Critical Assessment of the Management of Unstable Angina in a Specialized Cardiology Emergency Room. / Avaliação Crítica do Manejo da Angina Instável em Pronto-Socorro Terciário de Cardiologia.

BACKGROUND: The management of unstable angina (UA) presents a challenge due to its subjective diagnosis and limited representation in randomized clinical trials that inform current practices. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify key factors associated with the indication for invasive versus non-invasive stratification in this population and to evaluate factors associated with stratification test results. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients hospitalized with UA over a consecutive 20-month period. To assess factors associated with stratification strategies, patients were divided into invasive stratification (coronary angiography) and non-invasive stratification (other methods) groups. For the analysis of factors related to changes in stratification tests, patients were categorized into groups with or without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischemia, as per the results of the requested tests. Comparisons between groups and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, with statistical significance set at a 5% level. RESULTS: A total of 729 patients were included, with a median age of 63 years and a predominance of males (64.6%). Factors associated with invasive stratification included smoking (p = 0.001); type of chest pain (p < 0.001); "crescendo" pain (p = 0.006); TIMI score (p = 0.006); HEART score (p = 0.011). In multivariate analysis, current smokers (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.13-4.8), former smokers (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.39-3.53), and type A chest pain (OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.93-6.66) were independently associated. Factors associated with obstructive CAD or ischemia included length of hospital stay (p < 0.001); male gender (p = 0.032); effort-induced pain (p = 0.037); Diamond-Forrester score (p = 0.026); TIMI score (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only chest pain (type B chest pain: OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.38-0.93, p = 0.026) and previous CAD (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.01-2.0, p = 0.048) were independently associated. CONCLUSION: The type of chest pain plays a crucial role not only in the diagnosis of UA but also in determining the appropriate treatment. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating pain characteristics into prognostic scores endorsed by guidelines to optimize UA management.

FUNDAMENTO: O manejo da angina instável (AI) é um desafio devido ao seu diagnóstico subjetivo e à sua escassa representação em ensaios clínicos randomizados que determinem as práticas atuais. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os principais fatores associados à indicação de estratificação invasiva ou não nessa população e avaliar os fatores associados às alterações nos exames de estratificação. MÉTODOS: Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes internados por AI, em um período de 20 meses consecutivos. Para avaliar os fatores associados à estratégia de estratificação, os pacientes foram divididos em estratificação invasiva (cinecoronariografia) e não invasiva (demais métodos). Para análise de fatores relacionados às alterações nos exames de estratificação, os pacientes foram divididos em grupos com ou sem doença arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva ou isquemia, conforme resultados dos exames solicitados. Foram realizadas comparações entre grupos e análise de regressão logística múltipla, com significância estatística definida em um nível de 5%. RESULTADOS: 729 pacientes foram incluídos, com mediana de idade de 63 anos e predomínio do sexo masculino (64,6%). Estiveram associados à estratificação invasiva: tabagismo (p = 0,001); tipo de dor torácica (p < 0,001); dor "em crescendo" (p = 0,006); escore TIMI (p = 0,006); escore HEART (p = 0,011). Na análise multivariada, tabagistas (OR 2,23, IC 95% 1,13-4,8), ex-tabagistas (OR 2,19, IC 1,39-3,53) e dor torácica tipo A (OR 3,39, IC 95% 1,93-6,66) estiveram associados de forma independente. Estiveram associados à DAC obstrutiva ou isquemia: tempo de internação hospitalar (p < 0,001); sexo masculino (p = 0,032); dor desencadeada por esforço (p = 0,037); Diamond-Forrester (p = 0,026); escore TIMI (p = 0,001). Na análise multivariada, apenas dor torácica (dor torácica tipo B: OR 0,6, IC 95% 0,38-0,93, p = 0,026) e DAC prévia (OR 1,42, IC 95% 1,01-2,0, p = 0,048) estiveram associadas de maneira independente. CONCLUSÕES: O tipo de dor torácica desempenha um papel crucial não apenas no diagnóstico da AI, mas também na definição do tratamento adequado. Nossos resultados destacam a importância de incorporar características da dor aos escores prognósticos endossados pelas diretrizes, para otimização do manejo da AI.

VO2max-Based Physical Fitness Categories in a Brazilian Population with Supposed High Socioeconomic Status and without Structural Heart Disease. / Categorias de Aptidão Física Baseadas no VO2max em População Brasileira com Suposto Alto Nível Socioeconômico e sem Cardiopatia Estrutural.

BACKGROUND: The most widely used data for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) referrals are from the Cooper Clinic, which uses calculated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values. OBJECTIVE: To develop CRF values from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in a Brazilian population with high socioeconomic level and free of structural heart disease. VO2max testing results were compared with the Cooper Clinic and FRIEND Registry data. METHODS: CPX data from consecutive individuals between January 1,2000, and May 31,2016 were used in this study. Inclusion criteria were: VO2max by a pre-specified definition. We built a CRF chart according to VO2max percentiles: very poor (≤20%), poor (20-40%), fair (40-60%), good (60-80%), excellent (80-90%), and superior (≥90%). Kappa correlation was used to analyze our data in comparison with that of the other two databases. Statistical tests with p<0.005 were considered significant. RESULTS: Final cohort included 18,186 tests: 12,552 men, 5,634 women (7-84 years). The most recurrent response was "good" (20.2%). There was a mean difference in weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and age in the CRF chart. An inverse correlation existed between VO2max and age, weight, and BMI. Using a linear regression and these variables, a predictive equation was developed for VO2max. Our findings differed from that of the other databases. CONCLUSION: We developed a classification for CRF and found higher values in all classification ranges of functional capacity in contrast to the Cooper Clinic and FRIEND Registry. Our findings offer a more accurate interpretation of ACR in this large Brazilian population sample when compared to previous standards based on the estimated VO2max. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):468-477).

FUNDAMENTO: Os dados mais utilizados como referência de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR) são os de Cooper, que utiliza valores calculados de captação máxima de oxigênio (VO2máx). OBJETIVO: Desenvolver valores de ACR a partir do teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) em uma população brasileira com alto nível socioeconômico e livre de cardiopatia estrutural. Os resultados dos testes de VO2max foram comparados aos dados de Cooper e do FRIEND Registry. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados neste estudo dados de TCPE de indivíduos consecutivos entre 1º de janeiro de 2000 e 31 de maio de 2016. Os critérios de inclusão foram: VO2máx pré-definido. Foi construído um gráfico de ACR de acordo com os percentuais do VO2máx: muito ruim (≤20%), ruim (20-40%), regular (40-60%), boa (60-80%), excelente (80-90%), e superior (≥90%). A correlação Kappa foi usada para analisar nossos dados em comparação aos dados dos outros dois bancos de dados. Os testes estatísticos com p<0,005 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS: A coorte final incluiu 18.186 testes: 12.552 homens, 5.634 mulheres (7 a 84 anos). A resposta mais recorrente foi "boa" (20,2%). Houve diferença média de peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e idade no gráfico da ACR. Houve correlação inversa entre VO2máx e idade, peso e IMC. Usando uma regressão linear e essas variáveis, uma equação preditiva foi desenvolvida para o VO2máx. Nossas descobertas diferiram das dos outros bancos de dados. CONCLUSÃO: Desenvolvemos uma classificação para a ACR e encontramos valores mais altos em todas as faixas de classificação de capacidade funcional, em contraste com os dados de Cooper e do FRIEND Registry. Nossos achados oferecem uma interpretação mais precisa da ACR nessa grande amostra populacional brasileira, quando comparados aos padrões anteriores, com base no VO2máx estimado. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):468-477).

Cardiorespiratory fitness data from 18,189 participants who underwent treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a Brazilian population.

PURPOSE: Cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and mortality attributable to various cancers. It is often estimated indirectly using mathematical formulas for estimating oxygen uptake. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing, especially oxygen uptake, represents the "gold standard" for assessing exercise capacity. The purpose of this report was to develop reference standards for exercise capacity by establishing cardiorespiratory fitness values derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a Brazilian population. We focused on oxygen uptake standards and compared the maximal oxygen uptake [mLO2·kg-1·min-1] values with those in the existing literature. METHODS: A database was constructed using reports from cardiopulmonary exercise testing performed at Fleury laboratory. The final cohort included 18,189 individuals considered to be free of structural heart disease. Percentiles of maximal oxygen uptake for men and women were determined for six age groups between 7 and 84 years. We compared the values with existing reference data from patients from Norway and the United States. RESULTS: There were significant differences in maximal oxygen uptake between sexes and across the age groups. In our cohort, the 50th percentile maximal oxygen uptake values for men and women decreased from 44.7 and 36.3 mLO2·kg-1·min-1 to 28.4 and 22.3 mLO2·kg-1·min-1 for patients aged 20-29 years to patients aged 60-69 years, respectively. For each age group, both Norwegian men and women had greater cardiorespiratory fitness than cohorts in the United States and Brazil. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, our analysis represents the largest reference data for cardiorespiratory fitness based on treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Our findings provide reference values of maximal oxygen uptake measurements from treadmill tests in Brazilian populations that are more accurate than previous standard values based on workload-derived estimations. This data may also add information to the global data used for the interpretation of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Comportamento dos critérios de uso apropriado da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica na avaliação de assintomáticos de alto risco cardiovascular ou com doença coronária conhecida / Appropriate use of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy criteria for assessing asymptomatic patients with high cardiovascular risk or known coronary disease

Fundamentos: O papel da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica em pacientes assintomáticos permanece restrito a situações clínicas muito específicas, muitas delas abordadas nos Critérios de Uso Apropriado (AUC) de Cintilografia de Perfusão Miocárdica. Objetivo: Realizar uma análise crítica da aplicação desses critérios nas indicações de exames realizados em pacientes assintomáticos do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, cuja população é notadamente de alto risco cardiovascular. Métodos: Foram selecionados pacientes assintomáticos que realizaram cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica para pesquisa de isquemia. As indicações dos exames foram classificadas em apropriadas, inapropriadas ou incertas. Hipocaptação fixa, hipocaptação transitória ou dilatação isquêmica transitória foram consideradas exames alterados. Na análise estatística, buscou-se avaliar a correlação entre o grau de recomendação das indicações e a presença de exames alterados. Resultados: A partir de uma seleção inicial de 2.999 prontuários, 490 foram considerados assintomáticos e incluídos conforme critérios de inclusão estabelecidos previamente. Apenas 9,8% das indicações foram inapropriadas, enquanto que 61,4% foram apropriadas, e 28,8% foram incertas. A hipocaptação fixa do radiofármaco ocorreu em 43,5% dos casos e a hipocaptação transitória, em 16,1%. Solicitar o exame de maneira apropriada ou incerta foi fator preditor de exame com resultado alterado nesta população. Conclusão: O uso dos critérios de uso apropriado da cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica mostrou-se eficaz em predizer exames alterados em uma população assintomática de alto risco cardiovascular, especialmente no grupo de pacientes com indicação incerta, o que pode significar que algumas das indicações consideradas incertas talvez sejam apropriadas para uma população de alto risco cardiovascular. (AU)

Myocardial scintigraphy in the evaluation of cardiac events in patients without typical symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the world and in Brazil. Myocardial scintigraphy is an important noninvasive method for detecting ischemia in symptomatic patients, but its use in asymptomatic ones or those with atypical symptoms is yet to be defined. OBJECTIVE: To verify the presence of major cardiac events in asymptomatic patients or those with atypical symptoms (atypical chest pain or dyspnea) that underwent myocardial scintigraphy (MS), over a period of 8 years. Secondary objectives were to identify cardiac risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities and possible predictors for major cardiac events in this group. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational study using the medical records of 892 patients that underwent myocardial scintigraphy between 2005 and 2011 and who were followed until 2013 for assessment of major cardiac events and risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher's exact test, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meyer survival curves, with statistical significance being set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Of the total sample, 52.1% were men, 86.9% were hypertensive, 72.4% had hyperlipidemia, 33.6% were diabetic, and 12.2% were smokers; 44.5% had known coronary artery disease; and 70% had high Framingham score, 21.8% had moderate and 8% had low risk. Of the myocardial scintigraphies, 58.6% were normal, 26.1% suggestive of fibrosis and 15.3% suggestive of ischemia. At evolution, 13 patients (1.5%) had non-fatal myocardial infarction and six individuals (0.7%) died. The group with normal myocardial scintigraphy showed longer period of time free of major cardiac events, non-fatal myocardial infarction (p = 0.036) and death. Fibrosis in the myocardial scintigraphy determined a 2.4-fold increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and five-fold higher risk of death (odds ratio: 2.4 and 5.7, respectively; p = 0.043). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of major cardiac events in 8 years was small. Patients with fibrosis at MS had more major events, whereas patients with normal MS result had fewer major cardiac events, with higher survival.

Categorias de Aptidão Física Baseadas no VO2max em População Brasileira com Suposto Alto Nível Socioeconômico e sem Cardiopatia Estrutural / VO2max-Based Physical Fitness Categories in a Brazilian Population with Supposed High Socioeconomic Status and without Structural Heart Disease

Resumo Fundamento Os dados mais utilizados como referência de aptidão cardiorrespiratória (ACR) são os de Cooper, que utiliza valores calculados de captação máxima de oxigênio (VO2máx). Objetivo Desenvolver valores de ACR a partir do teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) em uma população brasileira com alto nível socioeconômico e livre de cardiopatia estrutural. Os resultados dos testes de VO2max foram comparados aos dados de Cooper e do FRIEND Registry. Métodos Foram utilizados neste estudo dados de TCPE de indivíduos consecutivos entre 1º de janeiro de 2000 e 31 de maio de 2016. Os critérios de inclusão foram: VO2máx pré-definido. Foi construído um gráfico de ACR de acordo com os percentuais do VO2máx: muito ruim (≤20%), ruim (20-40%), regular (40-60%), boa (60-80%), excelente (80-90%), e superior (≥90%). A correlação Kappa foi usada para analisar nossos dados em comparação aos dados dos outros dois bancos de dados. Os testes estatísticos com p<0,005 foram considerados significativos. Resultados A coorte final incluiu 18.186 testes: 12.552 homens, 5.634 mulheres (7 a 84 anos). A resposta mais recorrente foi "boa" (20,2%). Houve diferença média de peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e idade no gráfico da ACR. Houve correlação inversa entre VO2máx e idade, peso e IMC. Usando uma regressão linear e essas variáveis, uma equação preditiva foi desenvolvida para o VO2máx. Nossas descobertas diferiram das dos outros bancos de dados. Conclusão Desenvolvemos uma classificação para a ACR e encontramos valores mais altos em todas as faixas de classificação de capacidade funcional, em contraste com os dados de Cooper e do FRIEND Registry. Nossos achados oferecem uma interpretação mais precisa da ACR nessa grande amostra populacional brasileira, quando comparados aos padrões anteriores, com base no VO2máx estimado. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):468-477)

Abstract Background The most widely used data for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) referrals are from the Cooper Clinic, which uses calculated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) values. Objective To develop CRF values from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in a Brazilian population with high socioeconomic level and free of structural heart disease. VO2max testing results were compared with the Cooper Clinic and FRIEND Registry data. Methods CPX data from consecutive individuals between January 1,2000, and May 31,2016 were used in this study. Inclusion criteria were: VO2max by a pre-specified definition. We built a CRF chart according to VO2max percentiles: very poor (≤20%), poor (20-40%), fair (40-60%), good (60-80%), excellent (80-90%), and superior (≥90%). Kappa correlation was used to analyze our data in comparison with that of the other two databases. Statistical tests with p<0.005 were considered significant. Results Final cohort included 18,186 tests: 12,552 men, 5,634 women (7-84 years). The most recurrent response was "good" (20.2%). There was a mean difference in weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and age in the CRF chart. An inverse correlation existed between VO2max and age, weight, and BMI. Using a linear regression and these variables, a predictive equation was developed for VO2max. Our findings differed from that of the other databases. Conclusion We developed a classification for CRF and found higher values in all classification ranges of functional capacity in contrast to the Cooper Clinic and FRIEND Registry. Our findings offer a more accurate interpretation of ACR in this large Brazilian population sample when compared to previous standards based on the estimated VO2max. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):468-477)

Clinical significance of transient left ventricular dilation assessed during myocardial Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical significance of transient ischemic dilation of the left ventricle during myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with stress/rest sestamibi. METHODS: The study retrospectively analyzed 378 patients who underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with stress/rest sestamibi, 340 of whom had a low probability of having ischemia and 38 had significant transient defects. Transient ischemic dilation was automatically calculated using Autoquant software. Sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values were established for each value of transient ischemic dilation. RESULTS: The values of transient ischemic dilation for the groups of low probability and significant transient defects were, respectively, 1.01 0.13 and 1.18 0.17. The values of transient ischemic dilation for the group with significant transient defects were significantly greater than those obtained for the group with a low probability (P<0.001). The greatest positive predictive values, around 50%, were obtained for the values of transient ischemic dilation above 1.25. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that transient ischemic dilation assessed using the stress/rest sestamibi protocol may be useful to separate patients with extensive myocardial ischemia from those without ischemia.

Prevalence of ischemia on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy of pre-and postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND: In postmenopausal women, the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) increases. However, the difference in prevalence of ischemia between pre- and postmenopausal women with multiple risk factors for CAD has not been well established. OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of ischemia on Tc99m-sestamibi myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in pre- and postmenopausal women, and to evaluate whether menopause can be considered an independent risk predictor of ischemia in women with multiple risk factors for CAD. METHODS: This study retrospectively assessed 500 MPS of pre- and postmenopausal women with multiple risk factors for CAD. Statistical analysis was performed by using Fisher exact test and univariate and multivariate analysis, a p value < 0.05 being considered significant. RESULTS: Postmenopausal women represented 55.9% of the sample; 83.3% were hypertensive; 28.9%, diabetic; 32.1%, smokers; 25%, obese; 61.2% had high cholesterol levels; and 34.3% had known CAD. Postmenopausal women were more often hypertensive, diabetic and dyslipidemic, and had lower functional capacity on exercise testing (p = < 0.005). The presence of ischemia on MPS did not significantly differ between the pre- and postmenopausal groups (p = 0.395). The only variable associated with ischemia on MPS was known CAD (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, in women with multiple risk factors for CAD, menopause was not an independent predictor of ischemia on MPS. Those data support the idea that the investigation of ischemia via MPS in women with multiple risk factors for CAD should begin prior to menopause.

O que há de novo na amiloidose cardíaca? / What's new in cardiac amyloidosis?

A amiloidose caracteriza-se pela deposição localizada ou sistêmica de proteínas com estrutura terciária instável, que se agregam e formam as fibrilas amiloidóticas. A amiloidose cardíaca é uma condição frequentemente subdiagnosticada e causa importante de insuficiência cardíaca. Existem mais de 30 tipos de proteínas amiloides conhecidas, mas somente cinco frequentemente infiltram o coração, causando a amiloidose cardíaca. São elas: imunoglobulina de cadeia leve, imunoglobulina de cadeia pesada, transtirretina, amiloide sérica A e apolipoproteína AI, sendo em sua maioria nas formas de imunoglobulina de cadeia leve ou transtirretina. De acordo com o tipo de proteína fibrilar depositado, a amiloidose cardíaca possui diferentes cursos clínicos, prognóstico e formas distintas de tratamento. Nesta revisão abordamos novas técnicas, que possibilitam o diagnóstico desta entidade, principalmente em situações de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada e cardiopatias restritivas. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental na definição da melhor abordagem terapêutica e no prognóstico desses pacientes

Diagnostic value of myocardial radionuclide imaging in patients with multivessel coronary disease.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial perfusion radionuclide imaging (MPRI) is a noninvasive method extremely useful for evaluating ischemia in patients with coronary disease. However, the idea that this method would not be effective for patients with multivessel coronary disease is still entertained. OBJECTIVE: Assess the value of MPRI with gated-SPECT for tracing pharmacological stress-induced ischemia in patients with multivessel obstructive coronary disease. METHODS: We evaluated 68 patients with multivessel obstructive coronary disease applying coronary angiography for performing MPRI under pharmacologic stress with dipyridamole. The tests were analyzed by two nuclear medicine physicians without prior knowledge of the result of the coronary angiography. RESULTS: Gated-SPECT revealed that, out of the patients, 64 (92.8%) showed images of perfusion abnormalities and 4 (7.2%) showed normal perfusion, given that three of the latter showed functional changes. CONCLUSION: MPRI has shown high value for identifying patients with multivessel coronary disease, since most patients had perfusion abnormalities indicative of ischemia.

Myocardial Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Cardiac Events in Patients without Typical Symptoms / Cintilografia Miocárdica na Avaliação de Eventos Cardíacos em Pacientes sem Sintomas Cardíacos Típicos

AbstractBackground:Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the world and in Brazil. Myocardial scintigraphy is an important noninvasive method for detecting ischemia in symptomatic patients, but its use in asymptomatic ones or those with atypical symptoms is yet to be defined.Objective:To verify the presence of major cardiac events in asymptomatic patients or those with atypical symptoms (atypical chest pain or dyspnea) that underwent myocardial scintigraphy (MS), over a period of 8 years. Secondary objectives were to identify cardiac risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities and possible predictors for major cardiac events in this group.Methods:This was a retrospective, observational study using the medical records of 892 patients that underwent myocardial scintigraphy between 2005 and 2011 and who were followed until 2013 for assessment of major cardiac events and risk factors associated with myocardial scintigraphy abnormalities. Statistical analysis was performed by Fisher’s exact test, logistic regression and Kaplan-Meyer survival curves, with statistical significance being set at p ≤ 0.05.Results:Of the total sample, 52.1% were men, 86.9% were hypertensive, 72.4% had hyperlipidemia, 33.6% were diabetic, and 12.2% were smokers; 44.5% had known coronary artery disease; and 70% had high Framingham score, 21.8% had moderate and 8% had low risk. Of the myocardial scintigraphies, 58.6% were normal, 26.1% suggestive of fibrosis and 15.3% suggestive of ischemia. At evolution, 13 patients (1.5%) had non-fatal myocardial infarction and six individuals (0.7%) died. The group with normal myocardial scintigraphy showed longer period of time free of major cardiac events, non-fatal myocardial infarction (p = 0.036) and death. Fibrosis in the myocardial scintigraphy determined a 2.4-fold increased risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and five-fold higher risk of death (odds ratio: 2.4 and 5.7, respectively; p = 0.043).Conclusion:The occurrence of major cardiac events in 8 years was small. Patients with fibrosis at MS had more major events, whereas patients with normal MS result had fewer major cardiac events, with higher survival.

ResumoFundamento:A doença cardiovascular é uma das principais causas de óbito no Brasil e no mundo. A cintilografia miocárdica tem papel estabelecido na detecção de isquemia de pacientes sintomáticos, mas sua indicação em assintomáticos ou naqueles com sintomas atípicos ainda não está definida.Objetivo:Identificar eventos maiores em pacientes assintomáticos ou com sintomas atípicos (dor torácica atípica ou dispneia) que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica, em até 8 anos. Como objetivos secundários, citamos identificar os fatores de risco associados às alterações na cintilografia miocárdica e os possíveis preditores para eventos maiores nesse grupo.Métodos:Estudo retrospectivo, observacional, por revisão de prontuário, de 892 pacientes que realizaram cintilografia miocárdica entre 2005 e 2011, com seguimento até 2013, para avaliação de eventos maiores e análise dos fatores de risco associados à cintilografia miocárdica alterada. A análise estatística foi realizada por testes de Fisher, regressão logística e curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, com p significativo se ≤ 0,05.Resultados:Do total dos pacientes da amostra, 52,1% eram homens, 86,9% hipertensos, 72,4% dislipidêmicos, 33,6% diabéticos, e 12,2% tabagistas; 44,5% tinham doença arterial coronária conhecida; e 70% apresentavam escore de Framingham alto, 21,8% moderado e 8% baixo risco. Das cintilografias miocárdicas, 58,6% foram normais; 26,1%, sugestivas de fibrose; e 15,3%, de isquemia. Na evolução, 13 pacientes (1,5%) apresentaram infarto do miocárdio não fatal e 6 pacientes (0,7%) foram a óbito. O grupo com cintilografia miocárdica normal apresentou maior tempo livre de eventos maiores, infarto do miocárdio não fatal (p = 0,036) e morte (p = 0,019). A fibrose determinou risco 2,4 vezes maior de infarto do miocárdio não fatal e cinco vezes maior de morte (odds ratio: 2,4 e 5,7, respectivamente; p = 0,043).Conclusão:A ocorrência de eventos maiores em até 8 anos no grupo estudado foi pequena. Pacientes com fibrose na cintilografia miocárdica apresentaram mais eventos maiores. Pacientes com cintilografia miocárdica normal apresentaram menos eventos maiores, com sobrevida maior.

Prevalência de isquemia miocárdica na cintilografia em mulheres nos períodos pré/pós-menopausa / Prevalence of ischemia on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy of pre-and postmenopausal women

FUNDAMENTO: No período pós-menopausa, a presença dos fatores de risco para doença arterial coronária (DAC) aumentam. Entretanto, não é bem estabelecida a diferença de prevalência de isquemia miocárdica em mulheres pré/pós-menopausa com múltiplos fatores de risco para DAC. OBJETIVO: Comparar a prevalência de isquemia na cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica com sestamibi-99mTc (CPM) em mulheres nos períodos pré/pós-menopausa e avaliar se a menopausa pode ser considerada fator preditor de risco independente para isquemia em mulheres com múltiplos fatores de risco para DAC. MÉTODOS: Analisamos, retrospectivamente, 500 CPM de mulheres pré/pós-menopausa, com múltiplos fatores de risco cardiovascular. A análise estatística foi realizada por teste exato de Fisher e pelas análises univariada e multivariada, sendo considerado significativo o valor de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Do total, 55,9% das mulheres estavam no período pós-menopausa, 83,3% eram hipertensas, 28,9% diabéticas, 61,2% dislipidêmicas, 32,1% tabagistas, 25% obesas e 34,3% já apresentavam DAC conhecida. No grupo pós-menopausa, as mulheres eram mais hipertensas, diabéticas e dislipidêmicas, e tiveram menor capacidade funcional no teste ergométrico (p = < 0,005). Não houve diferença estatística significativa na presença de isquemia na CPM entre os grupos pré/pósmenopausa (p = 0,395). A única variável associada à isquemia na CPM foi a presença de DAC prévia (p = 0,004). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, em mulheres com múltiplos fatores de risco para DAC, a menopausa não foi fator preditor independente de isquemia na CPM. Essas informações reforçam a ideia de que a investigação de isquemia pela CPM em mulheres com múltiplos fatores de risco para DAC talvez deva iniciar antes da menopausa.

BACKGROUND: In postmenopausal women, the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) increases. However, the difference in prevalence of ischemia between pre- and postmenopausal women with multiple risk factors for CAD has not been well established. OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of ischemia on Tc99m-sestamibi myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) in pre- and postmenopausal women, and to evaluate whether menopause can be considered an independent risk predictor of ischemia in women with multiple risk factors for CAD. METHODS: This study retrospectively assessed 500 MPS of pre- and postmenopausal women with multiple risk factors for CAD. Statistical analysis was performed by using Fisher exact test and univariate and multivariate analysis, a p value < 0.05 being considered significant. RESULTS: Postmenopausal women represented 55.9% of the sample; 83.3% were hypertensive; 28.9%, diabetic; 32.1%, smokers; 25%, obese; 61.2% had high cholesterol levels; and 34.3% had known CAD. Postmenopausal women were more often hypertensive, diabetic and dyslipidemic, and had lower functional capacity on exercise testing (p = < 0.005). The presence of ischemia on MPS did not significantly differ between the pre- and postmenopausal groups (p = 0.395). The only variable associated with ischemia on MPS was known CAD (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that, in women with multiple risk factors for CAD, menopause was not an independent predictor of ischemia on MPS. Those data support the idea that the investigation of ischemia via MPS in women with multiple risk factors for CAD should begin prior to menopause.

Biological factors and overestimation of left ventricular ejection fraction by gated SPECT.

BACKGROUND: Some patients present an overestimated left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on electrocardiogram-gated myocardial scintigraphy (gated SPECT). OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship between biological factors and overestimated LVEF. METHODS: We selected 3838 patients who underwent gated SPECT between May 20, 2000 and September 16, 2005 with normal perfusion images and LVEF > or =50%. The following variables were analyzed: gender (29.4% females and 70.6% males), age (from 20 to 94 years - mean: 56 years), weight (from 33.5 to 150 kg - mean: 79.6 kg), height (from 138 to 220 cm - mean: 171 cm) and BMI (from 13.9 to 54 - mean: 27.2). In a subgroup of 1002 patients who underwent echocardiogram, the diastolic diameter (from 36 to 68 mm - mean 47.5 mm) and systolic diameter (from 22 to 41 mm - mean 29.8 mm) variables were included. The patients were divided into two groups: normal LVEF (< or =80%) and overestimated LVEF (>80%). The odds ratio (OR) for presenting an overestimated LVEF was calculated for each variable using logistic regression. RESULTS: The following odds ratios were found (p < 0.005): female gender OR = 3.585 (95%CI: 2.745 to 4.683), age in years OR = 1.020 (95%CI: 1.011 to 1.029) and height in cm OR = 0.893 (95%CI: 0.829 to 0.962). Weight and BMI were not significantly associated with LVEF (p>0.2). In the subgroup of 1002 patients, a statistically significant influence was found in overestimated LVEF values for the systolic diameter, gender and height variables. CONCLUSION: Although systolic diameter influences the overestimation of LVEF, the gender and height variables have an independent influence on LVEF overestimation by gated SPECT.

Association between risk factors for coronary artery disease and coronary disease in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the degree of association between cardiovascular risk factors and the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a group of patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). METHODS: The study included 7183 patients who had undergone MPS. Using logistic regression analysis the odds ratios for the following risk factors were evaluated: age, gender, family history, body mass index, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic hypertension. Indicators for the presence of CAD were defined as: myocardial infarction, revascularization, angioplasty or an altered MPS. Analysis was based on the whole the group as well as on male and female subgroups. The impact of the risk factors in relation to age was also analyzed. RESULTS: A statistically significant association was observed between patient age and gender and the presence of CAD. For females, it was demonstrated that DM is the main modifiable risk factor for CAD. For males various modifiable risk factors were associated with the presence of CAD, particularly DM and dyslipidemia. In the analysis by age groups some risk factors showed a more expressive association. CONCLUSION: The main risk factors for CAD were aging and male gender. In relation to modifiable risk factors and the presence of CAD, the greatest associations for males were DM and dyslipidemia and for females DM. The most relevant factors for specific age groups were smoking for young men and DM and smoking for women between the ages of 40 and 50.

Coronary artery disease in asymptomatic type-2 diabetic women. A comparative study between exercise test, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in the identification of ischemia.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic individuals. Myocardial ischemia is frequently asymptomatic, thus leading to a late diagnosis and worse prognosis. Diabetic women are known to have a cardiovascular death risk higher than that in men. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic diabetic women. To compare the results of exercise test (ET), cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), and dipyridamole myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with the findings of coronary angiography, (ANGI) in order of identify the most accurate method in the detection of significant CAD. METHODS: A total of 104 diabetic women were assessed with ET, CPET and MPS in the period within two months from the ANGI. MIBI-99mTc scintigraphy was performed using the gated-SPECT technique. Pearson's chi-square, Student's t tests were used for the statistical analysis and also the logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of CAD in the group studied was 32.7%. For the ET, an effective test (p=0.045), the chronotropic incompetence (p=0.031), and the exercise time performed (p=0.022) showed a significant association with DAC. For CPET, peak VO2 and HR achieved were associated with CAD (p=0.004 and p=0.025, respectively). Most of the MPS variables showed a significant association with CAD (p=0.001, for all). CONCLUSION: The results obtained may suggest a high prevalence of CAD in diabetic women. Thus, this population should be investigated from the cardiovascular point of view even without cardiac symptom. Of the noninvasive diagnostic methods used, dipyridamole MPS was the one that showed the highest discrimination power in relation to diabetic women with CAD.

Valor diagnóstico da cintilografia miocárdica em pacientes com doença coronariana multiarterial / Diagnostic value of myocardial radionuclide imaging in patients with multivessel coronary disease

FUNDAMENTO: A cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (CPM) é um método não invasivo extremamente útil na avaliação de isquemia em portadores de doença coronária. Entretanto, persiste o conceito de que não seria um bom método para os portadores de doença coronária multiarterial. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor da CPM com gated-SPECT na identificação de isquemia induzida por estresse farmacológico em pacientes com diagnóstico de doença coronária obstrutiva multiarterial. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 68 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença coronária obstrutiva multiarterial pela cineangiocoronariografia (cine) para realização de CPM sob estímulo farmacológico com dipiridamol. Os exames foram analisados por dois médicos nucleares sem prévio conhecimento do resultado da cine. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes, 64 (92,8 por cento) apresentaram alteração nas imagens de perfusão e 4 (7,2 por cento) apresentaram perfusão normal, sendo que, destes, três apresentaram alterações funcionais na análise do gated-SPECT. CONCLUSÃO: A CPM mostrou-se de grande valor na identificação de pacientes portadores de doença coronária multiarterial, já que a maioria dos pacientes apresentou alterações perfusionais sugestivas de isquemia.

BACKGROUND: Myocardial perfusion radionuclide imaging (MPRI) is a noninvasive method extremely useful for evaluating ischemia in patients with coronary disease. However, the idea that this method would not be effective for patients with multivessel coronary disease is still entertained. OBJECTIVE: Assess the value of MPRI with gated-SPECT for tracing pharmacological stress-induced ischemia in patients with multivessel obstructive coronary disease. METHODS: We evaluated 68 patients with multivessel obstructive coronary disease applying coronary angiography for performing MPRI under pharmacologic stress with dipyridamole. The tests were analyzed by two nuclear medicine physicians without prior knowledge of the result of the coronary angiography. RESULTS: Gated-SPECT revealed that, out of the patients, 64 (92.8 percent) showed images of perfusion abnormalities and 4 (7.2 percent) showed normal perfusion, given that three of the latter showed functional changes. CONCLUSION: MPRI has shown high value for identifying patients with multivessel coronary disease, since most patients had perfusion abnormalities indicative of ischemia.

Indication of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for coronary artery disease detection based on clinical-epidemiological and treadmill test evidences.

OBJECTIVE: To establish when the myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) should be performed based on well-defined information obtained from treadmill test results and clinical-epidemiological parameters for coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: 2,100 patients who underwent MPS were classified according to the results of scintigraphy, the Duke score and a clinical-epidemiological score based on Framingham study. The patients with positive results on MPS were followed to define whether the results were true positives. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to establish the efficiency and the best Duke and clinical-epidemiological scores to define patients that should be submitted to scintigraphy. RESULTS: It was observed that the MPS use restriction in patients with Duke score below 7.5 and/or clinical-epidemiological score above 4 could decrease the utilization of this method by 50% without exposing the patients to a significant misdiagnosis risk. CONCLUSION: The utilization of the Duke score and a clinical-epidemiological score to classify the patients expressively decreased the number of unnecessarily requested scintigraphies.

Fisiologia do sistema cardiovascular: o gênero feminino importa? / Cardiovascular physiopathology: is gender important?

A despeito do declínio da mortalidade registrado nas últimas décadas, a doença cardiovascular continua sendo a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidde no Brasil e no mundo. No entanto, no sexo feminino, a redução de eventos decorrente dos recentes avanços na cardiologia não foi tão significativa como a observada no sexo masculino. Comparativamente aos homens, a doença vascular apresenta-se de forma diferente nas mulheres, e o que funciona para o manuseio clínico masculino pode não funcionar nas mulheres. É preciso conhecer melhor as diferenças de fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e estratificação de risco entre os gêneros para que se possa atuar de forma precose e efetiva, evitando as consequências da doença cardiovascular nas mulheres. Neste artigo pretendeu-se pontuar as diferenças relacionadas ao gênero quanto a estrutura vascular, função vascular, inflamação, características da placa aterosclerótica, manifestação dos sintomas e papel dos hormônios na doença cardiovascular.

Despite a dramatic decline in mortality over the past three decades, coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death and morbidity in Brazil and worldwide. However, recent advances in the field of cardiovascular medicine have not led to significant declines in event rates for women when compared to those observed for men. Women have different vascular disease than men, and clinical treatment that works for men may not work for women. We need to better understand the differences on the physiopathology, diagnosis, and risk stratification between genders so that we can take early and effective actions, thus avoiding the consequences of cardiovascular disease in women. In this paper we tried to establish gender-related differences as to the vascular structure, vascular function, inflammation, atherosclerotic plaque characteristics, manifestation of symptoms and the role of female hormones in cardiovascular disease.

Fatores biológicos e superestimação da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo no gated SPECT / Biological factors and overestimation of left ventricular ejection fraction by gated SPECT

FUNDAMENTO: Alguns pacientes apresentam fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) superestimada na cintilografia miocárdica com sincronização eletrocardiográfica (gated SPECT). OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a relação entre fatores biológicos e FEVE superestimada. MÉTODOS: Selecionamos 3.838 pacientes que realizaram gated SPECT entre 20/5/2000 e 16/9/2005, com imagens normais de perfusão e FEVE >50 por cento. Analisamos as variáveis: sexo (29,4 por cento feminino e 70,6 por cento masculino), idade (de 20 a 94 anos - média: 56 anos), peso (de 33,5 a 150 kg - média: 79,6 kg), altura (de 138 a 220 cm - média: 171 cm) e IMC (de 13,9 a 54 - média: 27,2). Em um subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes que realizaram ecocardiograma, incluímos as variáveis diâmetros diastólico (de 36 a 68 mm - média 47,5 mm) e sistólico (de 22 a 41 mm - média 29,8 mm). Dividimos os pacientes em dois grupos: FEVE normal (<80 por cento) e superestimada (>80 por cento). A Razão de Chances (RC) para apresentar FEVE superestimada foi calculada para cada variável por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Encontramos as seguintes Razões de Chances (p < 0,005): sexo feminino RC = 3,585 (IC95 por cento: 2,745 a 4,683), idade em anos RC = 1,020 (IC95 por cento: 1,011 a 1,029) e altura em cm RC = 0,893 (IC95 por cento: 0,829 a 0,962). O peso e o IMC não se associaram a FEVE significativamente (p>0,2). No subgrupo de 1.002 pacientes, encontramos influência estatisticamente significativa na obtenção da FEVE superestimada para as variáveis diâmetro sistólico, sexo e altura. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de o diâmetro sistólico influenciar na obtenção da FEVE superestimada, as variáveis sexo e altura apresentam influência independente na superestimação da FEVE pelo gated SPECT.

BACKGROUND: Some patients present an overestimated left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on electrocardiogram-gated myocardial scintigraphy (gated SPECT). OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship between biological factors and overestimated LVEF. METHODS: We selected 3838 patients who underwent gated SPECT between May 20, 2000 and September 16, 2005 with normal perfusion images and LVEF >50 percent. The following variables were analyzed: gender (29.4 percent females and 70.6 percent males), age (from 20 to 94 years - mean: 56 years), weight (from 33.5 to 150 kg - mean: 79.6 kg), height (from 138 to 220 cm - mean: 171 cm) and BMI (from 13.9 to 54 - mean: 27.2). In a subgroup of 1002 patients who underwent echocardiogram, the diastolic diameter (from 36 to 68 mm - mean 47.5 mm) and systolic diameter (from 22 to 41 mm - mean 29.8 mm) variables were included. The patients were divided into two groups: normal LVEF (<80 percent) and overestimated LVEF (>80 percent). The odds ratio (OR) for presenting an overestimated LVEF was calculated for each variable using logistic regression. RESULTS: The following odds ratios were found (p < 0.005): female gender OR = 3.585 (95 percentCI: 2.745 to 4.683), age in years OR = 1.020 (95 percentCI: 1.011 to 1.029) and height in cm OR = 0.893 (95 percentCI: 0.829 to 0.962). Weight and BMI were not significantly associated with LVEF (p>0.2). In the subgroup of 1002 patients, a statistically significant influence was found in overestimated LVEF values for the systolic diameter, gender and height variables. CONCLUSION: Although systolic diameter influences the overestimation of LVEF, the gender and height variables have an independent influence on LVEF overestimation by gated SPECT.

Medicina nuclear: cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica e PET. O padrão ouro?N / Nuclear medicine: myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and PET. The gold standard?

Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca podem ter grande benefício quando a presença de miocárdio ainda viável é identificada, com posterior revascularização. Por outro lado, sabe-se que tal procedimento não confere vantagem na ausência de viabilidade miocárdica. Vários métodos não invasivos de imagem disponíveis podem indicar presença ou ausência de músculo cardíaco passível de recuperação. Na área da medicina nuclear em cardiologia, tais informações podem ser obtidas pela cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica, técnica de gated_SPECT ou pela tomografia por emissão de pósitrons. A propriedade de redistribuição pode conferir uma vantagem ao tálio-201 na detecção de viabilidade. PET tem a vantagem de ser capaz de avaliar tanto a perfusão do miocárdio quanto a presença de atividade metabólica celular. Ao longo dos próximos anos, os avanços no campo da cardiologia nuclear incluirão maior acessibilidade da tomografia por emissão de pósitrons para estudos de perfusão e metabolismo, dando continuidade aos avanços na área de imagem molecular. Desta forma, as técnicas de cardiologia nuclear poderão cada vez mais responder questões fundamentais na decisao terapêutica de pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca de origem isquêmica.