Arterial Stiffness and Vascular Load in HFpEF: Differences Among Women and Men.

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms underlying sex differences in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are poorly understood. We sought to examine sex differences in measures of arterial stiffness and the association of arterial stiffness measures with left ventricular hemodynamic responses to exercise in men and women. METHODS: We studied 83 men (mean age 62 years) and 107 women (mean age 59 years) with HFpEF who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing with invasive hemodynamic monitoring and arterial stiffness measurement (augmentation pressure [AP], augmentation index [AIx], and aortic pulse pressure [AoPP]). Sex differences were compared using multivariable linear regression. We examined the association of arterial stiffness with abnormal left ventricular diastolic response to exercise, defined as a rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure relative to cardiac output (∆PCWP/∆CO) ≥ 2 mmHg/L/min by using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Women with HFpEF had increased arterial stiffness compared with men. AP was nearly 10 mmHg higher, and AIx was more than 10% higher in women compared with men (P < 0.0001 for both). Arterial stiffness measures were associated with a greater pulmonary capillary wedge pressure response to exercise, particularly among women. A 1-standard deviation higher AP was associated with > 3-fold increased odds of abnormal diastolic exercise response (AP: OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.34-7.42; P = 0.008 [women] vs OR 2.07, 95% CI 0.95-5.49; P = 0.15 [men]) with similar findings for AIx and AoPP. CONCLUSIONS: Arterial stiffness measures are significantly higher in women with HFpEF than in men and are associated with abnormally steep increases in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with exercise, particularly in women. Arterial stiffness may preferentially contribute to abnormal diastolic function during exercise in women with HFpEF compared with men.

Exercise Intolerance in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Arterial Stiffness and Aabnormal Left Ventricular Hemodynamic Responses During Exercise.

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We sought to examine arterial stiffness in HFpEF and hypertension and investigate associations of arterial and left ventricular hemodynamic responses to exercise. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 385 symptomatic individuals with an EF of ≥50% underwent upright cardiopulmonary exercise testing with invasive hemodynamic assessment of arterial stiffness and load (aortic augmentation pressure, augmentation index, systemic vascular resistance index, total arterial compliance index, effective arterial elastance index, and pulse pressure amplification) at rest and during incremental exercise. An abnormal hemodynamic response to exercise was defined as a steep increase in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure relative to cardiac output (∆PCWP/∆CO > 2 mm Hg/L/min). We compared rest and exercise measures between HFpEF and hypertension in multivariable analyses. Among 188 participants with HFpEF (mean age 61 ± 13 years, 56% women), resting arterial stiffness parameters were worse compared with 94 hypertensive participants (mean age 55 ± 15 years, 52% women); these differences were accentuated during exercise in HFpEF (all P ≤ .0001). Among all participants, exercise measures of arterial stiffness correlated with worse ∆PCWP/∆CO. Specifically, a 1 standard deviation higher exercise augmentation pressure was associated with 2.15-fold greater odds of abnormal LV hemodynamic response (95% confidence interval 1.52-3.05; P < .001). Further, exercise measures of systemic vascular resistance index, elastance index, and pulse pressure amplification correlated with a lower peak oxygen consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise accentuates the increased arterial stiffness found in HFpEF, which in turn correlates with left ventricular hemodynamic responses. Unfavorable ventricular-vascular interactions during exercise in HFpEF may contribute to exertional intolerance and inform future therapeutic interventions.

Prognostic importance of the transmitral pressure gradient in mitral annular calcification with associated mitral valve dysfunction.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to define the natural history of patients with mitral annular calcification (MAC)-related mitral valve dysfunction and to assess the prognostic importance of mean transmitral pressure gradient (MG) and impact of concomitant mitral regurgitation (MR). METHODS AND RESULTS: The institutional echocardiography database was examined from 2001 to 2019 for all patients with MAC and MG ≥3 mmHg. A total of 5754 patients were stratified by MG in low (3-5 mmHg, n = 3927), mid (5-10 mmHg, n = 1476), and high (≥10 mmHg, n = 351) gradient. The mean age was 78 ± 11 years, and 67% were female. MR was none/trace in 32%, mild in 42%, moderate in 23%, and severe in 3%. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and outcome models were adjusted for age, sex, and MAC-related risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease). Survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 77%, 42%, and 18% in the low-gradient group; 73%, 38%, and 17% in the mid-gradient group; and 67%, 25%, and 11% in the high-gradient group, respectively (log-rank P < 0.001 between groups). MG was independently associated with mortality (adjusted HR 1.064 per 1 mmHg increase, 95% CI 1.049-1.080). MR severity was associated with mortality at low gradients (P < 0.001) but not at higher gradients (P = 0.166 and 0.372 in the mid- and high-gradient groups, respectively). CONCLUSION: In MAC-related mitral valve dysfunction, mean transmitral gradient is associated with increased mortality after adjustment for age, sex, and MAC-related risk factors. Concomitant MR is associated with excess mortality in low-gradient ranges (3-5 mmHg) but gradually loses prognostic importance at higher gradients, indicating prognostic utility of transmitral gradient in MAC regardless of MR severity.

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in a patient supported by the HeartWare left ventricular assist device.

A 63-year-old man with an ischaemic cardiomyopathy, supported by the HeartWare left ventricular assist device (LVAD), presented with ventricular tachycardia and inferior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) with associated acute right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. He underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention with balloon angioplasty and placement of three drug-eluting stents in the proximal-to-mid right coronary artery. Post-procedure, ventricular arrhythmias abated, RV systolic dysfunction resolved and RV size normalised. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) facilitated by the use of miniaturised percutaneous LVAD has become an increasingly available treatment option for high-risk patients. PCI in patients on established full mechanical circulatory support is not a common occurrence. Indeed, to our knowledge, this is the first case of primary percutaneous coronary intervention on an LVAD-supported heart reported in the medical literature. The case raises several specific issues that are of peculiar interest to clinicians involved in the care of patients supported by mechanical assist devices who experience an acute coronary syndrome requiring emergent revascularisation.

Strain Assessment in Aortic Stenosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Utility.

Contemporary echocardiographic criteria for grading aortic stenosis severity have remained relatively unchanged, despite significant advances in noninvasive imaging techniques over the last 2 decades. More recently, attention has shifted to the ventricular response to aortic stenosis and how this might be quantified. Global longitudinal strain, semiautomatically calculated from standard two-dimensional echocardiographic images, has been the focus of extensive research. Global longitudinal strain is a sensitive marker of subtle hypertrophy-related impairment in left ventricular function and has shown promise as a relatively robust prognostic marker, both independently and when added to severity classification systems. Herein we review the pathophysiological basis underpinning the potential utility of global longitudinal strain in the assessment of aortic stenosis, as well as its potential role in quantifying myocardial recovery and prognostic discrimination following aortic valve replacement.

Combined Value of Dimensionless Index and Transvalvular Flow Rate in Risk Stratification of Aortic Stenosis.

Aortic stenosis (AS) is difficult to phenotype. The metrics of severity are frequently discordant, making prognostication challenging. Flow state is central to accurately determining severity. We sought to evaluate the prognostic value of dimensionless index (DI) and transvalvular flow rate (Q) in AS. We evaluated 2 independent, longitudinal registries of ≥ moderate severity AS (aortic valve area ≤1.5 cm2 or mean gradient ≥20 mm Hg) with complete data follow-up. In the primary cohort (n = 1,104, 77 ± 11 years, 40% female), the DI and Q category significantly predicted mortality (p <0.001) (Figure 1), with the highest risk being low DI and low Q (DI <0.25, Q ≤210 mL/s). In the validation cohort (n = 939, 70 ± 13 years, 42% female), similar results were seen in Kaplan-Meier (p <0.001) and multivariable Cox model analyses (p <0.01). We advocate for wider combined use of DI and Q in AS assessment to augment current diagnostic and prognostic approaches.

Pulsatile energy consumption as a surrogate marker for vascular afterload improves with time post transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis.

The effect of arterial stiffening on elevated pulsatile left ventricular afterload patients with aortic stenosis (AS) is pronounced beyond systemic hypertension. Circulatory afterload pulsatile efficiency (CAPE) is a marker of vascular function, defined as the ratio of steady state energy consumption (SEC) to maintain systemic circulation and pulsatile energy consumption (PEC). Twenty patients aged 80 ± 7 years were assessed at baseline and a median of 60 days post transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), with pulsatile vascular load calculated using simultaneous radial applanation tonometry derived aortic pressure and cardiac magnetic resonance phase-contrast imaging derived ascending aortic flow. Eight out of 20 patients had a reduction in PEC post TAVR, and the reduction of PEC correlated strongly with the number of days post TAVR (R = 0.62, P < 0.01). Patients assessed within the 100 days of TAVR had a rise in their PEC when compared to baseline (0.19 ± 0.09 vs 0.14 ± 0.08 W, P = 0.04). Baseline PEC correlated moderately with baseline SEC (R = 0.49, P = 0.03), and a high baseline PEC was predictive of post TAVR PEC reduction (R = 0.54, P =0.01). Overall, no significant differences were found between baseline and post TAVR for systolic aortic pressure (131 ± 20 vs 131 ± 20 mmHg), systemic vascular resistance (1894 ± 493 vs 2015 ± 519 dynes.s/cm5), aortic valve ejection time (337 ± 22 vs 324 ± 34 ms) or aortic characteristic impedance (120 ± 48 vs 107 ± 41 dynes.s/cm5). Improved flow profiles after TAVR likely unmask the true vascular properties by altering ventriculo-valvulo-arterial coupling, leading to downstream vascular remodelling secondary to flow conditioning, and results in eventual improvement of pulsatile afterload as reflected by our proposed index of CAPE.

Machine learning prediction of progressive subclinical myocardial dysfunction in moderate aortic stenosis.

Background: Moderate severity aortic stenosis (AS) is poorly understood, is associated with subclinical myocardial dysfunction, and can lead to adverse outcome rates that are comparable to severe AS. Factors associated with progressive myocardial dysfunction in moderate AS are not well described. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) can identify patterns, inform clinical risk, and identify features of importance in clinical datasets. Methods: We conducted ANN analyses on longitudinal echocardiographic data collected from 66 individuals with moderate AS who underwent serial echocardiography at our institution. Image phenotyping involved left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) and valve stenosis severity (including energetics) analysis. ANNs were constructed using two multilayer perceptron models. The first model was developed to predict change in GLS from baseline echocardiography alone and the second to predict change in GLS using data from baseline and serial echocardiography. ANNs used a single hidden layer architecture and a 70%:30% training/testing split. Results: Over a median follow-up interval of 1.3 years, change in GLS (≤ or >median change) could be predicted with accuracy rates of 95% in training and 93% in testing using ANN with inputs from baseline echocardiogram data alone (AUC: 0.997). The four most important predictive baseline features (reported as normalized % importance relative to most important feature) were peak gradient (100%), energy loss (93%), GLS (80%), and DI < 0.25 (50%). When a further model was run including inputs from both baseline and serial echocardiography (AUC 0.844), the top four features of importance were change in dimensionless index between index and follow-up studies (100%), baseline peak gradient (79%), baseline energy loss (72%), and baseline GLS (63%). Conclusions: Artificial neural networks can predict progressive subclinical myocardial dysfunction with high accuracy in moderate AS and identify features of importance. Key features associated with classifying progression in subclinical myocardial dysfunction included peak gradient, dimensionless index, GLS, and hydraulic load (energy loss), suggesting that these features should be closely evaluated and monitored in AS.

Tricuspid Regurgitation After Heart Transplantation: The Cause or the Result of Graft Dysfunction?

BACKGROUND: Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is common following heart transplantation and has been shown to adversely influence patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify causes of progression to moderate-severe TR in the first 2 y after transplantation. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study of all patients who underwent heart transplantation over a 6-y period. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed at month 0, between 6 and 12 mo, and 1-2 y postoperatively to determine the presence and severity of TR. RESULTS: A total of 163 patients were included, of whom 142 underwent TTE before first endomyocardial biopsy. At month 0, 127 (78%) patients had nil-mild TR before first biopsy, whereas 36 (22%) had moderate-severe TR. In patients with nil-mild TR, 9 (7%) progressed to moderate-severe TR by 6 mo and 1 underwent tricuspid valve (TV) surgery. Of patients with moderate-severe TR before first biopsy, by 2 y, 3 had undergone TV surgery. The use of postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the latter group was significant (78%; P < 0.05) as was rejection profile ( P = 0.02). Patients with late progressive moderate-severe TR had a significantly higher 2-y mortality than those who had moderate-severe TR immediately. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our study has shown that in the 2 main groups of interest (early moderate-severe TR and progression from nil-mild to moderate-severe TR), TR is more likely to be the result of significant underling graft dysfunction rather than the cause of it.

Sex Differences in Extensive Mitral Annular Calcification With Associated Mitral Valve Dysfunction.

Mitral annular calcification (MAC)-related mitral valve (MV) dysfunction is an increasingly recognized entity, which confers a high burden of morbidity and mortality. Although more common among women, there is a paucity of data regarding how the phenotype of MAC and the associated adverse clinical implications may differ between women and men. A total of 3,524 patients with extensive MAC and significant MAC-related MV dysfunction (i.e., transmitral gradient ≥3 mm Hg) were retrospectively analyzed from a large institutional database, with the goal of defining gender differences in clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and the prognostic importance of MAC-related MV dysfunction. We stratified patients into low- (3 to 5 mm Hg), moderate- (5 to 10 mm Hg), and high- (≥10 mm Hg) gradient groups and analyzed the gender differences in phenotype and outcome. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, assessed using adjusted Cox regression models. Women represented the majority (67%) of subjects, were older (79.3 ± 10.4 vs 75.5 ± 10.9 years, p <0.001) and had a lower burden of cardiovascular co-morbidities than men. Women had higher transmitral gradients (5.7 ± 2.7 vs 5.3 ± 2.6 mm Hg, p <0.001), more concentric hypertrophy (49% vs 33%), and more mitral regurgitation. The median survival was 3.4 years (95% confidence interval 3.0 to 3.6) among women and 3.0 years (95% confidence interval 2.6 to 4.5) among men. The adjusted survival was worse among men, and the prognostic impact of the transmitral gradient did not differ overall by gender. In conclusion, we describe important gender differences among patients with MAC-related MV dysfunction and show worse adjusted survival among men; although, the adverse prognostic impact of the transmitral gradient was similar between men and women.

Utility of Left and Right Ventricular Strain in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Prospective Multicenter Registry.

BACKGROUND: Imaging evaluation of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) remains challenging. Myocardial strain assessment by echocardiography is an increasingly utilized technique for detecting subclinical left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic utility of LV and RV strain in ARVC. METHODS: Patients with suspected ARVC (n = 109) from a multicenter registry were clinically phenotyped using the 2010 ARVC Revised Task Force Criteria and underwent baseline strain echocardiography. Diagnostic performance of LV and RV strain was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis against the 2010 ARVC Revised Task Force Criteria, and the prognostic value was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Mean age was 45.3±14.7 years, and 48% of patients were female. Estimation of RV strain was feasible in 99/109 (91%), and LV strain was feasible in 85/109 (78%) patients. ARVC prevalence by 2010 ARVC Revised Task Force Criteria is 91/109 (83%) and 83/99 (84%) in those with RV strain measurements. RV global longitudinal strain and RV free wall strain had diagnostic area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76 and 0.77, respectively (both P<0.001; difference NS). Abnormal RV global longitudinal strain phenotype (RV global longitudinal strain > -17.9%) and RV free wall strain phenotype (RV free wall strain > -21.2%) were identified in 41/69 (59%) and 56/69 (81%) of subjects, respectively, who were not identified by conventional echocardiographic criteria but still met the overall 2010 ARVC Revised Task Force Criteria for ARVC. LV global longitudinal strain did not add diagnostic value but was prognostic for composite end points of death, heart transplantation, or ventricular arrhythmia (log-rank P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In a prospective, multicenter registry of ARVC, RV strain assessment added diagnostic value to current echocardiographic criteria by identifying patients who are missed by current echocardiographic criteria yet still fulfill the diagnosis of ARVC. LV strain, by contrast, did not add incremental diagnostic value but was prognostic for identification of high-risk patients.

Predicting outcomes in patients with aortic stenosis using machine learning: the Aortic Stenosis Risk (ASteRisk) score.

OBJECTIVE: To use echocardiographic and clinical features to develop an explainable clinical risk prediction model in patients with aortic stenosis (AS), including those with low-gradient AS (LGAS), using machine learning (ML). METHODS: In 1130 patients with moderate or severe AS, we used bootstrap lasso regression (BLR), an ML method, to identify echocardiographic and clinical features important for predicting the combined outcome of all-cause mortality or aortic valve replacement (AVR) within 5 years after the initial echocardiogram. A separate hold out set, from a different centre (n=540), was used to test the generality of the model. We also evaluated model performance with respect to each outcome separately and in different subgroups, including patients with LGAS. RESULTS: Out of 69 available variables, 26 features were identified as predictive by BLR and expert knowledge was used to further reduce this set to 9 easily available and input features without loss of efficacy. A ridge logistic regression model constructed using these features had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.74 for the combined outcome of mortality/AVR. The model reliably identified patients at high risk of death in years 2-5 (HRs ≥2.0, upper vs other quartiles, for years 2-5, p<0.05, p=not significant in year 1) and was also predictive in the cohort with LGAS (n=383, HRs≥3.3, p<0.05). The model performed similarly well in the independent hold out set (AUC 0.78, HR ≥2.5 in years 1-5, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In two separate longitudinal databases, ML identified prognostic features and produced an algorithm that predicts outcome for up to 5 years of follow-up in patients with AS, including patients with LGAS. Our algorithm, the Aortic Stenosis Risk (ASteRisk) score, is available online for public use.

Impact of Pulmonary Hypertension on Outcomes in Patients With Mitral Annular Calcium and Associated Mitral Valve Dysfunction.

The prevalence of mitral annular calcium (MAC) is increasing in our aging population. However, data regarding prognostication in MAC-related mitral valve (MV) disease remain limited. This retrospective observational study aims to explore the prognostic impact of systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) in MAC-related MV dysfunction and define its determinants. We identified 4,384 patients (mean age 78 ± 11 years and 69% female) with MAC-related MV dysfunction (documented transmitral gradient ≥3 mm Hg) from a large institutional echocardiographic database between 2001 and 2019. In Cox regression analysis, higher SPAP strongly associated with all-cause mortality, independent of cardiovascular risk factors and indices of MV dysfunction (adjusted hazard ratio 1.22 per 10 mm Hg SPAP increase, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.27). Patients with SPAP ≥50 mm Hg had significantly higher mortality compared with SPAP <50 mm Hg (log-rank p <0.001), a finding that was consistent across different transmitral gradient subgroups (≤5, 5 to 10, and ≥10 mm Hg). Independent determinants of SPAP included the mean transmitral gradient, mitral regurgitation severity, left ventricular ejection fraction, and ≥moderate aortic stenosis (adjusted p <0.05), and atrial fibrillation and left atrial dimension. The impact of concomitant mitral regurgitation on SPAP decreased at higher transmitral gradients and was no longer significant at gradients ≥10 mm Hg (p = 0.100). In conclusion, SPAP strongly associates with mortality in MAC, independent of cardiovascular risk factors and indices of MAC-related MV dysfunction. These findings suggest an incremental role for SPAP in the risk stratification and prognostication in this increasingly prevalent condition with expanding the scope of possible interventions.

Exercise Blood Pressure in Heart Failure With Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate hemodynamic correlates of inducible blood pressure (BP) pulsatility with exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), to identify relationships to outcomes, and to compare this with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). BACKGROUND: In HFpEF, determinants and consequences of exercise BP pulsatility are not well understood. METHODS: We measured exercise BP in 146 patients with HFpEF who underwent invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Pulsatile BP was evaluated as proportionate pulse pressure (PrPP), the ratio of pulse pressure to systolic pressure. We measured pulmonary arterial catheter pressures, Fick cardiac output, respiratory gas exchange, and arterial stiffness. We correlated BP changes to central hemodynamics and cardiovascular outcome (nonelective cardiovascular hospitalization) and compared findings with 57 patients with HFrEF from the same referral population. RESULTS: In HFpEF, only age (standardized beta = 0.593; P < 0.001), exercise stroke volume (standardized beta = 0.349; P < 0.001), and baseline arterial stiffness (standardized beta = 0.182; P = 0.02) were significant predictors of peak exercise PrPP in multivariable analysis (R = 0.661). In HFpEF, lower PrPP was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular events, despite adjustment for confounders (HR:0.53 for PrPP below median; 95% CI: 0.28-0.98; P = 0.043). In HFrEF, lower exercise PrPP was not associated with arterial stiffness but was associated with lower peak exercise stroke volume (P = 0.013) and higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In HFpEF, greater inducible BP pulsatility measured using exercise PrPP reflects greater arterial stiffness and higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, in contrast to HFrEF where inducible exercise BP pulsatility relates to stroke volume reserve and favorable outcome.

Improved right ventricular function following transapical transcatheter mitral valve implantation for severe mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: Transapical transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI) may be a therapeutic option for patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) excluded from cardiac surgery due to excessive risk. Exclusion criteria frequently include pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The effect of TMVI on RV function has not previously been well-characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the procedural and 3-month impact of TMVI on RV hemodynamics and function. METHODS: This was a multi-center, retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with >3+MR undergoing TMVI. Pre- and post-TMVI hemodynamics were assessed with right heart catheterization. RV function was assessed at baseline, pre-discharge and at 3-months by echocardiography. RESULTS: Forty-six patients (age 72±9 years; 34 men) with ≥3+MR underwent TMVI over a 5-year period. Successful device implantation was achieved in all patients with abolition of MR (p < 0.001) and reduction in left-ventricular end-diastolic volume (p = 0.001). RV stroke work index (RVSWI) increased intra-operatively (7 ± 4 g/m/beat/m2 vs 11 ± 5 g/m/beat/m2; p < 0.001). At 3-months there were reductions in severity of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) (p < 0.001) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) (49 ± 16 mmHg vs 36 ± 12 mmHg; p < 0.001), and improvements in RV fractional area change (28 ± 7% vs 34 ± 9%, p<0.001), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (1.0 ± 0.3 vs 1.5 ± 0.5cm, p = 0.03), and RV free wall longitudinal strain (-14.2±5.0 vs -17.6±7.3, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Transapical TMVI results in significant improvement of RV function that is sustained to 3-months as evidenced by improvements in RVSWI and RV fractional area change, as well as reductions in PASP and TR severity.

A novel method to assess valvulo-arterial load in patients with aortic valve stenosis.

INTRODUCTION: Ventricular function in elderly patients with aortic stenosis is impeded both by restricted aortic flow and arterial stiffening. A number of patients continue to have exertional intolerance after relief of aortic valvular obstruction due to unrecognized ventriculo-arterial coupling mismatch. HYPOTHESIS: Quantification of valvulo-arterial load (VAL), using a simultaneous applanation tonometry/cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) technique, can accurately assess the relative contributions of aortic stiffness and valve gradient in older patients with aortic stenosis. METHODS: Elderly patients with aortic stenosis underwent a simultaneous applanation tonometry/CMR protocol. CMR provided left ventricular volume and aortic flow simultaneously with radial applanation tonometry pressure acquisition. Central aortic pressure was derived by transformation of the radial applanation tonometry waveform. VAL was determined as the relationship of derived aortic pressure to CMR aortic flow in frequency domain (central illustration). RESULTS: Twenty patients (age 80 ±â€Š9 years; 12 males; blood pressure 140/75 ±â€Š20 mmHg) with aortic stenosis on transthoracic echocardiogram (16 severe; mean gradient 45 ±â€Š16 mmHg; aortic valve area 0.8 ±â€Š0.2 cm2) were enrolled. Derived aortic pressure and flow waveforms correlated well with invasive data. Increased VAL was significantly associated with advanced age (P = 0.04) and raised SBP (P < 0.01), irrespective of aortic stenosis severity. CONCLUSION: Difficulties in the measurement and accuracy of ventriculo-arterial coupling means that it is not routinely measured in patients with aortic stenosis. We describe a new noninvasive index that provides an accurate assessment of valvular and arterial load on the left ventricle. VAL may help detect those at risk of ventriculo-arterial coupling mismatch and assist in selection of those most likely to benefit from an invasive procedure.

The tricuspid valve in review: anatomy, pathophysiology and echocardiographic assessment with focus on functional tricuspid regurgitation.

The tricuspid valve (TV) is a complex anatomical structure that incorporates a saddle-shaped annulus, asymmetric leaflets, the subvalvular apparatus and the right ventricle and its loading conditions. In this paper, an appreciation of the normal anatomy and physiology of the TV is reviewed before discussing functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR), a disease that has garnered renewed interest due to increased awareness of adverse outcomes and novel transcatheter therapeutic options. Two and three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging of the TV using transthoracic and transesophageal windows are subsequently discussed. The future of cardiovascular medicine will have more to offer the "forgotten" right-sided chambers and valves, and this review aims to refresh knowledge and enthusiasm around the forgotten but crucially important TV.

Agitated Saline Contrast Echocardiography in the Identification of Intra- and Extracardiac Shunts: Connecting the Dots.

Agitated saline contrast studies are an essential component of contemporary echocardiography. Agitated saline contrast plays a critical role in the elucidation of intracardiac versus intrapulmonary shunting and can have major therapeutic implications, particularly in light of the evolution of percutaneous treatment options for atrial septal defects or a patent foramen ovale. Despite their perceived simplicity, however, there are numerous pitfalls of these investigations that can occur during their performance and interpretation. As such, the authors review the "bubble study" in identifying intracardiac and extracardiac shunts, including the history of its development, the physics and physiology of contrast enhancement, how to optimally perform and interpret an agitated saline contrast study, and its safety in unique populations.

Non-Invasive Quantification of Ventricular Contractility, Arterial Elastic Function and Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling from a Single Diagnostic Encounter Using Simultaneous Arterial Tonometry and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

PURPOSE: Optimal assessment of cardiovascular performance requires simultaneous measurement of load independent left ventricular (LV) contractility, arterial function and LV/arterial coupling. We aimed to demonstrate feasibility of non-invasive ventricular pressure-volume and aortic pressure-flow-impedance measurements using simultaneous arterial tonometry (AT) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). METHODS: 21 consecutive patients referred for CMRI were enrolled to undergo a simultaneous AT and CMRI protocol. A CMRI compatible AT apparatus provided aortic end-systolic pressure, taken to be equivalent to LV end-systolic pressure in the absence of aortic stenosis. CMRI provided LV volume and aortic flow at the time of pressure acquisition. Pressure-volume relationships were determined and correlated to traditional parameters of LV function including ejection fraction and circumferential strain. Aortic pressure-flow relationships were used to determine aortic characteristic impedance and systemic vascular resistance. RESULTS: Simultaneous AT and CMRI permitted measurement of LV end-systolic elastance, preload recruitable stroke work, arterial elastance, aortic characteristic impedance and systemic vascular resistance. Absolute values were within the expected range for our cohort, were highly reproducible and showed appropriately directed correlation to traditional parameters. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive assessment of LV pressure-volume and aortic pressure-flow relationships are both feasible and reproducible using simultaneous AT and CMRI. Methods permit assessment of load independent LV contractility, arterial function and LV/arterial coupling from a single non-invasive diagnostic encounter.