Novel insights into the management of rheumatoid arthritis: one year in review 2024.

New evidence from 2023 has slightly shifted some perspectives on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. Glucocorticoids have reaffirmed their role as bridging therapy, while novel studies on JAK inhibitors have examined efficacy, mechanism of action, and their potential in high-risk populations, bolstering our understanding with real-world data.Additionally, among treatment strategies, achieving low disease activity has emerged as comparable to achieving remission in the long term, and new insights have been gained regarding tapering both biological and conventional synthetic DMARDs. Furthermore, novel approaches have been proposed for managing difficult-to-treat RA and pre-RA. In this paper, the reviewers aim to present the most relevant studies published during the last year in the field of RA management.

Novel insights into the management of rheumatoid arthritis: one year in review 2023.

New evidence from 2022 slightly changed some perspectives for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. Real-world data on the efficacy and safety of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs strengthened the importance of tailoring treatment decisions based on patient characteristics. Moreover, the research of response biomarkers to therapy underlined the need for precision medicine and remote care applications showed an innovative outlook that supports a patient-centred approach. New developments in vaccinations led to the release of updated guidelines and to a consistent improvement in the prevention of vaccine-preventable infections. New literature data also reconsidered drug management in RA-associated interstitial lung disease and pregnancy. In this paper, the reviewers aim to present the most relevant studies published during the last year in the field of RA management.

Predictors of disease activity in gout: a 12-month analysis of the ATTACk (Achieving improvement in the management of crystal-induced arthritis) multicentre cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: Gout treatment is largely suboptimal in clinical practice. We aimed to assess the predictors of disease-activity at 12 months in a real-life setting. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred to Rheumatology Units for suspected acute crystal-induced arthritis were enrolled in a multicentre-cohort study. Only patients with clinical diagnosis of gout were eligible. Disease-activity was evaluated by the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) on a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0=unsatisfactory, 100=satisfactory) at 0 (T0) and 12 months (T12), and the composite score called Gout Activity Score (GAS) calculated on the number of arthritic attacks (flare count), serum uric acid (sUA), cumulative number of tophi, VAS (T12), PtGA (T12). Multivariate linear regression model was performed to assess predictors of gout disease-activity at T12 with PASS and GAS as outcomes. RESULTS: 201 patients had gout (diagnosis on synovial fluid in 45%, tophi in 26%, mean sUA 7.4±1.9 mg/L, 85% with urate-lowering therapy (ULT) in progress/initiated at T0); mean age 63±13 years, 88% men, median (interquartile range) disease duration 2.9 years (0.7-9.4). Follow-up visits were performed in 113 (56%) patients at T12. Mean PASS observed at T0 and at T12 were 38±27 and 74±23, respectively, whereas GAS at T12 was 10±8. A significant association was observed between the presence of tophi and PASS at T12 (-15.3, 95% CI -25.5, -5.2; p=0.003) and GAS at T12 (+4.0, 95% CI 0.6,7.4; p=0.02), adjusted for age, sex, disease duration, sUA <6 mg/dL, tender joint count, PASS at T0, ULT). CONCLUSIONS: The baseline presence of tophi may predict high disease-activity at T12, thus worsening GAS and patients' pain perception.

Joining telehealth in rheumatology: a survey on the role played by personalized experience from patients' perspective.

BACKGROUND: The beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic has forced many hospital departments worldwide to implement telehealth strategies for the first time. Telehealth represents the opportunity to increase value for all stakeholders, including patients and healthcare staff, but its success constitutes a challenge for all of them and particularly patients play a crucial role for their needed adherence. This study focuses on the experience of the Rheumatology Unit of Niguarda Hospital in Milan (Italy), where telehealth projects have been implemented for more than a decade with structured design and organized processes. The case study is paradigmatic because patients have experimented personalized mixes of telehealth channels, including e-mails and phone calls, Patient Reported Outcomes questionnaires, and home delivery of drugs. Given all these peculiarities, we decided to deepen patients' perspective through three main aspects related to the adoption of telehealth: (i) the benefits perceived, (ii) the willingness to enrol in future projects, (iii) the preference on the service-mix between remote contacts and in-person visits. Most importantly, we investigated differences in the three areas among all patients based on the mix of telehealth channels experienced. METHODS: We conducted a survey from November 2021 to January 2022, enrolling consecutively patients attending the Rheumatology Unit of Niguarda Hospital in Milan (Italy). Our survey comprised an introductory set of questions related to personal, social, clinical and ICT skills information, followed by the central part on telehealth. All the answers were analysed with descriptive statistics and regression models. RESULTS: A complete response was given by 400 patients: 283 (71%) were female, 237 (59%) were 40-64 years old, 213 (53%) of them declared to work, and the disease most represented was Rheumatoid Arthritis (144 patients, 36%). Descriptive statistics and regression results revealed that (i) non-users imagined wide-ranging benefits compared to users; (ii) other things being equal, having had a more intense experience of telehealth increased the odds of accepting to participate to future projects by 3.1 times (95% C.I. 1.04-9.25), compared to non-users; (iii) the more telehealth was experienced, the higher the willingness to substitute in-person with online contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Our study contributes to enlighten the crucial role played by the telehealth experience in determining patients' preferences.

Novel insights into the management of rheumatoid arthritis: one year in review 2022.

New evidence for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has emerged during the last year. Specifically, updated guidelines on pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of RA have emphasised the necessity of global patient's care, and have shifted the role of some older drugs, such as glucocorticoids and methotrexate. In addition, the long-term safety of Janus kinase inhibitors was investigated and reinforced. With respect to the coronavirus-19 pandemic, reassuring data on the efficacy and safety of vaccinations in the RA population were acquired, as well as on the potential role of telemedicine in RA management. Machine learning prediction models and biomarkers development have emerged as promising innovations in the area of precision/personalised medicine, appearing to encourage future expansion.In this narrative review, the authors aim to give their specific point of view on the most relevant and potentially impacting novelties published during 2021 and early 2022 in the context of RA management.

Impact of disease duration and gender on the sensitivity and specificity of 2015 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for gout. Cross-sectional results from an Italian multicentric study on the management of crystal-induced arthritis (ATTACk).

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the performance of the 2015 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) gout classification criteria in an Italian cohort of patients with crystal-induced arthritis stratified by disease duration and gender in a real-life setting. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred to Rheumatology Units for suspected acute crystal-induced arthritis were enrolled in a multicentre cohort study by the Italian Society of Rheumatology which was designed to improve the management of crystal-induced arthritis (ATTACk). To test the performance of the criteria (sensitivity and specificity), the presence of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in synovial fluid (SF) was used as gold standard. Subgroup analyses by gender and disease duration were performed. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-seven patients were enrolled. SF analysis was available in 137 (49%) patients. Complete SF analysis and ACR/EULAR scores were obtained in 44% of patients. MSU crystals were found in 66% of patients. The sensitivity and the specificity of all criteria sets were 78% (95%CI, 67-86) and 98% (95%CI, 87-100), respectively; only clinical criteria yielded 70% (95%CI, 59-80) sensitivity and 93% (95%CI, 80-98) specificity, respectively. In early-stage disease (<2 years), the sensitivity dropped to 58% (95%CI, 39-75), while the specificity was 100% (95%CI, 85-100). CONCLUSIONS: The ACR/EULAR criteria showed good performance in patients presenting with acute arthritis; changes were observed when a subset of criteria were used, especially in early-stage disease.

Reporting items for capillaroscopy in clinical research on musculoskeletal diseases: a systematic review and international Delphi consensus.

OBJECTIVES: The level of detail included when describing nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) methods varies among research studies, making interpretation and comparison of results challenging. The overarching objective of the present study was to seek consensus on the reporting standards in NVC methodology for clinical research in rheumatic diseases and to propose a pragmatic reporting checklist. METHODS: Based on the items derived from a systematic review focused on this topic, a three-step web-based Delphi consensus on minimum reporting standards in NVC was performed among members of the European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) Study Group on Microcirculation in Rheumatic Diseases and the Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium. RESULTS: A total of 319 articles were selected by the systematic review, and 46 items were proposed in the Delphi process. This Delphi exercise was completed by 80 participants from 31 countries, including Australia and countries within Asia, Europe, North America and South America. Agreement was reached on items covering three main areas: patient preparation before NVC (15 items), device description (5 items) and examination details (13 items). CONCLUSION: Based on the available evidence, the description of NVC methods was highly heterogeneous in the identified studies and differed markedly on several items. A reporting checklist of 33 items, based on practical suggestions made (using a Delphi process) by international participants, has been developed to provide guidance to improve and standardize the NVC methodology to be applied in future clinical research studies.

One year in review 2021: novelties in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved over the years as a result of better understanding of the role of different therapeutic strategies, as well as following an increasing availability of new disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. However, the role of patients in sharing decisions, as well as the rules informing precision medicine or the principles to follow in case of specific comorbidities or extra-articular manifestations are still areas for improvement. Moreover, in 2020, the novel Coronavirus disease-19 outbreak has completely changed many attitudes in terms of assessment and treatment paradigms in most clinical diseases, including RA. In this narrative review, the authors report their specific point of view on the management of RA, based on a critical revision of literature published in 2020, focusing on relevant novelties and future research directions.

Use of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with inflammatory arthritis: a retrospective study on feasibility and impact on patient-reported outcomes in a real-life setting.

Close follow-up is mandatory in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, rheumatological care was rapidly reorganized during the first peak from March 1, 2020 to May 31, 2020, and all patients with RA, PsA, and AS being treated with a subcutaneous biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug or oral targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug were followed remotely. A retrospective database analysis of these 431 patients before and after this period is presented herein. A rheumatologist directly contacted all patients by telephone. Patients could also enter data on patient-reported outcomes remotely using the digital platform iAR Plus. General health (GH) and visual analog scale (VAS) pain were the main outcomes along with FACIT and disease-specific questionnaires (RADAI, ROAD, PROCLARA for RA, and BASDAI, BASGI, BASFI for AS). In all, 449 visits were postponed (69.9% of all scheduled visits); telephone evaluation was deemed inadequate in 193 instances, and patients underwent a standard outpatient visit. Comparing patients on telemedicine to those who underwent hospital visits, we found no statistically significant differences in GH (35.3 vs 39.3; p = 0.24), VAS (33.3 vs 37.1; p = 0.29), or other specific outcome measures in patients with RA, PsA, or AS. These results show that telemedicine has undoubted benefits, and in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is likely that many patients with these diseases may prefer it.

Determinants of Diagnostic Delay in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1: An Observational Study of 180 Consecutive New Cases.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) is a disabling painful disease, with variable outcomes in terms of chronic pain and disability. A long time between onset and diagnosis seems predictive for late recovery and progression toward a chronic disease. This study aims to investigate demographic and clinical variables associated with delayed CRPS-1 diagnosis. METHODS: From March 2013 to January 2018, consecutive patients newly diagnosed according to International Association for the Study of Pain diagnostic criteria for CRPS-1 were recruited. Demographic and clinical variables were collected at diagnosis. Student t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparisons; Cox proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate the variables associated with delayed CRPS-1 diagnosis. RESULTS: One hundred eighty patients entered the study. At diagnosis, women were older, and foot was more often involved than hand. The triggering event was more commonly a trauma without fracture for foot disease and a fracture for hand localization. No differences between hand and foot disease were found by the International Association for the Study of Pain diagnostic categories (clinical vs research) or pain measures. Variables significantly associated with a longer time between disease onset and diagnosis were foot localization, general practitioner referral, higher number of visits before CRPS diagnosis, and prior physiotherapy prescribed for symptoms later diagnosed as CRPS. An overt clinical manifestation (research CRPS-1) predicted a shorter delay. CONCLUSIONS: Foot localization, prior physiotherapy prescribed for symptoms later diagnosed as CRPS, and a disease without overt clinical manifestations were independent predictive factors for a delayed diagnosis. Clinicians should pay attention to these issues to ensure a timely diagnosis and possibly avoid progression toward a chronic disease.

One year in review 2020: novelties in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management is driven by evidence, and new 2019 EULAR recommendations help in refining the relevant place of different disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in treatment schedules. At present, new drugs are in phase of development, mainly Janus Kinase inhibitors (JAKis), however, specific treatment strategies seem to count more than individual DMARDs in terms of treatment responses, given the substantial lack of head-to-head comparisons between specific biological (b) and targeted synthetic (ts)DMARDs, and with the general perception of a similar efficacy profile across drugs. In this setting, when reliable biomarkers able to predict treatment responses are lacking, treatment decisions are mainly driven by specific clinical or individual factors, given the recognised role of comorbidities, treatment-specific side effects, patients' preferences, and costs on drug choice. In this narrative review, the authors give their specific point of view on the management of RA, based on a critical revision of the literature published in 2019, focusing on relevant novelties and future research directions.

An international SUrvey on non-iNvaSive tecHniques to assess the mIcrocirculation in patients with RayNaud's phEnomenon (SUNSHINE survey).

To canvas opinion concerning the role of non-invasive techniques in the assessment of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (Rp) in clinical and research settings: four nailfold capillaroscopy methods [videocapillaroscopy (NVC), dermoscopy, stereomicroscopy, digital USB microscopy], four laser Doppler methods (laser Doppler flowmetry, imaging, anemometry/velocimetry, laser speckle contrast analysis), thermographic imaging, and upper limb arterial Doppler ultrasound. Emails with a link to the survey were sent to physicians from the European Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR), the EULAR Study Group on Microcirculation in Rheumatic Diseases (SG_MC/RD) and members of the pediatric rheumatology Email board. The main descriptive analysis related to physicians looking after adult patients, with some analysis also of opinions from paediatric rheumatologists. 106 'adult physicians' responded (a response rate of 25.8%), of whom 68.9% were European, and 81.1% practising for more than 10 years. Nineteen paediatricians responded. The most widely available technique was NVC (72.7%). Nailfold capillaroscopy was most frequently performed by the physician him/herself, using different types of equipment relating to availability. Most rheumatologists reported high levels of appropriateness for NVC in both clinical and research settings for global assessment and differential diagnosis of Rp. Other techniques were less used. Of all the different techniques, nailfold capillaroscopy was the one most used in both clinical and research settings by adult physicians, the majority of whom use NVC in their everyday practice. The low proportion of clinicians using other techniques suggests that these are currently mainly research tools, available only in specialist centres.

Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the UCLA Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium Gastrointestinal Tract Instrument in patients with systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVES: To test the acceptability, feasibility, reliability and validity of the Italian translated version of the UCLA Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium GIT (UCLA-SCTC GIT) 2.0. Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involvement is frequent in systemic sclerosis (SSc). The UCLA-SCTC GIT 2.0 is a validated instrument for measuring the presence and impact of GIT symptoms in SSc patients. METHODS: Acceptability and feasibility of the questionnaire were evaluated based on the input from the patients. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha. External consistency was measured by comparing with the Short Form (SF)-36 and EQ-5D by Spearman's rho, meaningful if ≥0.30. RESULTS: Sixty-two consecutive SSc patients (mean age 60.6) were recruited, 88.5% were female. The UCLA-SCTC GIT 2.0 was well accepted. Percentage of missing data in UCLA-SCTC GIT total score was 2 %. Internal consistency was acceptable (alpha≥0.70) for all domains. Cronbach's alpha was ≥0.70 for all domains. UCLA-SCTC GIT 2.0 discriminated between patients with or without gastroesophageal reflux disease whether diagnosed clinically or by objective testing (p<0.01 for both). UCLA-SCTC GIT emotional well-being was correlated with the conceptually equivalent SF-36 mental health domains (correlation coefficient>0.35) and with the EQ-5D usual activities domain (0.38), thus reflecting the impact on everyday activities. The distention/bloating domain strongly correlated with the EQ-5D anxiety/depression domain (0.51) and reflux domain with role emotional of SF-36 (0.44). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first validation study of the Italian version of UCLA-SCTC GIT 2.0. Our data support its feasibility, reliability, and validity in Italian SSc patients.

Sclerodermic hand: a retrospective study on the role of ultrasonography in the detection of subclinical joint involvement.

INTRODUCTION: The inflammatory involvement of joints and tendons is common in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc). Ultrasonography (US) is a non-invasive tool commonly applied for the assessment of the main inflammatory arthropathies and could be also used in identifying pathological features in SSc patients, even without clinical evidence of joint complaint. So, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of US pathological features in a cohort of SSc patients and assessed the role of US in the detection of subclinical joint involvement. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we collected data about the prevalence of US pathological features at the level of hands and wrists in a cohort of patients with a definite diagnosis of SSc, submitted to an ultrasound examination of hands and wrists according to the clinician's opinion, with or without joint involvement symptoms, in order to assess the US ability in detecting subclinical inflammatory signs in SSc patients. RESULTS: In total, 47.5% of patients reported at least one US pathological feature. The most common was synovial hypertrophy (62.1%). Other assessed lesions were effusion (48%), tenosynovitis (37.9%), power Doppler (PD) signal (31.0%), and erosions (0.7%). Effusion and PD signal appeared significantly higher in symptomatic patients, with a p<0.01 and p=0.045, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of SSc subjects, almost the half of the US-positive patients were clinically asymptomatic. Therefore, the application of US could be useful to detect the musculoskeletal involvement of SSc patients, a potential markers of disease severity. Further studies are required to assess the role of US in monitoring SSc patients. Key Points • The inflammatory involvement of joints and/or tendons is common in systemic sclerosis (SSc) but could be partially covered by other disease features. • Among the diagnostic methods able to increase the sensitivity of the musculoskeletal evaluation, Ultrasonography (US) is one of the most promising to reveal subclinical inflammation and predict the joint damage progression. • We retrospectively investigated the prevalence of US pathological features in a cohort of SSc patients, with or without symptoms of joint involvement, assessing the role of US in the detection of subclinical joint involvement. • We found that joint and tendon involvement, a potential marker of disease severity, is common in SSc.

Effectiveness and Safety of Remdesivir in Treating Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19: A Propensity Score Analysis of Real-Life Data from a Monocentric Observational Study in Times of Health Emergency.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Remdesivir is an antiviral agent, which was shown to be safe and effective in treating early COVID-19, but its favourable impact in hospitalised patients with non-critical disease is still under investigation. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of remdesivir as a treatment for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 by a propensity score analysis of observational data. METHODS: In this monocentric retrospective cohort study, the effectiveness and safety of a 5-day course of remdesivir (200 mg intravenously at Day 1, then 100 mg from Days 2-5) in association with the standard of care were assessed in comparison with the standard of care only. The primary endpoint was the proportion of recovery on Day 14. RESULTS: Of 3662 eligible inpatients who tested positive for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 genome by nasopharyngeal swab at admission, 861 (24%) non-critical patients were included in a propensity score analysis and 281 (33%) were exposed to remdesivir. In total, 242/281 (86.1%) and 435/580 (75.0%) patients recovered in exposed and non-exposed, respectively, with a relative improvement of 11.1% (95% CI + 5.8 to 16.5%; unadjusted odds ratio: 2.07, 95% CI 1.40-3.05, p = 0.0001; after adjustment by propensity score weighting, odds ratio: 1.92, 95% CI 1.30-2.83, p = 0.001). In treated patients, 1 (0.03%) anaphylactic reaction and 1 (0.03%) acute reaction during drug injection were reported, and 24 (8.5%) patients stopped the treatment due to adverse reactions. No significant differences were found with respect to the secondary efficacy endpoints (in-hospital all-cause death, need for intensive care treatments, clinical improvement score at Day 28) and safety endpoints (any and serious adverse reactions). CONCLUSION: A 5-day course of remdesivir in association with the standard of care effectively promoted recovery from COVID-19 among non-critical in-hospital patients and had an acceptable safety profile.

Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors: A Real-World Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: Oral Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) represent an effective strategy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment. A previous study supported that tofacitinib (TOF) is associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular (CV) and neoplastic events compared to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. Given the apparent discrepancy between these data and real-world experience, we aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of the available JAKis in a multicenter cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients with RA who ever received 1 JAKi (TOF, baricitinib [BAR], upadactinib [UPA], filgotinib [FIL]) from 4 tertiary care centers in Milan, Italy. Outcomes related to JAKi safety were recorded, particularly major CV events as well as adverse events of special interest (AESIs), which included serious infections, opportunistic infections, venous thromboembolism, herpes zoster infections, liver injury, malignancies, and deaths; retention rates were also calculated. Further analyses included patients fulfilling the risk factors suggested to influence TOF safety. RESULTS: Six hundred eighty-five patients were included and received BAR (48%), TOF (31%), UPA (14%), or FIL (7%) as first-line innovative treatment prior to a biologic. Of a total of 1137 patient-years of observation, we recorded 1 stroke and 123 (18%) AESIs, including 3 deaths, all a result of severe infections. Among patients with a higher CV risk, we observed a higher frequency of AESIs (23%). CONCLUSION: Our real-world data confirm that JAKis are effective and carry a low risk of AESIs, especially in patients who do not display CV risk factors at baseline. Our study could not identify differences between JAKis. Different safety profiles should be defined in larger prospective cohorts.

Which are the most frequently involved peripheral joints in calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition at imaging? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis by the OMERACT ultrasound - CPPD subgroup.

Objectives: To identify the prevalence of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) using ultrasound and conventional radiology at peripheral joints in patients with suspected or definite CPPD. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Embase using pre-defined search strategies from inception to April 2021 to identify studies that evaluated conventional radiology and ultrasound in detecting CPPD at peripheral joints, including definite or suspected CPPD [Research question 1 (RQ1) and Research Question 2 (RQ2), respectively]. For the meta-analysis, the first, second, and third sub-analysis included studies with the knee, and knee or wrist as the index joint for CPPD (without restrictions on the reference standard) and synovial fluid analysis or histology as a reference standard (without restrictions on the index joint), respectively. Results: One-thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven manuscripts were identified, of which 94 articles were finally included. Twenty-two and seventy-two papers were included in RQ1 and RQ2, respectively. The knee had the highest prevalence for RQ1 and RQ2 by both conventional radiology and ultrasound, followed by the wrist with the highest prevalence for RQ1. The hand had the lowest CPPD prevalence. The third sub-analysis showed a higher CPPD prevalence on ultrasound than conventional radiology at the knee (only data available). Conclusion: Among all peripheral joints, the knees and wrists could be regarded as the target joints for CPPD detection by imaging. Furthermore, ultrasound seems to detect a higher number of calcium pyrophosphate deposits than conventional radiology, even when using a more restrictive reference standard.

Active vaccination campaign to increase seasonal influenza vaccination coverage: a monocenter experience in a cohort of Italian patients with systemic autoimmune diseases.

Seasonal influenza is a frequent cause of hospitalization and mortality among patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Despite this evidence, vaccination coverage is generally much lower than the minimum 75% target proposed by the WHO. Therefore, an active campaign was implemented in the years 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 within the Rheumatology Department of the Niguarda Hospital (Milan, Italy) to improve the vaccination coverage in patients with inflammatory arthritis. This study aims to evaluate the vaccination coverage in the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 (active campaigns) seasons and to compare these results with the 2018/2019 season. A monocenter observational study was conducted among adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis, spondylarthritis, or psoriatic arthropathy, who were referred to the Rheumatology Department of the Niguarda Hospital. Patients were given a questionnaire to investigate previous years' vaccination coverage and to propose an influenza vaccine for the 2020/2021 season. Compared with 2018/2019, a trend for increase in vaccination coverage was reported in 2019/2020 season (+ 10.7%, p = 0.055; 45.5% of coverage) and a statistically significant increase was reported in 2020/2021 (+ 31.2%, p < 0.001; 65.9% of coverage). The increase was also significant when comparing the 2020/2021 and 2019/2020 seasons (+ 20.5%, p < 0.001). The greatest increase in vaccination coverage was observed among under-65-year-old patients. Obtained results support the implementation of active vaccination campaigns to increase vaccination coverage among patients with systemic autoimmune diseases and highlight the importance of external factors (such as the COVID-19 pandemic) in directing the patient to adopt preventive measures to avoid infections and related complications.

Trends in all-cause mortality of hospitalized patients due to SARS-CoV-2 infection from a monocentric cohort in Milan (Lombardy, Italy).

Background: Robust data on case fatality rate (CFR) among inpatients with COVID-19 are still lacking, and the role of patient characteristics in in-hospital deaths remains under-investigated. This study quantified the overall CFR and described its trend in a cohort of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 in Italy. Admission to ICU, death, or discharge were the secondary outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study is based on administrative health data and electronic case records of inpatients consecutively admitted to Niguarda Hospital between 21 February and 8 November 2020. Results: An overall CFR of 18% was observed. CFR was significantly reduced during the second wave of contagion (1 June to 30 September, 16%) compared with the first wave (21 February to 31 May, 21% p = 0.015). Such reduction was mainly observed among male inpatients between 40 and 80 years with limited comorbidities. Admission to ICU was associated with a high risk of mortality in both waves. The incidence of severe disease and the need for ICU admission were lower in the second wave. Conclusion: CFR in SARS-CoV-2 inpatients was demonstrated to decrease over time. This reduction may partly reflect the changes in hospital strategy and clinical practice. The reasons for this improvement should be further investigated to plan an exit strategy in case of future outbreaks. Key messages: What is already known on this topic Before the advent of anti-COVID-19 vaccines, a multi-wave pattern of contagion was observed, and this trend conditioned the inpatient case fatality rate (CFR), which varied over time accordingly to the waves of contagion.Only preliminary results on the in-hospital mortality trend are available, along with a partial analysis of its determinants. Consequently, robust data on CFR among inpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection are still lacking, and the role of patient characteristics in in-hospital deaths remains under-investigated. What this study adds This study shows that the in-hospital mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection decreases over time.Such reduction was mainly observed among male inpatients between 40 and 80 years with limited comorbidities. Admission to ICU was invariably associated with a high risk of mortality during the whole study period (21 February to 8 November 2020), but the incidence of severe disease and the need for ICU admission were lower in the second wave of contagions (1 October to 8 November 2020). This reduction may partly reflect the impact of changes in hospital strategy and clinical practice. The reasons for this improvement should be further investigated to inform the response to future outbreaks and to plan exit strategy by prioritizing high-risk populations. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10389-021-01675-y.

Incident Atrial Fibrillation and In-Hospital Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Patients.

(1) Background: Among the different cardiovascular (CV) manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), arrhythmia and atrial fibrillation (AF) in particular have recently received special attention. The aims of our study were to estimate the incidence of AF in patients hospitalized for COVID-19, and to evaluate its role as a possible predictor of in-hospital all-cause mortality. (2) Methods: We enrolled 3435 people with SARS-CoV2 infection admitted to three hospitals in Northern Italy from February 2020 to May 2021. We collected data on their clinical history, laboratory tests, pharmacological treatment and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Incident AF and all-cause in-hospital mortality were considered as outcomes. (3) Results: 145 (4.2%) patients developed AF during hospitalization, with a median time since admission of 3 days (I-III quartile: 0, 12). Patients with incident AF were admitted more frequently to the ICU (39.3 vs. 12.4%, p < 0.001), and more frequently died (37.2 vs. 16.9%, p < 0.001). In the Cox regression model, the significant determinants of incident AF were age (HR: 1.041; 95% CI: 1.022, 1.060 per year), a history of AF (HR: 2.720; 95% CI: 1.508, 4.907), lymphocyte count (HR: 0.584; 95% CI: 0.384, 0.888 per 103/µL), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, HR: 0.988; 95% CI: 0.980, 0.996 per mL/min) and ICU admission (HR: 5.311; 95% CI: 3.397, 8.302). Incident AF was a predictor of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.405; 95% CI: 1.027, 1.992) along with age (HR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.047, 1.067), male gender (HR: 1.315; 95% CI: 1.064; 1.626), dementia (HR: 1.373; 95% CI: 1.045, 1.803), lower platelet (HR: 0.997; 95% CI: 0.996, 0.998 per 103/µL) and lymphocyte counts (HR: 0.843; 95% CI: 0.725, 0.982 per 103/µL), C-Reactive protein values (HR: 1.004; 95% CI: 1.003, 1.005 per mg/L), eGFR (HR: 0.990; 95% CI: 0.986, 0.994 per mL/min), and ICU admission (HR: 1.759; 95% CI: 1.292, 2.395). (4) Conclusions: Incident AF is a common complication in COVID-19 patients during hospitalization, and its occurrence strongly predicts in-hospital mortality.