RESUMO
STING (stimulator of interferon genes) is an important innate immune protein, but its homeostatic regulation at the resting state is unknown. Here, we identified TOLLIP as a stabilizer of STING through direct interaction to prevent its degradation. Tollip deficiency results in reduced STING protein in nonhematopoietic cells and tissues, and renders STING protein unstable in immune cells, leading to severely dampened STING signaling capacity. The competing degradation mechanism of resting-state STING requires IRE1α and lysosomes. TOLLIP mediates clearance of Huntington's disease-linked polyQ protein aggregates. Ectopically expressed polyQ proteins in vitro or endogenous polyQ proteins in Huntington's disease mouse striatum sequester TOLLIP away from STING, leading to reduced STING protein and dampened immune signaling. Tollip-/- also ameliorates STING-mediated autoimmune disease in Trex1-/- mice. Together, our findings reveal that resting-state STING protein level is strictly regulated by a constant tug-of-war between 'stabilizer' TOLLIP and 'degrader' IRE1α-lysosome that together maintain tissue immune homeostasis.
Assuntos
Homeostase/imunologia , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/metabolismo , Exodesoxirribonucleases/deficiência , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos Knockout , Fosfoproteínas/deficiênciaRESUMO
In this issue, Liu et al.1 provide structural insights into how STING remains inactive. Apo-STING adopts a bilayer conformation exhibiting head-to-head and side-to-side interactions in its autoinhibitory state on the ER. The apo-STING oligomer differs from the activated STING oligomer in its biochemical stability, protein domain contact, and membrane curvature.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
Adaptive immune cells are usually not equipped with pattern recognition receptors. In this issue of Immunity, Wang et al. revealed an "innate-like" cytosolic DNA-sensing mechanism by the KU complex in aged CD4+ T cells, which exacerbates aging-related autoimmunity.
Assuntos
Imunidade Inata , Transdução de Sinais , Citosol , DNA , Receptores de Reconhecimento de PadrãoRESUMO
Type I interferon (IFN) response is commonly recognized as the main signaling activity of STING. Here, we generate the Sting1S365A/S365A mutant mouse that precisely ablates IFN-dependent activities while preserving IFN-independent activities of STING. StingS365A/S365A mice protect against HSV-1 infection, despite lacking the STING-mediated IFN response. This challenges the prevailing view and suggests that STING controls HSV-1 infection through IFN-independent activities. Transcriptomic analysis reveals widespread IFN-independent activities of STING in macrophages and T cells, and STING activities in T cells are predominantly IFN independent. In mouse tumor models, T cells in the tumor experience substantial cell death that is in part mediated by IFN-independent activities of STING. We found that the tumor induces STING-mediated cell death in T cells to evade immune control. Our data demonstrate that mammalian STING possesses widespread IFN-independent activities that are important for restricting HSV-1 infection, tumor immune evasion and likely also adaptive immunity.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Humano 1/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Evasão Tumoral/imunologia , Imunidade Adaptativa/imunologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Herpes Simples/imunologia , Herpes Simples/prevenção & controle , Herpes Simples/virologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/biossíntese , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
The OAS-RNase L pathway is one of the oldest innate RNA sensing pathways that leads to interferon (IFN) signaling and cell death. OAS recognizes viral RNA and then activates RNase L, which subsequently cleaves both cellular and viral RNA, creating "processed RNA" as an endogenous ligand that further triggers RIG-I-like receptor signaling. However, the IFN response and antiviral activity of the OAS-RNase L pathway are weak compared to other RNA-sensing pathways. Here, we discover that the SKIV2L RNA exosome limits the antiviral capacity of the OAS-RNase L pathway. SKIV2L-deficient cells exhibit remarkably increased interferon responses to RNase L-processed RNA, resulting in heightened antiviral activity. The helicase activity of SKIV2L is indispensable for this function, acting downstream of RNase L. SKIV2L depletion increases the antiviral capacity of OAS-RNase L against RNA virus infection. Furthermore, SKIV2L loss exacerbates autoinflammation caused by human OAS1 gain-of-function mutations. Taken together, our results identify SKIV2L as a critical barrier to OAS-RNase L-mediated antiviral immunity that could be therapeutically targeted to enhance the activity of a basic antiviral pathway.
RESUMO
Aberrant nucleic acids generated during viral replication are the main trigger for antiviral immunity, and mutations that disrupt nucleic acid metabolism can lead to autoinflammatory disorders. Here we investigated the etiology of X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (XLPDR), a primary immunodeficiency with autoinflammatory features. We discovered that XLPDR is caused by an intronic mutation that disrupts the expression of POLA1, which encodes the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase-α. Unexpectedly, POLA1 deficiency resulted in increased production of type I interferons. This enzyme is necessary for the synthesis of RNA:DNA primers during DNA replication and, strikingly, we found that POLA1 is also required for the synthesis of cytosolic RNA:DNA, which directly modulates interferon activation. Together this work identifies POLA1 as a critical regulator of the type I interferon response.
Assuntos
DNA Polimerase I/metabolismo , DNA/biossíntese , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , RNA/biossíntese , Sequência de Bases , Células Cultivadas , Citosol/metabolismo , DNA/genética , DNA Polimerase I/genética , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/genética , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Masculino , Microscopia Confocal , Mutação , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Linhagem , Transtornos da Pigmentação/genética , Transtornos da Pigmentação/metabolismo , RNA/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
The classic mode of STING activation is through binding the cyclic dinucleotide 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), produced by the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which is important for the innate immune response to microbial infection and autoimmune disease. Modes of STING activation that are independent of cGAS are much less well understood. Here, through a spatiotemporally resolved proximity labelling screen followed by quantitative proteomics, we identify the lysosomal membrane protein Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) as a cofactor in the trafficking of STING. NPC1 interacts with STING and recruits it to the lysosome for degradation in both human and mouse cells. Notably, we find that knockout of Npc1 'primes' STING signalling by physically linking or 'tethering' STING to SREBP2 trafficking. Loss of NPC1 protein also 'boosts' STING signalling by blocking lysosomal degradation. Both priming and boosting of STING signalling are required for severe neurological disease in the Npc1-/- mouse. Genetic deletion of Sting1 (the gene that encodes STING) or Irf3, but not that of Cgas, significantly reduced the activation of microglia and relieved the loss of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum of Npc1-/- mice, leading to improved motor function. Our study identifies a cGAS- and cGAMP-independent mode of STING activation that affects neuropathology and provides a therapeutic target for the treatment of Niemann-Pick disease type C.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Doença de Niemann-Pick Tipo C/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Cerebelo/patologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Humanos , Fator Regulador 3 de Interferon/metabolismo , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/deficiência , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Microglia/metabolismo , Destreza Motora , Doenças Neuroinflamatórias , Proteína C1 de Niemann-Pick/deficiência , Proteína C1 de Niemann-Pick/genética , Proteína C1 de Niemann-Pick/metabolismo , Doença de Niemann-Pick Tipo C/patologia , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Transporte Proteico , Proteólise , Células de Purkinje/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 2/metabolismoRESUMO
The sensing of viral nucleic acids by the innate immune system triggers the production of type I interferons, which activates interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and directs a multifaceted antiviral response. ISGs can also be activated through interferon-independent pathways, although the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Here we found that the cytosolic exonuclease Trex1 regulated the activation of a subset of ISGs independently of interferon. Both Trex1(-/-) mouse cells and Trex1-mutant human cells had high expression of genes encoding antiviral molecules ('antiviral genes') and were refractory to viral infection. The interferon-independent activation of antiviral genes in Trex1(-/-) cells required the adaptor STING, the kinase TBK1 and the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. We also found that Trex1-deficient cells had an expanded lysosomal compartment, altered subcellular localization of the transcription factor TFEB and diminished activity of the regulator mTORC1. Together our data identify Trex1 as a regulator of lysosomal biogenesis and interferon-independent activation of antiviral genes and show that dysregulation of lysosomes can elicit innate immune responses.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/imunologia , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Lisossomos/fisiologia , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Infecções por Vírus de RNA/imunologia , Vírus de RNA/imunologia , Animais , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Células HeLa , Humanos , Imunidade Ativa/genética , Interferons/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação/genética , Biogênese de Organelas , Fosfoproteínas/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genéticaRESUMO
Accumulating evidence underscores the pivotal role of envelope proteins in viral secondary envelopment. However, the intricate molecular mechanisms governing this phenomenon remain elusive. To shed light on these mechanisms, we investigated a Golgi-retained gD of EHV-1 (gDEHV-1), distinguishing it from its counterparts in Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) and Pseudorabies Virus (PRV). To unravel the specific sequences responsible for the Golgi retention phenotype, we employed a gene truncation and replacement strategy. The results suggested that Golgi retention signals in gDEHV-1 exhibiting a multi-domain character. The extracellular domain of gDEHV-1 was identified as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident domain, the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail (TM-CT) of gDEHV-1 were integral in facilitating the protein's residence within the Golgi complex. Deletion or replacement of either of these dual domains consistently resulted in the mutant gDEHV-1 being retained in an ER-like structure. Moreover, (TM-CT)EHV-1 demonstrated a preference for binding to endomembranes, inducing the generation of a substantial number of vesicles, potentially originate from the Golgi complex or the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. In conclusion, our findings provide insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms governing the Golgi retention of gDEHV-1, facilitating the comprehension of the processes underlying viral secondary envelopment.
Assuntos
Herpesvirus Equídeo 1 , Proteínas do Envelope Viral , Animais , Cavalos , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/química , Herpesvirus Equídeo 1/metabolismo , Complexo de Golgi/metabolismo , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
Reducing the defect density of perovskite films during the crystallization process is critical in preparing high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a multi-functional molecule, 3-phenyl-4-aminobutyric acid hydrochloride (APH), with three functional groups including a benzene ring, âNH3 + and âCOOH, is added into the perovskite precursor solution to improve perovskite crystallization and device performance. The benzene ring increases the hydrophobicity of perovskites, while âNH3 + and âCOOH passivate defects related to I- and Pb2+, respectively. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the optimal device increased to 24.65%. Additionally, an effective area of 1 cm2 with a PCE of 22.45% is also prepared using APH as an additive. Furthermore, PSCs prepared with APH exhibit excellent stability by 87% initial PCE without encapsulation after exposure at room temperature under 25% humidity for 5000 h and retaining 70% of initial PCE after aging at 85 °C in an N2 environment for 864 h.
RESUMO
Intrinsic antiviral immunity refers to a form of innate immunity that directly restricts viral replication and assembly, thereby rendering a cell nonpermissive to a specific class or species of viruses. Intrinsic immunity is conferred by restriction factors that are mostly preexistent in certain cell types, although these factors can be further induced by viral infection. Intrinsic virus-restriction factors recognize specific viral components, but unlike other pattern-recognition receptors that inhibit viral infection indirectly by inducing interferons and other antiviral molecules, intrinsic antiviral factors block viral replication immediately and directly. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding of the roles of intrinsic antiviral factors that restrict infection by human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Animais , Infecções por HIV/genética , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/genética , Interferência de RNARESUMO
TREX1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated negative regulator of innate immunity. TREX1 mutations are associated with autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Biallelic mutations abrogating DNase activity cause autoimmunity by allowing immunogenic self-DNA to accumulate, but it is unknown how dominant frameshift (fs) mutations that encode DNase-active but mislocalized proteins cause disease. We found that the TREX1 C terminus suppressed immune activation by interacting with the ER oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex and stabilizing its catalytic integrity. C-terminal truncation of TREX1 by fs mutations dysregulated the OST complex, leading to free glycan release from dolichol carriers, as well as immune activation and autoantibody production. A connection between OST dysregulation and immune disorders was demonstrated in Trex1(-/-) mice, TREX1-V235fs patient lymphoblasts, and TREX1-V235fs knock-in mice. Inhibiting OST with aclacinomycin corrects the glycan and immune defects associated with Trex1 deficiency or fs mutation. This function of the TREX1 C terminus suggests a potential therapeutic option for TREX1-fs mutant-associated diseases.
Assuntos
Citosol/enzimologia , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Hexosiltransferases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Aclarubicina/análogos & derivados , Aclarubicina/farmacologia , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Exodesoxirribonucleases/antagonistas & inibidores , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Mutação da Fase de Leitura , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Hexosiltransferases/genética , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/genética , Immunoblotting , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Fosfoproteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Polissacarídeos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Interferência de RNA , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase ReversaRESUMO
Oncolytic peptides represented potential novel candidates for anticancer treatments especially drug-resistant cancer cell lines. One of the most promising and extensively studied is LTX-315, which is considered as the first in class oncolytic peptide and has entered phase I/II clinical trials. Nevertheless, the shortcomings including poor proteolytic stability, moderate anticancer durability and high synthesis costs may hinder the widespread clinical applications of LTX-315. In order to reduce the synthesis costs, as well as develop derivatives possessing both high protease-stability and durable anticancer efficiency, twenty LTX-315-based derived-peptides were designed and efficiently synthesized. Especially, through solid-phase S-alkylation, as well as the optimized peptide cleavage condition, the derived peptides could be prepared with drastically reduced synthesis cost. The in vitro anticancer efficiency, serum stability, anticancer durability, anti-migration activity, and hemolysis effect were systematically investigated. It was found that derived peptide MS-13 exhibited comparable anticancer efficiency and durability to those of LTX-315. Strikingly, the D-type peptide MS-20, which is the enantiomer of MS-13, was demonstrated to possess significantly high proteolytic stability and sustained anticancer durability. In general, the cost-effective synthesis and stability-guided structural optimizations were conducted on LTX-315, affording the highly hydrolysis resistant MS-20 which possessed durable anticancer activity. Meanwhile, this study also provided a reliable reference for the future optimization of anticancer peptides through the solid-phase S-alkylation and L-type to D-type amino acid substitutions.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/síntese química , Hemólise/efeitos dos fármacos , OligopeptídeosRESUMO
Gain-of-function mutations in the viral dsRNA sensor melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) lead to autoimmune IFNopathies, including Singleton-Merten syndrome (SMS) and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. However, much remains unclear regarding the mechanism of disease progression and how external factors such as infection or immune stimulation with vaccination can affect the immune response. With this aim, we generated mice with human MDA5 bearing the SMS-associated mutation R822Q (hM-R822Q). hM-R822Q transgenic (Tg) mice developed SMS-like heart fibrosis, aortic valve enlargement, and aortic calcification with a systemic IFN-stimulated gene signature resulting in the activation of the adaptive immune response. Although administration of the viral dsRNA mimic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] did not have remarkable effects on the cardiac phenotype, dramatic inflammation was observed in the intestines where IFN production was most elevated. Poly(I:C)-injected hM-R822Q Tg mice also developed lethal hypercytokinemia marked by massive IL-6 levels in the serum. Interrupting the IFN signaling through mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein or IFN-α/ß receptor alleviated hM-R822Q-induced inflammation. Furthermore, inhibition of JAK signaling with tofacitinib reduced cytokine production and ameliorated mucosal damage, enabling the survival of poly(I:C)-injected hM-R822Q Tg mice. These findings demonstrate that the MDA5 R822Q mutant introduces a critical risk factor for uncontrollable inflammation on viral infection or vaccination.
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes do Sistema Nervoso , Hipoplasia do Esmalte Dentário , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Interferon beta , Helicase IFIH1 Induzida por Interferon/genética , Poli I-C , RNA de Cadeia DuplaRESUMO
In this study, peptides designed using fragments of an antifreeze protein (AFP) from the freeze-tolerant insect Tenebrio molitor, TmAFP, were evaluated as inhibitors of clathrate hydrate formation. It was found that these peptides exhibit inhibitory effects by both direct and indirect mechanisms. The direct mechanism involves the displacement of methane molecules by hydrophobic methyl groups from threonine residues, preventing their diffusion to the hydrate surface. The indirect mechanism is characterized by the formation of cylindrical gas bubbles, the morphology of which reduces the pressure difference at the bubble interface, thereby slowing methane transport. The transfer of methane to the hydrate interface is primarily dominated by gas bubbles in the presence of antifreeze peptides. Spherical bubbles facilitate methane migration and potentially accelerate hydrate formation; conversely, the promotion of a cylindrical bubble morphology by two of the designed systems was found to mitigate this effect, leading to slower methane transport and reduced hydrate growth. These findings provide valuable guidance for the design of effective peptide-based inhibitors of natural-gas hydrate formation with potential applications in the energy and environmental sectors.
Assuntos
Proteínas Anticongelantes , Metano , Tenebrio , Água , Proteínas Anticongelantes/química , Cinética , Metano/química , Metano/análogos & derivados , Água/química , Tenebrio/química , Animais , Gases/química , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharides (LBP) can benefit lipid parameters such as total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein levels and upregulate the level of Firmicutes, increase the diversity of gut microbiota and reduce metabolic disorders, finally relieving weight gain of obese rats. But it cannot reverse the outcome of obesity. Over 30 differential metabolites and four pathways are altered by LBP.
Assuntos
Dieta Hiperlipídica , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Obesidade , Animais , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Ratos , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Masculino , Lycium/química , Estrutura Molecular , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
Polyhedral colloidal clusters assembled from functional inorganic nanoparticles have attracted great interest in both scientific research and applications. However, the spontaneous assembly of colloidal nanoparticles into polyhedral clusters with regular shape and tunable structures remains a grand challenges. Here, we successfully construct Mackay icosahedral and regular tetrahedral colloidal clusters assembled from gold nanoparticles grafted with a mixture of polystyrene (PS) and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) homopolymers by precisely tuning the interfacial interaction between the nanoparticles and the oil/water interface. By increasing the proportion of hydrophilic P2VP ligands on the surface of gold nanoparticles, the Mackay icosahedral clusters can transform into regular tetrahedral clusters in order to maximize the surface area of the polyhedral assembly. Furthermore, we reveal the formation mechanism of these regular polyhedral colloidal clusters. The formation of polyhedral colloidal clusters is not only dependent on the entropy but also determined by the interfacial free energy. This finding demonstrates an effective approach to organize nanoparticles into polyhedral colloidal clusters with potential applications in various fields.
RESUMO
According to our recent studies on hydrophobicity, this work is aimed at understanding the dependence of hydrophobic interactions on the shape of a solute's surface. It has been observed that dissolved solutes primarily affect the structure of interfacial water, which refers to the top layer of water at the interface between the solute and water. As solutes aggregate in a solution, hydrophobic interactions become closely related to the transition of water molecules from the interfacial region to the bulk water. It is inferred that hydrophobic interactions may depend on the shape of the solute surface. To enhance the strength of hydrophobic interactions, the solutes tend to aggregate, thereby minimizing their surface area-to-volume ratio. This also suggests that hydrophobic interactions may exhibit directional characteristics. Moreover, this phenomenon can be supported by calculated potential mean forces (PMFs) using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, where different surfaces, such as convex, flat, or concave, are associated with a sphere. Furthermore, this concept can be extended to comprehend the molecular packing parameter, commonly utilized in studying the self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic molecules in aqueous solutions.
RESUMO
External interfaces, such as the air-water and solid-liquid interfaces, are ubiquitous in nature. Hydrophobic interactions are considered the fundamental driving force in many physical and chemical processes occurring in aqueous solutions. It is important to understand the effects of external interfaces on hydrophobic interactions. According to the structural studies on liquid water and the air-water interface, the external interface primarily affects the structure of the topmost water layer (interfacial water). Therefore, an external interface may affect hydrophobic interactions. The effects of interfaces on hydrophobicity are related not only to surface molecular polarity but also to the geometric characteristics of the external interface, such as shape and surface roughness. This study is devoted to understanding the effects of a smooth interface on hydrophobicity. Due to hydrophobic interactions, the solutes tend to accumulate at external interfaces to maximize the hydrogen bonding of water. Additionally, these can be demonstrated by the calculated potential mean forces (PMFs) using molecular dynamic (MD) simulations.