A Reinforcement Learning-Based Strategy of Path Following for Snake Robots with an Onboard Camera.

For path following of snake robots, many model-based controllers have demonstrated strong tracking abilities. However, a satisfactory performance often relies on precise modelling and simplified assumptions. In addition, visual perception is also essential for autonomous closed-loop control, which renders the path following of snake robots even more challenging. Hence, a novel reinforcement learning-based hierarchical control framework is designed to enable a snake robot with an onboard camera to realize autonomous self-localization and path following. Specifically, firstly, a path following policy is trained in a hierarchical manner, in which the RL algorithm and gait knowledge are well combined. On this basis, the training efficiency is sufficiently optimized, and the path following performance of the control policy is greatly improved, which can then be implemented on a practical snake robot without any additional training. Subsequently, in order to promote visual self-localization during path following, a visual localization stabilization item is added to the reward function that trains the path following strategy, which endows a snake robot with smooth steering ability during locomotion, thereby guaranteeing the accuracy of visual localization and facilitating practical applications. Comparative simulations and experimental results are illustrated to exhibit the superior performance of the proposed hierarchical path following the control method in terms of convergence speed and tracking accuracy.

Exercise on quality of life and cancer-related fatigue for lymphoma survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: People treated for lymphoma can experience several significant long-term and late effects, including fatigue and decreased quality of life. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and to conduct a meta-analysis of the effect of exercise on quality of life and other health outcomes for adults suffering from lymphoma. METHODS: We searched the following databases and sources: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. Such studies would be included if they were RCT designs which focus on observing the evaluated health outcomes of exercise intervention for lymphoma patients or survivors, comparing with non-exercise or wait-list control groups. Two review authors independently screened search results, extracted data, and assessed the quality of trials. We used standardized mean differences for quality of life (QoL), fatigue, sleep quality, and depression. RESULTS: Six publications have met the inclusion criteria and the exercise interventions are short term. Slight improvement can be seen on QoL, fatigue, sleep quality, and depression due to exercise for lymphoma patients. Subgroup analysis was carried out according to the classification of mind-body exercise and aerobic exercise, and significant progress can be seen after mind-body exercise intervention in the area of fatigue and sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exercises do not appear to convey benefits to quality of life and other psychosocial outcomes. Subgroup analysis showed that physical activity together with mental exercise may be more beneficial to lymphoma patients, but it needs more research to verify this finding. The interpretation of this result should be cautious due to the baseline difference, completion efficiency of intervention process, and high heterogeneity.

Panax notoginseng saponins administration modulates pro- /anti-inflammatory factor expression and improves neurologic outcome following permanent MCAO in rats.

Ischemic stroke, particularly permanent occlusion, accounts for the overwhelming majority of all strokes. In addition to the occlusion of arteries, the inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in the severity of the cerebral injury and its clinical prognosis. Here, panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) extracted from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine was administered following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms against ischemic injury. The results showed that MCAO surgery was successful in producing an infarct and that PNS and nimodipine could ameliorate the neurological deficits. The expression levels of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) were increased, while the level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was reduced in the infarct cortex 7 days after MCAO, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). PNS was able to markedly reduce the overexpression of IL-1ß and TNF-α while significantly promoting the expression of IL-10, but did not affect the elevated expression of TGF-ß1. Meanwhile, nimodipine was able to significantly reduce the expression of IL-1ß and TNF-α, but had no obvious effect on IL-10 or TGF-ß1. In addition, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-ß1 were basically consistent with cerebral tissue results; however, the IL-1ß levels did not differ. We conclude that PNS can directly down-regulate the overexpression of proinflammatory factors IL-1ß and TNF-α while up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the core region of the cerebral infarct, thereby preventing neurological damage in rats after permanent MCAO.

Low Serum Levels of ABCA1, an ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter, Are Predictive of Preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, but the exact cause of preeclamptic hypertension remains unknown. ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) reverses cholesterol transport and eliminates excess cholesterol from tissues, whereas higher levels of cholesterol may lead to hypertension. Thus, ABCA1 affects the blood lipid profile. We have hypothesized that serum ABCA1 levels may influence the onset of hypertension and increase the risk of preeclampsia. To test this hypothesis, we measured serum ABCA1 levels in 50 normal pregnancies, 36 preeclamptic pregnancies, and 24 small-for-gestational-age (SGA) pregnancies during three trimesters. We also measured the concentrations of serum ABCA1 in non-pregnant women (n = 60), showing its normal ranges of 0.16 to 0.52 ng/ml. Importantly, the serum levels of ABCA1 were similar among non-pregnant women, normal pregnancies and SGA pregnancies. In contrast, the serum ABCA1 levels were significantly lower in preeclamptic pregnancies (0.06 ± 0.03 ng/ml) than those in non-pregnant women, and normal and SGA pregnancies (P < 0.05). Low serum ABCA1 levels were associated with the increases in the concentrations of blood lipid (low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglycerides) and with the decrease in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.01), all of which may contribute to the onset of hypertension and eventually preeclampsia. Moreover, the preeclamptic pregnancy was diagnosed with high sensitivity from the nulliparous pregnancies if the cutoff value for serum ABCA1 was 0.06 ng/ml. Thus, low serum levels of ABCA1 are predictive of preeclampsia.

Panax notoginseng saponins promotes stroke recovery by influencing expression of Nogo-A, NgR and p75NGF, in vitro and in vivo.

The spontaneous recovery of function after injury in the adult central nervous system is limited due to the several proteins, such as Nogo-A that have repulsive or inhibitory effects on growing neuritis. The Chinese herbal medicine extraction Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) injection has been widely used and effective in repairing the function of impaired nerves, but the mechanism of this herbal medicine is still poorly understood. This project evaluated the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on neurological functional recovery and on the expression of Nogo-A, NgR and p75 at 7, 14 and 28 d after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats and also oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model on SH-SY5Y cells. We found that the expression of Nogo-A, NgR and p75 of rats receiving MCAO surgery increased on the 7th day, reached a peak on the 14th or 28th day and maintained high levels and Panax notoginseng saponins significantly decreased these expressions. This may be the mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponins that contributes to the recovery of nerve function, which plays an important role in brain protection after cerebral infarction.

Expression and clinical significance of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 in serum and placental tissue in Chinese patients with preeclampsia.

AIM: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) in pregnant women with preeclampsia (PE). METHODS: 52 pregnant women with PE who were admitted for delivery were enrolled in the study, while 30 normal pregnant inpatients were chosen as controls. Blood lipid and serum ABCA1 concentrations were assayed by enzymatic analysis and ELISA, respectively, and the expression of the ABCA1 gene and its encoded protein were detected and quantified by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: In the study group, blood lipid levels were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.01), while the ABCA1 gene and its encoded protein expression in both serum and placental tissue were lower than that of controls. These differences were highly correlated with disease severity (p < 0.05). In PE patients, serum ABCA1 concentration was positively correlated with ABCA1 protein expression in placental tissue (r = 0.384, p < 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein level (r = 0.318, p < 0.05), but negatively correlated with low-density lipoprotein level (r = -0.279, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In PE women, expression of ABCA1 was decreased, suggesting that ABCA1 may play an important role in onset of PE by altering blood lipid metabolism.

Analysis of a lung cancer case with transient pseudo hypoglycemia after PEG-rhG-CSF treatment.

Pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) is an effective treatment for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. However, it can also induce various adverse effects, including fever, bone pain, and other discomforts arising from the abnormal proliferation of blood cells. This study presents an analysis of a case involving a middle-aged patient with small cell lung cancer who exhibited transiently low blood glucose levels without experiencing any symptoms of hypoglycemia following PEG-rhG-CSF treatment. After thorough evaluation by clinicians and pharmacists, the condition was diagnosed as pseudohyperglycemia, a phenomenon distinct from true hyperglycemia. The article provides a pharmaceutical perspective on the contributing factors, mechanisms, and management strategies for pseudohypoglycemia, offering valuable insights for clinical practice.

Green synthesis of silica-coated magnetic nanocarriers for simultaneous purification-immobilization of ß-1,3-xylanase.

Tailoring magnetic nanocarriers with tunable properties is of great significance for the development of multifunctional candidate materials in numerous fields. Herein, we report a one-pot biomimetic silicification-based method for the synthesis of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesis process was mild, low cost, and highly efficient, which took only about 21 min compared with 4.5-120 h in other literature. Then, the carriers had been characterized by VSM, SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, and EDS to confirm their function. To evaluate the usefulness of the carriers, they were adopted to couple the purification and immobilization of ß-1,3-xylanase from the cell lysate in a single step with high immobilization yield (92.8 %) and high activity recovery (82.4 %). The immobilized enzyme also retained 58.4 % of the initial activity after 10 cycles and displayed good storage properties, and improved thermal stability, which would be promising in algae biomass bioconversion as well as other diverse applications.

The Role of Complementary and Alternative Medicine on Cancer-Related Fatigue in Adults: An Overview of Systematic Reviews.

BACKGROUND: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) has an enormous adverse impact on quality of life and subsequent therapy of cancer patients. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is reported to improve CRF in many systematic reviews (SRs), but the effects are controversial because of variations in the quality and outcomes. METHODS: Thirteen databases were searched from inception to September 2022. Only SRs of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. We assessed the quality of included SRs with the AMSTAR-2 tool, the strength of evidence with the GRADE system, the risk of bias with the ROBIS tool, and the integrity of SRs with the PRISMA checklist. RESULTS: We included 30 eligible SRs (27 meta-analyses). Based on the AMSTAR-2 tool, 29 SRs were rated as "critically low" quality, and only one was rated as "low" quality. With the ROBIS tool, 19 SRs demonstrated a low risk of bias. According to the PRISMA checklist, no SRs reported all the items, and 10 SRs sufficiently reported over 70%. Based on the GRADE system, 7 outcomes were assessed as high-quality evidence. CONCLUSION: This overview demonstrates promising evidence for the effectiveness of CAM interventions in the treatment of CRF in adults. The roles of qigong, music, auricular point therapy, and dietary supplements in CRF need further evaluation. Although findings are mixed, it is recommend to select appropriate CAM to manage cancer-related fatigue under the guidance of physicians. More studies with rigorous methodological designs and sufficient sample sizes are needed.

Chinese Medicine Enhancing Response Rates to Immunosuppressant PD-L1 Inhibitor and Improving the Quality of Life of Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Bearing Mice.

Background: Malignant tumors are a significant disease endangering human health. Chinese Medicine (CM) plays an important role in comprehensive and holistic tumor treatment. Objectives: We aimed to investigate whether CM combined with the immunosuppressant PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor has a good synergistic effect and can significantly improve response rates for the immunosuppressant. Methods: We combined CM with immunosuppressant in treating six-week-old hepatocellular carcinoma-bearing mice and compared the outcomes of groups undergoing different interventions: blank group, control group, CM group, PD-L1 inhibitor group, and CM + PD-L1 inhibitor group, with ten mice in each group. The quality of life was evaluated along with the tumor inhibition effects and growth rates. Results: CM significantly reduced tumor load and improved the quality of life of cancer-bearing mice. The survival rate was 81.8% in the control group, 100% in the CM group, 90.9% in the PD-L1 inhibitor group, and 100% in the combined group in the first week. The survival rate was 45.5% in the control group, 54.5% in the CM group, 81.8% in the PD-L1 inhibitor group, and 81.8% in the combined group in the second week. 38% mice in the CM+PD-L1 inhibitor group with smaller tumor size than the average of the control group, which was much higher than other treatment groups. CM also reduced the expression of JAK2 mRNA and STAT3 mRNA, although not significantly (P > 0.05), and reduced PD-L1 mRNA in tumor tissue compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: CM had a synergistic effect on PD-L1 inhibitors and increased response rates to PD-L1 inhibitor treatment.

Thermostability mechanisms of ß-agarase by analyzing its structure through molecular dynamics simulation.

Agarase is a natural catalyst with a good prospect in the industry. However, most of the currently discovered ß-agarases are unsuitable for relatively high-temperature and high-pressure conditions required by industrial production. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were first used to investigate the dynamic changes of folding and unfolding of mesophile and thermophile ß-agarases (i.e., 1URX and 3WZ1) to explore the thermostability mechanism at three high temperatures (300 K, 400 K, and 500 K). Results showed that the sequence identity of 3WZ1 and 1URX reaches 48.8%. 1URX has a higher thermal sensitivity and less thermostability than 3WZ1 as more thermostable regions and hydrogen bonds exist in 3WZ1 compared with 1URX. The structures of 1URX and 3WZ1 become unstable with increasing temperatures up to 500 K. The strategies to increase the thermostability of 1URX and 3WZ1 are discussed. This study could provide insights into the design and modification of ß-agarases at a high temperature.

Efficacy and safety of oral Chinese medicine on cancer-related fatigue for lung cancer patients after chemotherapy: Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of about 18.0% among malignant tumors worldwide, and chemotherapy is the main treatment. 80% of patients receiving chemotherapy suffers from cancer-related fatigue, which is the most severe symptom, with a large effect on quality of life as well as prognosis. Oral Chinese medicine, a kind of complementary and alternative medicine, has been proved to benefit lung cancer patients. However, no studies have reviewed whether it can reduce fatigue in lung cancer patients after chemotherapy, which is the purpose of our study. METHODS: Two reviewers will systematically and independently retrieve papers, select studies for inclusion, extract data, and assess risk of bias. The following nine databases will be searched: China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang database, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, Chinese biomedical literature service system, PubMed, Web of Science, OVID, Scopus, and EMBASE from inception to February, 2022. Included studies will only be randomized controlled trials. Primary outcome is cancer-related fatigue. Secondary outcomes are quality of life, immunologic function, and the incidence of adverse events. We will use RoB 2 tool to assess the risk of bias and RevMan to analyze data. Risk ratios will be calculated for dichotomous data and mean differences for continuous data. Random-effect model will be used to integrate statistical effects. Meta-regression, subgroup and sensitivity analyses will be carried out. We will evaluate the strength and overall quality of evidence with four levels: very low, low, moderate, and high. RESULTS: The review of current evidence of oral Chinese medicine on cancer-related fatigue for lung cancer patients after chemotherapy will be narratively summarized and quantitatively analyzed. CONCLUSION: The definitive conclusion will help physicians to determine whether oral Chinese medicine is an effective treatment for reducing fatigue in lung cancer patients after chemotherapy in clinical settings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021292576.

The synergism of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with lichenase and their co-immobilization on silica nanospheres for green conversion of lichen biomass.

Enzyme-assisted valorization of lichenan represents a green and sustainable alternative to the conventional chemical industry. The recently discovered lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are essential components of state-of-the-art enzyme cocktails for lichenin bioconversion. The LPMOs named SpyTag fused LPMOs (AST) from Chaetomium globosum was functionally expressed in E. coli and exhibited 1.25-fold synergism with lichenase, whereas AST alone produced no detectable reducing sugars. HPLC results further confirm that AST does not alter the endogenous hydrolysis mode of lichenase but rather enhances its hydrolysis efficiency by disrupting the long chain of lichenan and releasing more reducing ends. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report on the synergistic effect of LPMOs and lichenase, which may have great synergistic potential in the conversion of lichen biomass. Furthermore, a novel strategy for the covalently immobilizing AST and lichenase on silica nanoparticles (SNPs) from the cell lysate in a single step was proposed, which exhibited high activity recovery (82.9%) and high immobilization yield (94.8%). After 12 independent runs, about 67.4 % of the initial activity of the immobilized enzymes was retained. The resulted biocatalyst systems exhibited the green and sustainable strategy in the bioconversion of lichen biomass as well as other diverse polysaccharides.

A Simple Technique for Direct Immobilization of Target Enzymes from Cell Lysates Based on the SpyTag/SpyCatcher Spontaneous Reaction.

Many of the current methods for enzyme purification and immobilization suffer from several drawbacks, such as requiring tedious multistep procedures or long preparation, and being environmentally unfriendly, due to the chemicals and conditions involved. Thus, a simple technique for direct purification and immobilization of target enzymes from cell lysates was proposed. The elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs)-SpyCatcher chimera could mediate the formation of silica carriers within seconds and the target enzymes were then covalently immobilized on silica carriers via SpyCatcher/SpyTag spontaneous reaction. These tailor-made carriers were easily prepared, with precisely controlled morphology and size, as well as none-consuming surface modification needed, which could specifically immobilize the SpyTag-fused target enzymes from the cell lysate without pre-purification.

Proteomic analysis of Trichoderma atroviride mycelia stressed by organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos.

The proteomic approach is a powerful tool to study microbial response to environmental stress. To evaluate the responses of Trichoderma spp. to the organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos, mycelia of Trichoderma atroviride T23 were exposed to dichlorvos at concentrations of 0, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 microg/mL, respectively. Changes in protein expression were investigated using two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sixteen protein spots were differentially expressed. They were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and were found to be linked to energy metabolism, transport, signal transduction, and stress tolerance. Among stress-related proteins, glutathione peroxidase-like protein (GPX), 1,4-benzoquinone reductase, and HEX1 were upregulated by and cyclophilin A induced by 1000 microg/mL dichlorvos when compared with the control. These proteins were considered to be associated with fungal adaptation to adverse conditions. The results will help us to understand molecular mechanisms through which Trichoderma responds to organophosphate pesticides.

Accumulation of copper in Trichoderma reesei transformants, constructed with the modified Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation technique.

A modified Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method was established for the construction of mutants with improved copper tolerance and accumulation capability in Trichoderma reesei. One transformant, AT01, exhibited the highest copper accumulation capability. With copper at 0.7 mM, AT01 removed 13 mg copper/g biomass (removal rate of 96%), whereas the wild-type strain removed only 6 mg copper/g biomass (removal rate of 50%). Optimal conditions were a pH of 5.0 at 28°C. The pigment change of Trichoderma mycelia was a potential indicator of copper accumulation. Electron microscopy revealed that copper was mainly accumulated in cell vacuoles.

Advances of Single-Cell Protein Analysis.

Proteins play a significant role in the key activities of cells. Single-cell protein analysis provides crucial insights in studying cellular heterogeneities. However, the low abundance and enormous complexity of the proteome posit challenges in analyzing protein expressions at the single-cell level. This review summarizes recent advances of various approaches to single-cell protein analysis. We begin by discussing conventional characterization approaches, including fluorescence flow cytometry, mass cytometry, enzyme-linked immunospot assay, and capillary electrophoresis. We then detail the landmark advances of microfluidic approaches for analyzing single-cell protein expressions, including microfluidic fluorescent flow cytometry, droplet-based microfluidics, microwell-based assay (microengraving), microchamber-based assay (barcoding microchips), and single-cell Western blotting, among which the advantages and limitations are compared. Looking forward, we discuss future research opportunities and challenges for multiplexity, analyte, throughput, and sensitivity of the microfluidic approaches, which we believe will prompt the research of single-cell proteins such as the molecular mechanism of cell biology, as well as the clinical applications for tumor treatment and drug development.

Exploring the Factors Triggering Occupational Ethics Risk of Technology Transaction in Chinese Construction Industry.

: The importance of occupational ethics risk considerations during technology transaction in the construction industry is acknowledged. This is particularly in that the industry plays a significant part in a nation's development. The technology transaction has seen an increase in activity due to massive infrastructure development programmers adopted by governments and increase in external investment. The technology transaction, like any other, is not immune to unethical occupational behavior. This study aims to investigate the source of occupational ethics risk during technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. A review of literature demonstrated that a number of contextual factors can influence unethical occupational risk practices. In total, 130 engineering practitioners took part in a questionnaire survey to explore the source of occupational ethics risk during the technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. Firstly, there were 25 factors identified through literature review overall, which were sorted and analyzed. Among the twenty-five factors, three were identified as the most significant factors: Unreasonable incentives for technology trading; poor regulation; and asymmetry of information. Then, through exploratory factor analysis (EPA) method, the twenty-five factors were divided into seven groups: legal environment, industry environment, incompleteness of information, asymmetry of information, difficulty of observation of information, differences between the two sides of cooperation, and incorrect conceptual awareness. This study provided an added dimension to the understanding of occupational ethics risk issues during the technology transaction in the Chinese construction industry. This paper therefore contributes to the list of countries where similar studies have been undertaken.

Investigating the Multitarget Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription for Cancer-Related Pain by Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approach.

Gu-tong formula (GTF) has achieved good curative effects in the treatment of cancer-related pain. However, its potential mechanisms have not been explored. We used network pharmacology and molecular docking to investigate the molecular mechanism and the effective compounds of the prescription. Through the analysis and research in this paper, we obtained 74 effective compounds and 125 drug-disease intersection targets to construct a network, indicating that quercetin, kaempferol, and ß-sitosterol were possibly the most important compounds in GTF. The key targets of GTF for cancer-related pain were Jun proto-oncogene (JUN), mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), and RELA proto-oncogene (RELA). 2204 GO entries and 148 pathways were obtained by GO and KEGG enrichment, respectively, which proved that chemokine, MAPK, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels can be regulated by GTF. The results of molecular docking showed that stigmasterol had strong binding activity with arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) and C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) and cholesterol was more stable with p38 MAPK, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), and transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). In conclusion, the therapeutic effect of GTF on cancer-related pain is based on the comprehensive pharmacological effect of multicomponent, multitarget, and multichannel pathways. This study provides a theoretical basis for further experimental research in the future.

Development of microfluidic platform capable of high-throughput absolute quantification of single-cell multiple intracellular proteins from tumor cell lines and patient tumor samples.

Quantification of single-cell proteins plays key roles in cell heterogeneity while due to technical limitations absolute numbers of multiple intracellular proteins from large populations of single cells were still missing, leading to compromised results in cell-type classifications. This paper presents a microfluidic platform capable of high-throughput absolute quantification of single-cell multiple types of intracellular proteins where cells stained with fluorescent labelled antibodies are aspirated into the constriction microchannels with excited fluorescent signals detected and translated into numbers of binding sites of targeted proteins based on calibration curves formed by flushing gradient solutions of fluorescent labelled antibodies directly into constriction microchannels. Based on this approach, single-cell numbers of binding sites of ß-actin, α-tubulin and ß-tubulin from tens of thousands of five representative tumor cell lines were first quantified, reporting cell-type classification rates of 83.0 ± 7.1%. Then single-cell numbers of binding sites of ß-actin, biotin and RhoA from thousands of five tumor cell lines with varieties in malignant levels were quantified, reporting cell-type classification rates of 93.7 ± 2.8%. Furthermore, single-cell numbers of binding sites of Ras, c-Myc and p53 from thousands of cells derived from two oral tumor lines of CAL 27, WSU-HN6 and two oral tumor patient samples were quantified, contributing to high classifications of both tumor cell lines (98.6%) and tumor patient samples (83.4%). In conclusion, the developed microfluidic platform was capable of quantifying multiple intracellular proteins from large populations of single cells, and the collected data of protein expressions enabled effective cell-type classifications.