14.2% (95%CI: 13.8;14.5). The highest ADPC values were found in the North, Northeast and Southeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our results show that all FUs in Brazil present upward trends of COVID-19. In some FUs, the slowdown in DPC in the last segment must be considered with caution. Each FU is at a different stage of the pandemic and, therefore, non-pharmacological measures should be adopted accordingly.

International collaboration networks for the surveillance of congenital anomalies: a narrative review. / Redes internacionais de colaboração para a vigilância das anomalias congênitas: uma revisão narrativa.

Objective to identify international congenital anomaly surveillance collaboration networks, to list the programs that compose them and to compare their main characteristics. Methods this was a narrative literature review by means of a MEDLINE database search (via PubMed) and searches involving websites, reports and official documents. Results six international congenital anomaly surveillance collaboration networks were identified (ECLAMC, ICBDSR, EUROCAT, BINOCAR, SEAR-NBBD and ReLAMC), comprised of 98 programs present in 58 different countries on all continents, except Africa; the main characteristics regarding type of surveillance, coverage and location were discussed in a comparative manner. Conclusion international collaborative networks are important players for congenital anomaly surveillance, contributing to the understanding of the global epidemiological scenario of these conditions, in addition to acting both to strengthen individual existing programs and also to create surveillance initiatives in unassisted regions.

Congenital anomalies from the health surveillance perspective: compilation of a list based on ICD-10. / Anomalias congênitas na perspectiva da vigilância em saúde: compilação de uma lista com base na CID-10.

OBJECTIVE: To propose a list of congenital anomalies having corresponding codes in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10thRevision (ICD-10), with the aim of applying it in health surveillance. METHODS: In December 2019, the following data sources were searched: ICD-10; ICD-11; anomalies monitored by three surveillance programs; and a database of rare diseases (Orphanet). Anomalies were retrieved from these data sources, processed to check for correspondence with ICD-10 and reviewed manually to compile the list. RESULTS: 898 codes were identified, of which 619 (68.9%) were contained in ICD-10 Chapter XVII. Of the 279 codes contained in other chapters, 19 were exclusive to the ICD-11 search, 72 to the surveillance programs, 79 to Orphanet and 36 to the search for terms in ICD-10. CONCLUSION: The codes contained in ICD-10 Chapter XVII do not capture the totality of congenital anomalies, indicating the need to adopt an expanded list.

Description of COVID-19 hospitalized health worker cases in the first nine weeks of the pandemic, Brazil, 2020. / Descrição dos casos hospitalizados pela COVID-19 em profissionais de saúde nas primeiras nove semanas da pandemia, Brasil, 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To describe COVID-19 hospitalized health worker cases in Brazil. METHODS: This was a descriptive case series study; it included cases that became ill between February 21st and April 15th, 2020 registered on the Influenza Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Gripe, acronym in Portuguese). RESULTS: Of the 184 cases, 110 (59.8%) were female and median age was 44 years (min-max: 23-85); 89 (48.4%) were nursing professionals and 50 (27.2%) were doctors. Ninety-two (50.0%) presented comorbidity, with heart disease predominating (n=37; 40.2%). Of the 112 professionals with a record of case progression, 85 (75.9%) were cured and 27 (24.1%) died, 18 of whom were male. CONCLUSION: The profile of COVID-19 hospitalized health workers is similar to that of the general population with regard to age and comorbidities, but different in relation to sex. The most affected areas were nursing and medicine.

Congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus infection among live births in Brazil: a description of the distribution of reported and confirmed cases in 2015-2016. / Síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo vírus Zika em nascidos vivos no Brasil: descrição da distribuição dos casos notificados e confirmados em 2015-2016.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of reported and confirmed cases of congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS) in live births in Brazil during 2015-2016. METHODS: we conducted a descriptive study with data from the Public Health Events Registry, including cases born in 2015 or 2016, and registered between epidemiological week 45/2015 and 2/2017. RESULTS: we analyzed 9.953 reported cases, of which 2.018 (20.3%) were confirmed and 2.819 (28.3%) were still under investigation at the epidemiological week 2/2017; 404 (4.1%) out of the 9.953 cases had laboratory confirmation for Zika virus; the prevalence of confirmed cases of CZS was 3.8/10 thousand livebirths in 2015 and 3.1/10 thousand live births in 2016. CONCLUSION: one fifth of the cases reported in 2015-16 were confirmed the CZS, reinforcing their relevance as a public health problem; efforts aimed at the diagnostic confirmation of the syndrome should be prioritized.

Profile of congenital anomalies among live births in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2006-2016. / Perfil das anomalias congênitas em nascidos vivos de Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, 2006-2016.

OBJECTIVE: to describe congenital anomalies (CA) among live births of mothers resident in Tangará da Serra, MT, Brazil, during the period 2006-2016. METHODS: this was a descriptive study, using Brazilian Live Birth Information System (SINASC) data. RESULTS: out of 15,689 births, 77 were registered with CA (prevalence of 4.9/1,000); there was an 80.7% increase of recorded CA in 2016, accounting for 10.3/1,000 live births, including five cases of microcephaly; CA prevalence was higher among children born to women aged over 35 years (prevalence ratio [PR] =1.91; confidence interval [95%CI] 1.01;3.60), preterm (PR=2.22; 95%CI 1.26;3.92) and low birth weight infants (PR=3.21; 95%CI 1.86;5.54). CONCLUSION: low CA prevalence was found, possibly related to under-recording at birth; the increase observed in 2016 may be related to the Zika epidemic causing microcephaly, as well as greater attention by health professionals in relation to CA during this public health emergency.

Hospitalization in the first years of life and development of psychiatric disorders at age 6 and 11: a birth cohort study in Brazil.

This study aimed to evaluate the medium-term effects that hospitalization in the first 48 months of life has on the development of psychiatric disorders at 6 and 11 years of age among individuals in a birth cohort in a middle-income country. We analyzed data from a 2004 birth cohort (N = 4,231) in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The frequency of hospitalization was investigated at 12, 24 and 48 months of life. When the children were 6 and 11 years old, psychiatric disorders were investigated with the Development and Well-Being Assessment. We used logistic regression to adjust for potential confounders. The overall frequency of hospitalization during the first 48 months of life was 33.1% (95%CI: 31.4; 34.7). Among the hospitalized children 25.6% (95%CI: 24.1; 27.1), 4.7% (95%CI: 4.0; 5.5) and 2.8% (95%CI: 2.3; 3.5) were hospitalized 1, 2 or ≥ 3 times during this period, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, the chance of presenting any psychiatric disorder at 6 and 11 years of age was higher for the children who had been hospitalized during the first 48 months of life than for those who had not, with OR of 1.50 (95%CI: 1.19; 1.88) and 1.63 (95%CI: 1.28; 2.07), respectively. Our results support the hypothesis that hospitalization in the early stages of life has an effect on the subsequent mental health of children. Preventive measures are needed in order to minimize the negative experiences of children who are hospitalized during infancy.

Tradução para a língua portuguesa da 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-11) / The translation into Portuguese of the 11th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11)

RESUMO A 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde representa um avanço no enfoque do conhecimento e em novas abordagens das doenças. A Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde é utilizada para diferentes finalidades práticas, possibilitando avaliação do avanço da agenda de saúde global, alocação de recursos, segurança do paciente, qualificação da assistência à saúde e reembolso de seguros de saúde. É inteiramente digital, com recursos tecnológicos que permitem sua atualização periódica. No início de 2022, a 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde entrou em vigência oficial, tendo sido disponibilizada em vários de seus idiomas oficiais, como o árabe, chinês, espanhol, francês e inglês. Apresenta-se aqui o processo de tradução para a língua portuguesa em uso no Brasil, coordenado pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, com apoio do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde. O trabalho foi realizado em três etapas entre agosto de 2021 e dezembro de 2022 por tradutores com diferentes formações: médicos especialistas (49), fisioterapeuta (1), farmacologista (1) e odontologista (1). Com este artigo metodológico, almeja-se ampliar a discussão de perspectivas para implementação da 11a Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde no Brasil e construir uma oportunidade para sua adaptação e uso por outros países de língua oficial portuguesa.

ABSTRACT The 11th International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) represents an advance in the focus on knowledge and new disease approaches. The ICD is used for different practical purposes, enabling assessment of progress in the global health agenda, resource allocation, patient safety, health care qualification, and health insurance reimbursement. It is entirely digital, with technological resources that allow periodic updating. In early 2022, ICD-11 entered into official force, having been made available in several official ICD languages such as Arabic, Chinese, Spanish, French, and English. The translation process into Brazilian Portuguese, coordinated by the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with support from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MS) and PAHO/WHO, is presented here. The work was carried out in three stages between August 2021 and December 2022 by translators with different backgrounds: medical specialists (49), physiotherapists (1), pharmacologists (1), and dentists (1). This methodological article aims to broaden the discussion of perspectives on implementing the ICD-11 in Brazil and build an opportunity for its adaptation and use by other Portuguese-speaking countries.

Tripla carga de doenças no Brasil, 1990-2021: mudanças, inflexões e o fator covid-19 / La triple carga de las enfermedades en Brasil, 1990-2021: cambios, inflexiones y el factor covid-19 / Triple burden of diseases in Brazil, 1990-2921; changes, inflection points and the covid-19 factor

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever a evolução temporal pela tripla carga de doenças no Brasil, comparando a mortalidade do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM) e do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças (GBD). Método: estudo descritivo e exploratório sobre a evolução temporal das taxas e a distribuição proporcional de óbitos para doenças infecciosas, crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e causas externas, usando duas fontes de dados de 1990 a 2021. As taxas no SIM foram ajustadas pelo método direto por idade e suavizadas por média móvel. As estimativas do GBD corrigem sub registro e causas garbage. Resultados: o Brasil registrou 817.284 óbitos (1990) e 1.349.801 (2019) no SIM, corrigidos em 17,7% e 1,9% no GBD para os respectivos anos. Nesse período, as taxas de mortalidade diminuíram nas duas fontes, respectivamente: DCNT -16,8% (433,7 a 360,7) e -34% (720,5 a 474,6); infeciosas -20,2% (86 para 68,6) e -57,2% (198,5 para 84,9); causas externas -17,3% (77,4 para 64) e -27% (100,9 para 73,7). O SIM mostrou redução -79,2% (138,6 para 28,8) para as taxas de causas mal definidas (CMD). Os fatores de correção do GBD foram maiores nos anos anteriores a 2005. Após 2019, as taxas infeciosas e CMD no SIM aumentaram respectivamente 207% (68,6 para 210,7) e 30,2% (28,8 para 37,5). Conclusão: o avanço da transição epidemiológica da carga de doenças e a melhoria da qualidade do dado de óbito no Brasil foram interrompidos pela covid-19, aumentando a carga das doenças infecciosas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la evolución temporal de la triple carga de las enfermedades en Brasil, comparando la mortalidad del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y del estudio de la Carga Global de las Enfermedades (GBD). Método: estudio descriptivo y exploratorio sobre la evolución temporal de las tasas y la distribución proporcional de las defunciones por enfermedades infecciosas, enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) y causas externas, utilizando dos fuentes de datos, de 1990 a 2021. Las tasas en SIM se ajustaron por el método directo por edad y se suavizaron por media móvil. Las estimaciones de la GBD corregían el subregistro y las causas de la basura. Resultados: Brasil registró 817.284 muertes (1990) y 1.349.801 (2019) en el SIM, corregidas en 17,7% y 1,9% en el GBD para los respectivos años. En este periodo, las tasas de mortalidad disminuyeron en las dos fuentes, respectivamente: ECNT -16,8% (433,7 a 360,7) y -34% (720,5 a 474,6); infecciosas -20,2% (86 a 68,6) y -57,2% (198,5 a 84,9); causas externas -17,3% (77,4 a 64) y -27% (100,9 a 73,7). El SIM mostró una reducción del 79,2% (de 138,6 a 28,8) en las tasas de causas mal definidas (CMD). Los factores de corrección de la GBD fueron mayores en los años anteriores a 2005. Después de 2019, las tasas de infecciosas y de CMD en el SIM aumentaron respectivamente un 207% (68,6 a 210,7) y un 30,2% (28,8 a 37,5). Conclusión: el progreso de la transición epidemiológica de la carga de la enfermedad y la mejora de la calidad de los datos de mortalidad en Brasil fueron interrumpidos por COVID-19, aumentando la carga de las enfermedades infecciosas.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the time evolution by the triple burden of diseases in Brazil, comparing the mortality data from the Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade, SIM) and from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Method: a descriptive and exploratory study on the time evolution of the rates and the proportional distribution of deaths for infectious diseases, chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) and external causes, using two data sources and encompassing the period from 1990 to 2021. The SIM rates were adjusted by means of the direct method by age and smoothed by the mobile mean. The GBD estimates correct under-recording and garbage causes. Results: Brazil recorded 817,284 (1990) and 1,349,801 (2019) deaths in the SIM, corrected by 17.7% and 1.9% in the GBD for each year. During this period, the mortality rates decreased in both sources, respectively: CNCDs -16.8% (from 433.7 to 360.7) and -34% (from 720.5 to 474.6); infectious diseases -20.2% (from 86 to 68.6) and -57.2% (from 198.5 to 84.9); external causes -17.3% (from 77.4 to 64) and -27% (from 100.9 to 73.7). The SIM showed a 79.2% reduction (from 138.6 to 28.8) for the ill-defined causes (IDCs). The GBD correction factors were higher in the years before 2015. After 2019, the rates corresponding to infectious diseases and IDCs in the SIM were increased by 207% (from 68.6 to 210.7) and by 30.2% (from 28.8 to 37.5), respectively. Conclusion: the advances in the epidemiological transition of the burden of disease and improvement in the death data in Brazil were interrupted by COVID-19, thus increasing the burden of infectious diseases.

Characteristics and factors associated with hospitalization in early childhood: 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort. / Características e fatores associados à hospitalização nos primeiros anos de vida: coorte de nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Hospitalization is a frequent event in early childhood. In Brazil, the National Household Sample Survey of 2008 showed a 9% hospitalization rate among children in the first four years of life. The study aimed to describe the characteristics of hospitalization in the first six years of life and analyze the early factors associated with hospitalization in a birth cohort in southern Brazil. A zero-inflated Poisson model was used to simultaneously examine the effects of co-variables for the occurrence of a given event and to count events. The frequency of at least one episode of hospitalization during the study period was 33.4% (95%CI: 31.8-34.9), and was highest in the first year (19.1%; 95%CI: 17.9-20.4), remaining stable at approximately 10% between the first and fourth years, decreasing to 8.4% (95%CI: 7.6-9.4) between the fourth and sixth years. diseases of the respiratory system were among the leading causes of hospitalization, followed by infectious and parasitic diseases. History of prior hospitalization was one of the most important predictors of odds of hospitalization and risk of multiple hospitalizations. In early childhood, birth weight, gestational age, Apgar score, sex, and type of pregnancy were inversely associated with hospitalization, and environmental characteristics such as maternal smoking in pregnancy, mother's skin color, and low family income were associated statistically with number of hospitalizations. The results point to the importance of focusing efforts on reducing hospitalizations from diseases of the respiratory system, especially in children under one year.

A hospitalização é um evento frequente nos primeiros anos de vida. No Brasil, a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2008 registrou uma taxa de hospitalização de 9% entre crianças menores de quatro anos. O estudo objetivou descrever as características da hospitalização nos seis primeiros anos de vida e analisar os fatores precoces associados à hospitalização em uma coorte de nascimentos no sul do Brasil. Foi usado o modelo de Poisson Inflacionado de Zeros para examinar os efeitos de covariáveis simultaneamente para a ocorrência ou não de algum evento e para a contagem de eventos. A frequência de pelo menos um episódio de hospitalização no período foi de 33,4% (IC95%: 31,8-34,9), sendo mais elevada durante o primeiro ano (19,1%; IC95%: 17,9-20,4), permanecendo estável em aproximadamente 10% entre o primeiro e o quarto anos, reduzindo para 8,4% (IC95%: 7,6-9,4) entre os quatro e seis anos. As doenças do aparelho respiratório estiveram entre as principais causas de hospitalização, seguidas pelas doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. A história de hospitalização prévia foi um dos preditores mais importantes para a chance de hospitalização e para o risco de múltiplas hospitalizações. Nos primeiros anos de vida o peso ao nascer, idade gestacional, Apgar, sexo e tipo de gestação mostraram-se inversamente associados à hospitalização, e as características ambientais como fumo materno na gestação, cor da mãe e baixa renda familiar apresentaram associação com o número de hospitalizações. Os resultados apontam para a importância em destinar esforços para a redução das hospitalizações por doenças do aparelho respiratório principalmente em crianças menores de um ano.

La hospitalización es un evento frecuente en los primeros años de vida. En Brasil, la Encuesta Nacional por Muestra de Domicilios de 2008 registró una tasa de hospitalización de un 9% entre niños menores de cuatro años. El objetivo del estudio fue describir las características de la hospitalización durante los seis primeros años de vida y analizar factores precoces, asociados a la hospitalización, en una cohorte de nacimientos en el sur de Brasil. Se usó el modelo de Poisson Inflado por Ceros para examinar los efectos de covariables simultáneamente para la ocurrencia o no de algún evento y para el cómputo de eventos. La frecuencia de por lo menos un episodio de hospitalización en el período fue de un 33,4% (IC95%: 31,8-34,9%), siendo más elevada durante el primer año (19,1%; IC95%: 17,9-20,4%), permaneciendo estable en aproximadamente un 10% entre el primero y el cuarto año, reduciéndose hasta el 8,4% (IC95%: 7,6-9,4%) entre los cuatro y seis años. Las enfermedades del aparato respiratorio estuvieron entre las principales causas de hospitalización, seguidas de las enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias. La historia de hospitalización previa fue uno de los predictores más importantes para la oportunidad de hospitalización y para el riesgo de múltiples hospitalizaciones. Durante los primeros años de vida el peso al nacer, edad gestacional, Apgar, sexo y tipo de gestación se mostraron inversamente asociados a la hospitalización, y las características ambientales como consumo de tabaco por parte de la madre durante la gestación, el color de piel de la madre y baja renta familiar presentaron una asociación con el número de hospitalizaciones. Los resultados apuntan la importancia en destinar esfuerzos para la reducción de las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades del aparato respiratorio, principalmente en niños menores de un año.

Genomic ancestry and education level independently influence abdominal fat distributions in a Brazilian admixed population.

We aimed to identify the independent associations of genomic ancestry and education level with abdominal fat distributions in the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study, Brazil. In 2,890 participants (1,409 men and 1,481 women), genomic ancestry was assessed using genotype data on 370,539 genome-wide variants to quantify ancestral proportions in each individual. Years of completed education was used to indicate socio-economic position. Visceral fat depth and subcutaneous abdominal fat thickness were measured by ultrasound at age 29-31y; these measures were adjusted for BMI to indicate abdominal fat distributions. Linear regression models were performed, separately by sex. Admixture was observed between European (median proportion 85.3), African (6.6), and Native American (6.3) ancestries, with a strong inverse correlation between the African and European ancestry scores (ρ = -0.93; p<0.001). Independent of education level, African ancestry was inversely associated with both visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat distributions in men (both P = 0.001), and inversely associated with subcutaneous abdominal fat distribution in women (p = 0.009). Independent of genomic ancestry, higher education level was associated with lower visceral fat, but higher subcutaneous fat, in both men and women (all p<0.001). Our findings, from an admixed population, indicate that both genomic ancestry and education level were independently associated with abdominal fat distribution in adults. African ancestry appeared to lower abdominal fat distributions, particularly in men.