Serotonin 5-HT6 Receptor Ligands and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Displaying Antioxidant Activity-Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Multifunctional Agents against Alzheimer's Disease.

Neurodegeneration leading to Alzheimer's disease results from a complex interplay of a variety of processes including misfolding and aggregation of amyloid beta and tau proteins, neuroinflammation or oxidative stress. Therefore, to address more than one of these, drug discovery programmes focus on the development of multifunctional ligands, preferably with disease-modifying and symptoms-reducing potential. Following this idea, herein we present the design and synthesis of multifunctional ligands and biological evaluation of their 5-HT6 receptor affinity (radioligand binding assay), cholinesterase inhibitory activity (spectroscopic Ellman's assay), antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) and metal-chelating properties, as well as a preliminary ADMET properties evaluation. Based on the results we selected compound 14 as a well-balanced and potent 5-HT6 receptor ligand (Ki = 22 nM) and human BuChE inhibitor (IC50 = 16 nM) with antioxidant potential expressed as a reduction of ABTS radicals by 35% (150 µM). The study also revealed additional metal-chelating properties of compounds 15 and 18. The presented compounds modulating Alzheimer's disease-related processes might be further developed as multifunctional ligands against the disease.

Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction: systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide causing nearly 9 million fractures annually, with more than half in America and Europe. OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether low milk intake is associated with an increased risk of fractures by summarizing all the available evidence. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases up to June 2020. The pooled relative risks with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: In a meta-regression analysis of 20 included studies (11 cohort and 9 case-control studies), a higher milk intake was not associated with a reduction in the total fracture risk in both sexes (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84- 1.08), either in cohort (OR 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79-1.05) or case-control studies (OR 1.09; 95% CI: 0.82-1.44), as well as separately in men (OR 0.87; 95% CI: 0.71-1.07) and women (OR 0.95; 95% CI: 0.80-1.13). CONCLUSION: Higher milk consumption is not associated with fracture risk reduction and should not be recommended for fracture prevention.

Correction to: Comparative Assessment of the New PDE7 Inhibitor - GRMS-55 and Lisofylline in Animal Models of Immune-Related Disorders: A PK/PD Modeling Approach.

There was a mistake in the unit of clearance (Cl) in Table II. In addition, the descriptions of V1(ROL) and V1(GRMS-55) were imprecise and the reference number in the footnote below this table should be (9). The corrected Table appears below.

Comparative Assessment of the New PDE7 Inhibitor - GRMS-55 and Lisofylline in Animal Models of Immune-Related Disorders: A PK/PD Modeling Approach.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the activity of two phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, namely GRMS-55 and racemic lisofylline ((±)-LSF)) in vitro and in animal models of immune-mediated disorders. METHODS: Inhibition of human recombinant (hr)PDEs and TNF-alpha release from LPS-stimulated whole rat blood by the studied compounds were assessed in vitro. LPS-induced endotoxemia, concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis, and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) animal models were used for in vivo evaluation. The potency of the investigated compounds was evaluated using PK/PD and PK/PD/disease progression modeling. RESULTS: GRMS-55 is a potent hrPDE7A and hrPDE1B inhibitor, while (±)-LSF most strongly inhibits hrPDE3A and hrPDE4B. GRMS-55 decreased TNF-alpha levels in vivo and CIA progression with IC50 of 1.06 and 0.26 mg/L, while (±)-LSF with IC50 of 5.80 and 1.06 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, GRMS-55 significantly ameliorated symptoms of ConA-induced hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: PDE4B but not PDE4D inhibition appears to be mainly engaged in anti-inflammatory activity of the studied compounds. GRMS-55 and (±)-LSF seem to be promising candidates for future studies on the treatment of immune-related diseases. The developed PK/PD models may be used to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic potency of new compounds for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.

Multidirectional in vitro and in cellulo studies as a tool for identification of multi-target-directed ligands aiming at symptoms and causes of Alzheimer's disease.

Effective therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires treatment with a combination of drugs that modulate various pathomechanisms contributing to the disease. In our research, we have focused on the development of multi-target-directed ligands - 5-HT6 receptor antagonists and cholinesterase inhibitors - with disease-modifying properties. We have performed extended in vitro (FRET assay) and in cellulo (Escherichia coli model of protein aggregation) studies on their ß-secretase, tau, and amyloid ß aggregation inhibitory activity. Within these multifunctional ligands, we have identified compound 17 with inhibitory potency against tau and amyloid ß aggregation in in cellulo assay of 59% and 56% at 10 µM, respectively, hBACE IC50=4 µM, h5TH6 K i=94 nM, hAChE IC50=26 nM, and eqBuChE IC50=5 nM. This study led to the development of multifunctional ligands with a broad range of biological activities crucial not only for the symptomatic but also for the disease-modifying treatment of AD.

Lipophilic properties of anti-Alzheimer's agents determined by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography.

Lipophilicity as one of the most important physicochemical properties of the biologically active compounds is closely related to their pharmacokinetic parameters and therefore, it is taken into account at the design stage of new drugs. Among the novel, fast, and reliable methods for determination of the lipophilicity of compounds micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is considered to be an appropriate one for bioactive molecules, as it closely mimics the physiological conditions. In this paper MEKC was used for the estimation of log P values for 49 derivatives of phthalimide, tetrahydroisochinoline and indole, designed and synthesized as potential anti-Alzheimer's agents with cholinesterase inhibitory activity. RP-TLC method was applied for determination of another lipophilicity descriptor - RM0 . The results of both experimental methods were compared with each other giving satisfactory correlation (R = 0.784), and with computational methods (Marvin, ChemOffice Software) resulting in weaker correlation (R = 0.466-0.687). The lipophilicity-activity relationship was finally established, showing significant influence of lipophilicity on cholinesterase inhibition in some subgroups of phthalimide derivatives.

A microwave-assisted multicomponent synthesis of substituted 3,4-dihydroquinazolinones.

A microwave-assisted, multicomponent protocol for the synthesis of substituted 3,4-dihydroquinazolinones via a novel cascade imine/cyclization/aza-Henry reaction sequence is reported. Starting from o-formyl carbamates, a series of structurally diverse 3,4-dihydroquinazolinones was synthesized via a cyclic iminium ion intermediate in moderate to excellent yields. Notably, the reaction is fast, flexible, simple to perform and tolerates a variety of functional groups.

Synthesis of new N-benzylpiperidine derivatives as cholinesterase inhibitors with ß-amyloid anti-aggregation properties and beneficial effects on memory in vivo.

Due to the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease, multi-target-directed ligand approaches are one of the most promising strategies in the search for effective treatments. Acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and ß-amyloid are the predominant biological targets in the search for new anti-Alzheimer's agents. Our aim was to combine both anticholinesterase and ß-amyloid anti-aggregation activities in one molecule, and to determine the therapeutic potential in vivo. We designed and synthesized 28 new compounds as derivatives of donepezil that contain the N-benzylpiperidine moiety combined with the phthalimide or indole moieties. Most of these test compounds showed micromolar activities against cholinesterases and aggregation of ß-amyloid, combined with positive results in blood-brain barrier permeability assays. The most promising compound 23 (2-(8-(1-(3-chlorobenzyl)piperidin-4-ylamino)octyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione) is an inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=0.72 µM) that has ß-amyloid anti-aggregation activity (72.5% inhibition at 10 µM) and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, in an animal model of memory impairment induced by scopolamine, the activity of 23 was comparable to that of donepezil. The selected compound 23 is an excellent lead structure in the further search for new anti-Alzheimer's agents.

3-[4-(3-Trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one and pregabalin attenuate tactile allodynia in the mouse model of chronic constriction injury.

PURPOSE: There is a strong medical demand to search for novel, more efficacious and safer than available, analgesics for the treatment of neuropathic pain. This study investigated antinociceptive activity of intraperitoneally administered 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one (LPP1) and pregabalin in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain in mice and evaluated these drugs' influence on motor coordination. In addition, microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve were performed to assess, if a surgical method or drug treatment caused changes in the structure of this nerve. Moreover, the alterations of nerve growth factor (NGF) content after drug treatment were assessed. METHODS: Antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of LPP1 and pregabalin were assessed in the von Frey and hot plate tests. Motor-impairing properties were evaluated in the rotarod test. Microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve were performed using electron microscope. In immunohistochemical assays the content of NGF in the sciatic nerve after single or repeated administration of test drugs was assessed. RESULTS: Microscopic examinations of the sciatic nerve revealed ultrastructural changes in nerve fibers indicating for neurodegenerative processes induced by CCI. Seven days after CCI surgery LPP1 and pregabalin reduced tactile allodynia in von Frey test (ED50 values were 1.5 and 15.4 mg/kg, respectively). None of the test drugs at dose range 0.5-100 mg/kg induced motor deficits in the rotarod test. In immunohistochemical assays repeated doses of pregabalin and LPP1 elevated NGF content. CONCLUSIONS: LPP1 has antiallodynic properties and is an interesting lead structure in the search for novel analgesics used in neuropathic pain.

Influence of analgesic active 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one on the antioxidant status, glucose utilization and lipid accumulation in some in vitro and ex vivo assays.

PURPOSE: Earlier we demonstrated that 3-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-dihydrofuran-2-one (LPP1) elevates nociceptive thresholds in the mouse model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Since drug-induced impairments of glucose and lipid metabolism and the oxidative stress might diminish benefits from analgesia achieved by analgesic drugs used in diabetic neuropathy, the effect of LPP1 on glucose utilization, lipid accumulation and its antioxidant and cytotoxic potential were assessed in some in vitro and ex vivo tests. METHODS: Total antioxidant capacity was evaluated spectrophotometrically using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method, whereas the activities of glutathione (GSH) peroxidase and reductase were measured using methods based on the oxidation of NADPH to NADP. The spectrophotometric method for the evaluation of GSH level in mouse brain tissue homogenates involved the oxidation of GSH by the sulfhydryl reagent 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) to form a yellow derivative, 5'-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB), measurable at 412 nm. Cytotoxicity and glucose utilization were measured in hepatoma HepG2 cells and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Lipid accumulation was measured in 3T3-L1 cell lines. RESULTS: LPP1 had dose-dependent antioxidant properties in DPPH radical assay (14-22% versus control; p < 0.001). Its single administration caused an increase in GSH concentration in brain tissue homogenates of mice by 34% (versus control group; p < 0.05). LPP1 was not cytotoxic and it did not increase glucose utilization or lipid accumulation in cell cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Previously demonstrated antinociceptive properties of LPP1 are accompanied by a lack of cytotoxicity. LPP1 does not impair glucose or lipid metabolism and is an antioxidant. All these properties might be advantageous for its use in diabetic neuropathy.

Patient listening on social media for patient-focused drug development: a synthesis of considerations from patients, industry and regulators.

Patients, life science industry and regulatory authorities are united in their goal to reduce the disease burden of patients by closing remaining unmet needs. Patients have, however, not always been systematically and consistently involved in the drug development process. Recognizing this gap, regulatory bodies worldwide have initiated patient-focused drug development (PFDD) initiatives to foster a more systematic involvement of patients in the drug development process and to ensure that outcomes measured in clinical trials are truly relevant to patients and represent significant improvements to their quality of life. As a source of real-world evidence (RWE), social media has been consistently shown to capture the first-hand, spontaneous and unfiltered disease and treatment experience of patients and is acknowledged as a valid method for generating patient experience data by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). While social media listening (SML) methods are increasingly applied to many diseases and use cases, a significant piece of uncertainty remains on how evidence derived from social media can be used in the drug development process and how it can impact regulatory decision making, including legal and ethical aspects. In this policy paper, we review the perspectives of three key stakeholder groups on the role of SML in drug development, namely patients, life science companies and regulators. We also carry out a systematic review of current practices and use cases for SML and, in particular, highlight benefits and drawbacks for the use of SML as a way to identify unmet needs of patients. While we find that the stakeholders are strongly aligned regarding the potential of social media for PFDD, we identify key areas in which regulatory guidance is needed to reduce uncertainty regarding the impact of SML as a source of patient experience data that has impact on regulatory decision making.

Determination of lipophilicity of γ-butyrolactone derivatives with anticonvulsant and analgesic activity using micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

The lipophilicity of a library of 30 derivatives of dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (γ-butyrolactone) was determined by MEKC. Calibration curve prepared for ten reference drugs enabled to calculate partition coefficient (log P) for novel compounds. The results of MEKC analysis were compared with lipophilicity coefficients determined by RP-TLC (R(M0)) and computational (Mlog P, Clog P) methods. Good correlation was observed between the results obtained by both experimental methods: the MEKC parameters log k and relative lipophilicity R(MO). The relationship between determined log P values and results of the computational prediction was weaker. Analysis of the relationship between lipophilicity and anticonvulsant activity showed statistically significant differences between mean values of log P coefficients for group of active (2.18) and inactive (1.51) compounds in the maximal electroshock test.

Analgesic, antioedematous and antioxidant activity of γ-butyrolactone derivatives in rodents.

In this paper, the analgesic, antioedematous, motor-impairing and antioxidant properties of four γ-butyrolactone derivatives (BM113, BM113A, BM138 and BM138A) are described. Pain was induced by thermal (hot-plate test), chemical (writhing test) or mechanical (Randall-Selitto model) stimulation. All in-vivo assays were carried out in mice pretreated intraperitoneally with the test compounds, except for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, in which rats were pretreated orally with these compounds. In the hot-plate assay, BM113A and BM138A dose dependently prolonged the latency of the nociceptive reaction. Their analgesic activity, measured as a median effective dose (ED(50)=4.7 mg/kg), was similar to that of morphine (2.4 mg/kg). In the writhing test, all four compounds, in particular BM113A and BM138A, showed higher potency than the reference drug acetylsalicylic acid (the ED(50) values were 3.7, 2.3 and 46.1 mg/kg, respectively). BM138 caused a dose-dependent diminution of paw oedema (up to 49%) in the carrageenan model and BM138A at 200 mg/kg reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in the Randall-Selitto test (∼30% when compared with the control). None of the γ-butyrolactone derivatives tested at the ED(50) obtained in the hot-plate test influenced the locomotor activity of mice, although in the rotarod test at 24 rpm, BM113A and BM138 at 100 mg/kg showed some motor-impairing properties. In vitro, a concentration-dependent ABTS radical cation-scavenging activity of BM138 and BM138A (up to 80% inhibition of the radical absorbance) was observed. The results of the present study suggest that BM138 and BM138A could be of interest for future investigations as antinociceptive and antioedematous agents with potential free radical-scavenging properties.

Search for anticonvulsant and analgesic active derivatives of dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one.

A series of derivatives of dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (γ-butyrolactone, GBL) was synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant, neurotoxic and analgesic activity. In the anticonvulsant screening 10 lactones were effective in the maximal electroshock test (MES) at the highest doses (300 and 100 mg/kg, 0.5 h, ip, mice). Statistical analysis showed correlation between the anticonvulsant activity and relative lipophilicity parameters determined by experimental and computational methods (R(M0), ClogP and MlogP). Preliminary antinociceptive evaluation of selected derivatives revealed strong analgesic activity. The majority of the tested compounds showed high efficacy in animal models of acute pain (hot plate and writhing tests) and strong local anesthetic activity (modified tail immersion test). The obtained ED(50) values were comparable with such analgesics as acetylsalicylic acid and morphine.

Reply to Papageorgopoulou et al. The Aftermath of Bariatric Surgery: Can the Average Emergency Surgeon Deal with Its Complications? Comment on "Zawadzka et al. Current Knowledge and Perceptions of Bariatric Surgery among Diabetologists and Internists in Poland. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 2028".

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified obesity and overweight as an epidemic of the 21st century [...].

Current Knowledge and Perceptions of Bariatric Surgery among Diabetologists and Internists in Poland.

Perioperative care and follow-up after bariatric surgery (BS) engage various medical professionals. It is key for them to be well informed about these procedures. However, knowledge and attitudes may be not satisfactory enough to provide proper care. We aimed to assess knowledge and perceptions of BS among diabetologists and internists. A total of 34 diabetologists and 30 internists completed the electronic questionnaire. There were no differences in self-estimated knowledge between them, except regarding items related to the treatment of diabetes and metabolic control. Several misconceptions were identified in the questions testing the understanding of key issues in BS. Most participants considered BS effective in weight loss and metabolic control. A total of 75% highlighted the lack of appropriate equipment for dealing with morbidly obese patients. Interestingly, in a multivariable linear regression model, self-estimated knowledge was the only variable associated with frequency of referrals to bariatric surgeons. A total of 92% of respondents were interested in broadening their knowledge. Guidelines for long-term follow-up and funding were the most frequently chosen topics to explore. The study showed a positive attitude of diabetologists and internists towards surgical treatment of obesity and identified some significant gaps in knowledge. The results may be helpful in planning trainings to provide the best care for patients suffering from morbid obesity.

Diagonal Earlobe Crease (Frank's Sign) for Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies.

Coronary artery disease is a global challenge for healthcare systems. Early diagnosis is a key issue to improve quality of life and reduce morbidity and mortality. Diagonal earlobe crease, a wrinkle extending obliquely across the earlobe, was linked by many authors to various atherosclerotic diseases. This systematic review aimed at summarizing the diagnostic accuracy of diagonal earlobe crease for diagnosis of chronic and acute coronary syndromes in adults. Cochrane's recommendations for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy studies were followed. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO. Seven electronic databases were searched up to April 2021. The risk of bias and applicability were assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Meta-analysis was not performed. Finally, 13 cross-sectional studies evaluating 3951 patients were analyzed, all of which focused on chronic coronary syndromes defined as anatomically significant coronary stenosis. Invasive coronary angiography was used as a reference in most studies, except one which utilized computed tomography angiography. Sensitivity ranged from 26% to 90%, and specificity from 32% to 96%. Positive likelihood ratios varied from 1.11 to 7.03, but most results were below 2. Negative likelihood ratios were from 0.84 to 0.30, but most values exceeded 0.5. Diagnostic accuracy of diagonal earlobe crease for the detection of chronic coronary syndromes is insufficient. It only slightly changes pre-test probability, and its mere presence or absence should not affect the clinical management of the patients. However, for its feasibility and easy interpretation, Frank's sign could be considered as a part of physical examination.

Selective vs non-selective alpha-blockade prior to adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma: systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Alpha-adrenergic blockade is currently the first choice of preoperative treatment in patients with functional pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma. Nevertheless, there is no consensus whether selective or non-selective alpha-blockade is superior for preventing both perioperative hemodynamic instability and complications. DESIGN: Our study aimed to compare selective and non-selective alpha-blockade through a systematic review with meta-analysis. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible studies. Randomized and observational studies comparing selective and non-selective alpha-blockade in pheochromocytoma and sympathetic paraganglioma surgery in adults were included. Data on perioperative hemodynamic parameters and postoperative outcomes were extracted. RESULTS: Eleven studies with 1344 patients were enrolled. Patients receiving selective alpha-blockade had higher maximum intraoperative systolic blood pressure (WMD: 12.14 mmHg, 95% CI: 6.06-18.21, P < 0.0001) compared to those treated with non-selective alpha-blockade. Additionally, in the group pretreated with selective alpha-blockers, intraoperative vasodilators were used more frequently (OR: 2.46, 95% CI 1.44-4.20, P = 0.001). Patients treated with selective alpha-blockers had lower minimum intraoperative systolic blood pressure (WMD: -2.03 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.06 to -0.01, P = 0.05) and shorter length of hospital stay (WMD: -0.58 days, 95% CI: -1.12 to -0.04, P = 0.04). Operative time, overall morbidity and mortality did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis shows non-selective alpha-blockade was more effective in preventing intraoperative blood pressure fluctuations while maintaining comparable risk of both intraoperative and postoperative hypotension and overall morbidity.

Risk factors for hemodynamic instability during laparoscopic pheochromocytoma resection: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma, a rare catecholamine-secreting tumour, is a challenging procedure because of the high risk of intraoperative hemodynamic instability, which can cause life-threatening complications. Our study aimed to identify predictive factors for hemodynamic instability during pheochromocytoma resection as well as to assess the risk factors for postoperative morbidity. METHODS: Data of 96 patients, who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy were analysed retrospectively. Hemodynamic instability was defined as an occurrence of both intraoperative episodes of systolic blood pressure above 160 mmHg and vasoactive (vasodilators or vasoconstrictors) drug administration. Patients were divided into two groups: one which met both criteria, and another one without hemodynamic instability-42 (43.8%) and 54 (56.2%) respectively. RESULTS: The mean tumour size was 4.5±2.0 cm. 86 patients had a sporadic pheochromocytoma and 10 (10.4%) had a familial disease. Sixty-three patients were preoperatively treated with nonselective blockers and 33 patients with selective blockers. Mean operative time was 98.7±41.7 min. and mean intraoperative blood loss was 165.7±381.2 mL. In 26% of patients, postoperative complications occurred. The median length of hospital stay was 3 days. The multivariate logistic regression model showed that the size of adrenal tumour and diabetes were significant factors of hemodynamic instability. Intraoperative use of vasopressors was an independent risk factor for both all-cause and cardiovascular morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal tumour size and diabetes were associated with hemodynamic instability during pheochromocytoma resection. The only risk factor for complications in our group was intraoperative necessity to use vasopressors.

1-Benzylpyrrolidine-3-amine-based BuChE inhibitors with anti-aggregating, antioxidant and metal-chelating properties as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.

Complex pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) prompts researchers to develop multifunctional molecules in order to find effective therapy against AD. We designed and synthesized novel multifunctional ligands for which we assessed their activities towards butyrylcholinesterase, beta secretase, amyloid beta (Aß) and tau protein aggregation as well as antioxidant and metal-chelating properties. All compounds showed dual anti-aggregating properties towards Aß and tau protein in the in cellulo assay in Escherichia coli. Of particular interest are compounds 24b and 25b, which efficiently inhibit aggregation of Aß and tau protein at 10 µM (24b: 45% for Aß, 53% for tau; 25b: 49% for Aß, 54% for tau). They display free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively, and selectively chelate copper ions. Compounds 24b and 25b are also the most potent inhibitors of BuChE with IC50 of 2.39 µM and 1.94 µM, respectively. Promising in vitro activities of the presented multifunctional ligands as well as their original scaffold are a very interesting starting point for further research towards effective anti-AD treatment.