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In recent years, studies have highlighted the significant impact of probiotic treatment on the central nervous system (brain) and stress regulation through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, yet there have been limited knowledge on this axis in fish. Therefore, this study aimed to enhance the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying probiotic effects on neurotransmission and stress alleviation in fish through transcriptomic profiling. In this study, olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) were subjected to two trial setups: a 1-month lab-scale trial and a 6-month field-scale trial, with and without the probiotic strain Lactococcus lactis WFLU12. RNA-Seq analysis was performed using liver samples collected from fish at one-month post-feeding (mpf) in both trials. Additionally, fish growth was monitored monthly, and serological parameters were measured at one mpf in the field-scale experiment. The results of the lab-scale trial showed that probiotic administration significantly upregulated genes related to neurotransmission, such as htr3a, mao, ddc, ntsr1, and gfra2. These findings highlight the impact of probiotics on modulating neurotransmission via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In the field-scale experiment, fish growth was significantly promoted and the sera levels of AST, LDH, and cortisol were significantly higher in the control group compared to the probiotics group. Furthermore, genes involved in stress responses (e.g. hsp70, hsp90B1, hspE1, prdx1, and gss) and transcriptional regulators (e.g. fos, dusp1, and dusp2) exhibited significant upregulation in the control group compared to the probiotics group, indicating that probiotic administration can alleviate stress levels in fish. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of probiotics in fish, specifically regarding their impact on neurotransmission and stress alleviation.
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Linguado , Probióticos , Animais , Transcriptoma , Probióticos/farmacologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Transmissão SinápticaRESUMO
(1) Background: The dysfunction and reduced proliferation of peripheral CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have been observed in both aging and cancer patients, thereby challenging the adoption of immune cell therapy in these subjects. In this study, we evaluated the growth of these lymphocytes in elderly cancer patients and the correlation of peripheral blood (PB) indices to their expansion. (2) Method: This retrospective study included 15 lung cancer patients who underwent autologous NK cell and CD8+ T cell therapy between January 2016 and December 2019 and 10 healthy individuals. (3) Results: On average, CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells were able to be expanded about 500 times from the PB of elderly lung cancer subjects. Particularly, 95% of the expanded NK cells highly expressed the CD56 marker. The expansion of CD8+ T cells was inversely associated with the CD4+:CD8+ ratio and the frequency of PB-CD4+ T cells in PB. Likewise, the expansion of NK cells was inversely correlated with the frequency of PB-lymphocytes and the number of PB-CD8+ T cells. The growth of CD8+ T cells and NK cells was also inversely correlated with the percentage and number of PB-NK cells. (4) Conclusion: PB indices are intrinsically tied to immune cell health and could be leveraged to determine CD8 T and NK cell proliferation capacity for immune therapies in lung cancer patients.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Idoso , Estudos Retrospectivos , População do Sudeste Asiático , Células Matadoras Naturais , Proliferação de CélulasRESUMO
Identification of tumor-derived mutation (TDM) in liquid biopsies (LB), especially in early-stage patients, faces several challenges, including low variant-allele frequencies, interference by white blood cell (WBC)-derived mutations (WDM), benign somatic mutations and tumor heterogeneity. Here, we addressed the above-mentioned challenges in a cohort of 50 nonmetastatic colorectal cancer patients, via a workflow involving parallel sequencing of paired WBC- and tumor-gDNA. After excluding potential false positive mutations, we detected at least one TDM in LB of 56% (28/50) of patients, with the majority showing low-patient coverage, except for one TDM mapped to KMT2D that recurred in 30% (15/30) of patients.
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Ácidos Nucleicos Livres , DNA Tumoral Circulante , Neoplasias Colorretais , Ácidos Nucleicos Livres/genética , DNA Tumoral Circulante/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , MutaçãoRESUMO
This study presents ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) network as a concept of "modulation in the air" that has drawn growing interest by both academia and industry recently. In particular, we investigate and analyze an AmBC system relying on cognitive radio, where the primary destination is equipped with multiple antennas and maximum ratio combining (MRC). A wireless powered relay is necessary to serve both primary and secondary destinations. Benefiting from the surrounding radio frequency (RF) source, the relay can support the backscattering signal. To facilitate the performance analysis of received nodes, this study presents exact closed-form expressions of the outage probability. For comparison, the outage and throughput performance of these nodes are considered in numerical simulation. Taking advantage of the AmBC technology, the impact of the backscatter ratio on system performance is carefully studied considering various other parameters. Simulation results demonstrate the exactness of the derived outage probabilities and show that the optimal throughput performance can be achieved at specific parameters.
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Our previous study has shown that dietary supplementation with Lactococcus lactis WFLU12 can enhance the growth of olive flounder and its resistance against streptococcal infection. The objective of the present study was to use comparative genomics tools to investigate genomic characteristics of strain WFLU12 and the presence of genes supporting its probiotic action using sequenced genomes of L. lactis strains. Dispensable and singleton genes of strain WFLU12 were found to be more enriched in genes associated with metabolism (e.g., energy production and conversion, and carbohydrate transport and metabolism) than pooled dispensable and singleton genes in other L. lactis strains, reflecting WFLU12 strain-specific ecosystem origin and its ability to metabolize different energy sources. Strain WFLU12 produced antimicrobial compounds that could inhibit several bacterial fish pathogens. It possessed the nisin gene cluster (nisZBTCIPRKFEG) and genes encoding lysozyme and colicin V. However, only three other strains (CV56, IO-1, and SO) harbor a complete nisin gene cluster. We also found that L. lactis WFLU12 possessed many other important functional genes involved in stress responses to the gastrointestinal tract environment, dietary energy extraction, and metabolism to support the probiotic action of this strain found in our previous study. This strongly indicates that not all L. lactis strains can be used as probiotics. This study highlights comparative genomics approaches as very useful and powerful tools to select probiotic candidates and predict their probiotic effects.
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Linguado/microbiologia , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Genoma Bacteriano , Lactococcus lactis/genética , Lactococcus lactis/metabolismo , Probióticos , Animais , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos BacterianosRESUMO
The molecular weight of a conjugated polymer is one of the key factors determining the electrical, morphological, and mechanical properties as well as its solubility in organic solvents and miscibility with other polymers. In this study, a series of semicrystalline poly[(2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyloxy)phenylene)-alt-(5,6-difluoro-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole)] (PPDT2FBT) polymers with different number-average molecular weights (M(n)'s) (PPDT2FBT(L), M(n) = 12 kg/mol; PPDT2FBT(M), M(n) = 24 kg/mol; PPDT2FBT(H), M(n) = 40 kg/mol) were synthesized, and their photovoltaic properties as electron donors for all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) with poly[[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-napthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)] (P(NDI2OD-T2)) acceptor were studied. The M(n) effect of PPDT2FBT on the structural, morphological, electrical, and photovoltaic properties was systematically investigated. In particular, tuning the M(n) induced dramatic effects on the aggregation behaviors of the polymers and their bulk heterojunction morphology of all-PSCs, which was thoroughly examined by grazing incident X-ray scattering, resonant soft X-ray scattering, and other microscopy measurements. High M(n) PPDT2FBT(H) promoted a strong "face-on" geometry in the blend film, suppressed the formation of an excessively large crystalline domain, and facilitated molecularly intermixed phases with P(NDI2OD-T2). Therefore, the optimized all-PSCs based on PPDT2FBT(H)/P(NDI2OD-T2) showed substantially higher hole and electron mobilities than those of PPDT2FBT(L)/P(NDI2OD-T2), leading to a power conversion efficiency exceeding 5%, which is one of the highest values for all-PSCs reported thus far.
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Anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) substances in plant products, such as indigestible non-starchy polysaccharides (α-galactooligosaccharides, α-GOS), phytate, tannins, and alkaloids can impede the absorption of many critical nutrients and cause major physiological disorders. To enhance silage quality and its tolerance threshold for humans as well as other animals, ANFs must be reduced. This study aims to identify and compare the bacterial species/strains that are potential use for industrial fermentation and ANFs reduction. A pan-genome study of 351 bacterial genomes was performed, and binary data was processed to quantify the number of genes involved in the removal of ANFs. Among four pan-genomes analysis, all 37 tested Bacillus subtilis genomes had one phytate degradation gene, while 91 out of 150 Enterobacteriacae genomes harbor at least one genes (maximum three). Although, no gene encoding phytase detected in genomes of Lactobacillus and Pediococcus species, they have genes involving indirectly in metabolism of phytate-derivatives to produce Myo-inositol, an important compound in animal cells physiology. In contrast, genes related to production of lectin, tannase and saponin degrading enzyme did not include in genomes of B. subtilis and Pediococcus species. Our findings suggest a combination of bacterial species and/or unique strains in fermentation, for examples, two Lactobacillus strains (DSM 21115 and ATCC 14869) with B. subtilis SRCM103689, would maximize the efficiency in reducing the ANFs concentration. In conclusion, this study provides insights into bacterial genomes analysis for maximizing nutritional value in plant-based food. Further investigations of gene numbers and repertories correlated to metabolism of different ANFs will help clarifying the efficiency of time consuming and food qualities.
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A practical strategy for the iodine-promoted synthesis of bis(1-imidazo[1,5-a]pyridyl)arylmethane and its derivatives has been developed. These compounds exhibit high cytotoxicity toward various cancer cell lines and moreover they are promising ligands for the Cu-catalysed synthesis of quinolines.
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Resonance Raman spectroscopy is an efficient tool for multiplex imaging because of the narrow bandwidth of the electronically enhanced vibrational signals. However, Raman signals are often overwhelmed by concurrent fluorescence. In this study, we synthesized a series of truxene-based conjugated Raman probes to show structure-specific Raman fingerprint patterns with a common 532 nm light source. The subsequent polymer dot (Pdot) formation of the Raman probes efficiently suppressed fluorescence via aggregation-induced quenching and improved the dispersion stability of particles without leakage of Raman probes or particle agglomeration for more than 1 year. Additionally, the Raman signal amplified by electronic resonance and increased probe concentration exhibited over 103 times higher relative Raman intensities versus 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine, enabling successful Raman imaging. Finally, multiplex Raman mapping was demonstrated with a single 532 nm laser using six Raman-active and biocompatible Pdots as barcodes for live cells. Resonant Raman-active Pdots may suggest a simple, robust, and efficient way for multiplex Raman imaging using a standard Raman spectrometer, suggesting the broad applicability of our strategy.
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Pontos Quânticos , Pontos Quânticos/química , Semicondutores , Polímeros/química , Luz , FluorescênciaRESUMO
The dietary effects of antibiotics on aquatic disease is circumstantial and has not been investigated under infections. the efficacy of erythromycin, after 10 days in use and 10 days off, on the survival and infection rate of (Anabas testudineus) after co-infection with antibiotic-resistant Aeromonas dhakensis (isolate NV5M or V7L). The mortality rate observed in non-medicated groups of co-infected fish (93.3 and 100%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the medicated group of naturally infected fish (NIF) (53.3%) but not significantly different to that in medicated groups of co-infected fish (66.6% and 86.6%). In particular, the loads of invasive erythromycin-resistant bacteria (ERB) were markedly higher (p < 0.05, 3.5-4.8 times) in the kidney of co-infected fish medicated for 5 days than those in NIF. The measure of ERB in the kidney of fish co-infected with isolate V7L, whether medicated or not for 10 days, was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in non-medicated NIF and also that in the medicated group of fish co-infected with isolate NV5M. In addition to the elevation of gut-derived ERB invasion and colonization in the kidney, synergistic effects of the competition between mixed pathogens caused by co-infection and medication might result in a high fish mortality rate. Further investigation of antibiograms and/or new strategies for aquatic disease control should be undertaken with mixed infections and interaction of pathogens to achieve the optimal treatment effect.
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Aeromonas , Coinfecção , Doenças dos Peixes , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Coinfecção/tratamento farmacológico , Coinfecção/veterinária , Doenças dos Peixes/tratamento farmacológico , VietnãRESUMO
Although some studies on the effects of para-probiotics on the immune system and intestinal health have been conducted independently of research on antibiotics ass growth promoters. This study investigated the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarumL-137 (L-137) and antibiotics as preventive and/or therapeutic substances for broilers against subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP). In total, 300 1-day-old broilers (46.13 ± 1.38 g) were randomly stocked at 10 birds pen-1 in five replicates and divided into six groups, namely T1 and T2, positive and negative control of CP challenge; T3 and T4, prevention with basal diet plus 10 and 50 mg/kg L-137; T5 and T6, prevention and treatment with basal diet plus 50 mg/kg of L-137 and bacitracin at 50 ppm, respectively. Broilers administered L-137 in T4, T5 and bacitracin in T6 showed an improved (p < 0.05) villus height/crypt depth ratio than control groups, suggesting that it might significantly boost growth performance. In contrast to bacitracin, a high dosage of L-137 significantly increased (p < 0.05) the spleen index value and the cytokine levels, as well as the expression of intestinal ß-defensin genes on day 28. During the 42-day production period, broilers in T4 and T5 showed a significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) expression of cytokines, AvBD-1 and AvBD-7 on day 42 compared to the control and bacitracin groups. In particular, broilers given the L-137 diets demonstrated no cumulative mortality following CP exposure, compared to a 2% mortality in T6. Our findings provide insight into eco-friendly alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance, feed efficiency and long-term disease protection in chickens; however, this has to be proven in larger-scale commercial experiments.
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Lactobacillus plantarum , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bacitracina/farmacologia , Bacitracina/uso terapêutico , Galinhas , Clostridium perfringens , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Temperatura Alta , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The number of antibiotic compounds in wastewaters has been growing globally due to the covid-19 problem. Using antibiotics to treat the patients would produce larger amounts of these compounds into the environment with negative impacts. Hence, finding out the method for the elimination of toxic organic pollutants as well as antibiotics in water is urgent (In this study, the treatment of antibiotic pollutants including cefalexin (CF) and tetracycline (TC) was investigated by applying the advanced oxidation process based on Ni-doped TiO2 (Ni-TiO2). The characterizations technologies such as XRD, XPS, UV-vis, PL, and PC indicated that Ni doping would improve the photocatalytic performance of TiO2. In the photodegradation experiments, the Ni-TiO2 possessed high photocatalytic degradation efficiencies with 93.6% for CF and 82.5% for TC. Besides, the removal rates of antibiotics after five cycles are higher than 75%, implying excellent stability of Ni-TiO2 photocatalyst. The result from the treatment of wastewater samples revealed that the Ni-TiO2 photocatalytic had good performance for removal of CF and TC at a high level of 88.6 and 80.2%, respectively.
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COVID-19 , Poluentes Ambientais , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Antibacterianos , Catálise , Humanos , Fotólise , Tetraciclina , Titânio , Águas ResiduáriasRESUMO
The excessive proliferation of cyanobacteria in surface waters is a widespread problem worldwide, leading to the contamination of drinking water sources. Short- and long-term solutions for managing cyanobacterial blooms are needed for drinking water supplies. The goal of this research was to investigate the cyanobacteria community composition using shotgun metagenomics in a short term, in situ mesocosm experiment of two lakes following their coagulation with ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) as an option for source water treatment. Among the nutrient paramenters, dissolved nitrogen was related to Microcystis in both Missisquoi Bay and Petit Lac St. François, while the presence of Synechococcus was related to total nitrogen, dissolved nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved phosphorus. Results from the shotgun metagenomic sequencing showed that Dolichospermum and Microcystis were the dominant genera in all of the mesocosms in the beginning of the sampling period in Missisquoi Bay and Petit Lac St. François, respectively. Potentially toxigenic genera such as Microcystis were correlated with intracellular microcystin concentrations. A principal component analysis showed that there was a change of the cyanobacterial composition at the genus level in the mesocosms after two days, which varied across the studied sites and sampling time. The cyanobacterial community richness and diversity did not change significantly after its coagulation by Fe2(SO4)3 in all of the mesocosms at either site. The use of Fe2(SO4)3 for an onsite source water treatment should consider its impact on cyanobacterial community structure and the reduction of toxin concentrations.
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Cianobactérias , Água Potável , Microcystis , Microcistinas/análise , Água Potável/análise , Cianobactérias/genética , Microcystis/genética , Lagos/microbiologia , Nitrogênio/análise , Fósforo/análiseRESUMO
Feline- and canine-derived coronaviruses (FCoVs and CCoVs) are widespread among dog and cat populations. This study was to understand the route of disease origin and viral transmission in veterinary animals and in human through comparative pan-genomic analysis of coronavirus sequences, especially retrieved from genomes of FCoV and CCoV. Average nucleotide identity based on complete genomes might clustered CoV strains according to their infected host, with an exception of type II of CCoV (accession number KC175339) that was clustered closely to virulent FCoVs. In contrast, the hierarchical clustering based on gene repertories retrieved from pan-genome analysis might divided the examined coronaviruses into host-independent clusters, and formed obviously the cluster of Alphacoronaviruses into sub-clusters of feline-canine, only feline, feline-canine-human coronavirus. Also, functional analysis of genomic subsets might help to divide FCoV and CCoV pan-genomes into (i) clusters of core genes encoding spike, membrane, nucleocapsid proteins, and ORF1ab polyprotein; (ii) clusters of core-like genes encoding nonstructural proteins; (iii) clusters of accessory genes encoding the ORF1A; and (iv) two singleton genes encoding nonstructural protein and polyprotein 1ab. Seven clusters of gene repertories were categorized as common to the FCoV and/or CCoV genomes including pantropic and high virulent strains, illustrating that distinct core-like genes/accessory genes concerning to their pathogenicity should be exploited in further biotype analysis of new isolate. In conclusion, the phylogenomic analyses have allowed the identification of trends in the viral genomic data, especially in developing a specific control measures against coronavirus disease, such as the selection of good markers for differentiating new species from common and/or pantropic isolates.
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Doenças do Gato , Coronavirus Canino , Coronavirus Felino , Doenças do Cão , Animais , Gatos , Coronavirus Canino/genética , Coronavirus Felino/genética , Cães , Genoma Viral , FilogeniaRESUMO
The aim of this study is to present the potential of activated carbon fiber (CF) impregnated with lanthanum (La) as a novel adsorbent (La-CF) of phosphate-phosphorus (P) and to assess the value-added due to P-recovery from wastewater using La-CF. The CF were loaded with La and the loaded CF was then calcined at 500 °C. The La-CF adsorbent was used in a series of batch experiments to characterize the adsorption of P at pH of 6-10 and P concentrations of 1-200 mg/L. Physical-chemical properties such as surface morphology, surface charge, surface area, and surface chemistry were determined for the La-CF. The La-CF exhibited adsorption capacity of 196.5 mg/g, fast sorption kinetics and high selectivity for P removal from aqueous solution. La-CF removed 97.3% of P from wastewater and achieved P-level to below 2 mg/L. It was repetitively reused over 10 times in successive cycles to remove P from wastewater. The value-added by recovery of P from wastewater was calculated at around 0.12 US$/L, demonstrating economic benefits of La-CF. In conclusion, the successful removal, recycling, and recovery value-added of P using La-CF adsorbent displayed good potential for developing the technology for treatment of wastewaters to recover valuable compounds such as phosphorus.
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Águas Residuárias , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Adsorção , Fibra de Carbono , Cinética , Lantânio , FosfatosRESUMO
The morphology and crystallinity of the polymers used to fabricate bulk heterojuction (BHJ) solar cells significantly influences the efficiency of the cells. We have used variable-temperature (VT) spectroscopy techniques, namely VT emission and VT resonance Raman spectroscopy (VT-RRS), to examine how the backbone linearity of a conducting polymer affects its electronic response to temperature and variations in solution behavior. We have studied two types of donor-acceptor polymers used in BHJ cells with differing backbone structures; they are poly-{5,6-bis(tetradecyloxy)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole} (PTBT) which has a curved backbone and poly-{5,6-bis(tetradecyloxy)-4-(thieno[3,2-b]-thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole} (PTTBT) which has a linear chain structure. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and resonance Raman spectra (RRS) of PTTBT revealed the presence of three electronic transitions, with character that varies between π to π*, mixed π to π*/charge transfer and pure charge transfer in nature. Emission spectra of PTTBT showed spectral changes at 650 and 710â nm with varied temperature (-10 to 60 °C). Variable-temperature RRS was measured in resonance with the lowest and highest energy electronic transitions. The changes were interpreted using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis. PTTBT showed gradual shifts to lower wavenumbers of modes at around 1425, 1450 and 1500â cm-1 . For PTBT larger and more rapid spectral changes are observed at 1440 and 1460â cm-1 consistent with greater variation in the electronic nature upon heating. Further study into the influence of polymer linearity on crystallinity and long range order was carried out using low-frequency Raman (LFR) to examine drop cast films under a variety of different conditions. LFR spectra showed that PTTBT has a band at 73â cm-1 . This is observed under a variety of film-forming conditions. PTBT does not show distinct low frequency modes, consistent with its low crystallinity.
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A molecular approach to achieve wide linear dynamic range (LDR) and near-infrared (NIR)-selective thin film organic photodiodes (OPDs) with high detectivity is reported. Comparative studies based on two NIR-selective polymers are systematically investigated: the commercially available poly[(4,4'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and the synthesized poly[(4,4'-(bis(hexyldecylsulfanyl)methylene)cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']-dithiophene)-alt-(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole)] (PCPDTSBT). The introduction of sp2-hybridized side chains in the PCPDTSBT structure can improve chain planarity and thus intermolecular interactions, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction studies. The favorable crystalline orientation of PCPDTSBT leads to enhanced photocurrent and suppressed noise current, compared to that of PCPDTBT, followed by a sharp increase in the specific detectivity of PCPDTSBT-based NIR OPDs by 1.54 × 1012 Jones. The physics behind PCPDTSBT is analyzed employing optical simulation, temperature-dependent junction analyses, and Mott-Schottky analysis. Furthermore, it is found that PCPDTSBT possesses an exceptional nonsaturation photocurrent, which leads to a wide LDR of 128 dB. This study shows the possibility of realizing thin film NIR-selective OPDs using synthetic approaches.
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Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have attracted significant attention as light-emitting materials owing to their high color purities and tunabilities. A key issue in perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is the fabrication of an optimal charge transport layer (CTL), which has desirable energy levels for efficient charge injection while blocking opposite charges and enabling perovskite layer growth with reduced interfacial defects. Herein, two poly(fluorene-phenylene)-based anionic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with different counterions (K+ and tetramethylammonium (TMA+ )) are presented as multifunctional passivating and hole-transporting layers (HTLs). The crystal growth of MHPs grown on different HTLs is investigated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory calculation. The CPE bearing the TMA+ counterions remarkably improves the growth of perovskites with suppressed interfacial defects, leading to significantly enhanced emission properties and device performance. The luminescent properties are further enhanced via aging and electrical stress application with effective rearrangement of the counterions on the interfacial defects in the perovskites. Finally, efficient formamidinium lead tribromide-based quasi-2D PeLEDs with an external quantum efficiency of 10.2% are fabricated. Using CPEs with varying counterions as a CTL can serve as an effective method for controlling the interfacial defects and improving perovskite-based optoelectronic device properties.
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Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the pathogenic Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida strain RFAS1, isolated from black rockfish and showing signs of furunculosis. Sequencing with the PacBio platform yielded a circular chromosome of 4,783,004 bp and two plasmids (70,968 bp and 63,563 bp) harboring 4,411, 67, and 71 protein-coding genes, respectively.
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Binary organic photovoltaics (OPVs) fabricated by single-step (SS) deposition of a binary blend of polymer (or small molecule) donor and fullerene acceptor (SS binary OPV) are widely utilized. To improve the OPV performance, SS ternary OPVs utilizing a ternary blend consisting of two (or one) electron donor(s) and one (or two) electron acceptor(s) have been studied. SS ternary OPVs require more sensitive and complex optimization processes to optimize bulk heterojunctions with bicontinuous nanoscale phase separation of the donor and acceptor. We demonstrated a novel ternary OPV fabricated by sequential (SQ) deposition of a single polymer donor and a binary mixture consisting of a phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and nonfullerene acceptor, 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3- d:2,3'- d']- s-indaceno[1,2- b:5,6- b']dithiophene (ITIC). In the SQ ternary OPV, PCBM effectively created a bicontinuous pathway for charge transport with a polymer, and ITIC mainly enhanced light absorption and photovoltage. This complementary effect was not observed in an SS ternary OPV utilizing the same donor and acceptors. Due to these complementary effects, the SQ ternary OPV exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 6.22%, which was 52 and 37% higher than that of the SQ binary OPV and the SS ternary OPV, respectively. In addition, the thermal stability of the SQ ternary OPV was found to be superior to that of the SS ternary OPV.