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BACKGROUND: Recurrent respiratory tract infections (rRTIs) are a common reason for immunodiagnostic testing in children, which relies on serum antibody level measurements. However, because RTIs predominantly affect the respiratory mucosa, serum antibodies may inaccurately reflect local immune defences. We investigated antibody responses in saliva and their interplay with the respiratory microbiota in relation to RTI severity and burden in young children with rRTIs. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study including 100 children aged <10â years with rRTIs, their family members, and healthy healthcare professionals. Total and polyreactive antibody concentrations were determined in serum and saliva (ELISA); respiratory microbiota composition (16S-rRNA-sequencing) and respiratory viruses (qPCR) were characterised in nasopharyngeal swabs. Proteomic analysis (Olink®) was performed on saliva and serum samples. RTI symptoms were monitored with a daily cell phone application and assessed using latent class analysis and negative binomial mixed models. RESULTS: Serum antibody levels were not associated with RTI severity. Strikingly, 28% of salivary antibodies and only 2% of serum antibodies displayed polyreactivity (p<0.001). Salivary polyreactive immunoglobulin A (IgA) was negatively associated with recurrent lower RTIs (aOR 0.80 [95% CI 0.67-0.94]) and detection of multiple respiratory viruses (aOR 0.76 [95% CI 0.61-0.96]). Haemophilus influenzae abundance was positively associated with RTI symptom burden (regression coefficient 0.07 [95% CI 0.02-0.12]). CONCLUSION: These results highlight the importance of mucosal immunity in RTI severity and burden and suggest that the level of salivary polyreactive IgA and H. influenzae abundance may serve as indicators of infection risk and severity in young children with rRTIs.
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BACKGROUND: Recurrent respiratory tract infections (rRTIs) frequently affect young children and are associated with antibody deficiencies. We investigated the prevalence of and epidemiological risk factors associated with antibody deficiencies in young children with rRTIs and their progression over time, and linked these to prospectively measured RTI symptoms. METHODS: We included children <7 years with rRTIs in a prospective cohort study. Patient characteristics associated with antibody deficiencies were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: We included 146 children with a median age of 3.1 years. Daily RTI symptoms were monitored in winter in n = 73 children and repeated immunoglobulin level measurements were performed in n = 45 children. Antibody deficiency was diagnosed in 56% and associated with prematurity (OR 3.17 [1.15-10.29]) and a family history of rRTIs (OR 2.37 [1.11-5.15]). Respiratory symptoms did not differ between children with and without antibody deficiencies. During follow-up, antibody deficiency diagnosis remained unchanged in 67%, while 18% of children progressed to a more severe phenotype. CONCLUSION: Immune maturation and genetic predisposition may lie at the basis of antibody deficiencies commonly observed in early life. Because disease severity did not differ between children with and without antibody deficiency, we suggest symptom management can be similar for all children with rRTIs. IMPACT: An antibody deficiency was present in 56% of children <7 years with recurrent respiratory tract infections (rRTIs) in a Dutch tertiary hospital setting. Prematurity and a family history of rRTIs were associated with antibody deficiencies, suggesting that immune maturation and genetic predisposition may lie at the basis of antibody deficiencies in early life. RTI symptoms did not differ between children with and without antibody deficiency, suggesting that symptom management can be similar for all children with rRTIs, irrespective of humoral immunological deficiencies. During follow-up, 18% of children progressed to a more severe phenotype, emphasizing that early diagnosis is warranted to prevent long-term morbidity and increase quality of life.
Assuntos
Doenças da Imunodeficiência Primária , Infecções Respiratórias , Humanos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Prospectivos , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Infecções Respiratórias/diagnóstico , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Understanding how influenza viruses traverse the mucus and recognize host cells is critical for evaluating their zoonotic potential, and for prevention and treatment of the disease. The surface of the influenza A virus is covered with the receptor-binding protein hemagglutinin and the receptor-cleaving enzyme neuraminidase, which jointly control the interactions between the virus and the host cell. These proteins are organized in closely spaced trimers and tetramers to facilitate multivalent interactions with sialic acid-terminated glycans. This review shows that the individually weak multivalent interactions of influenza viruses allow superselective binding, virus-induced recruitment of receptors, and the formation of dynamic complexes that facilitate molecular walking. Techniques to measure the avidity and receptor specificity of influenza viruses are reviewed, and the pivotal role of multivalent interactions with their emergent properties in crossing the mucus and entering host cells is discussed. A model is proposed for the initiation of cell entry through virus-induced receptor clustering. The multivalent interactions of influenza viruses are maintained in a dynamic regime by a functional balance between binding and cleaving.
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Vírus da Influenza A , Influenza Humana , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza , Humanos , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico , Neuraminidase , Receptores ViraisRESUMO
Influenza A virus (IAV) neuraminidase (NA) receptor-destroying activity and hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding affinity need to be balanced with the host receptor repertoire for optimal viral fitness. NAs of avian, but not human viruses, contain a functional 2nd sialic acid (SIA)-binding site (2SBS) adjacent to the catalytic site, which contributes to sialidase activity against multivalent substrates. The receptor-binding specificity and potentially crucial contribution of the 2SBS to the HA-NA balance of virus particles is, however, poorly characterized. Here, we elucidated the receptor-binding specificity of the 2SBS of N2 NA and established an important role for this site in the virion HA-NA-receptor balance. NAs of H2N2/1957 pandemic virus with or without a functional 2SBS and viruses containing this NA were analysed. Avian-like N2, with a restored 2SBS due to an amino acid substitution at position 367, was more active than human N2 on multivalent substrates containing α2,3-linked SIAs, corresponding with the pronounced binding-specificity of avian-like N2 for these receptors. When introduced into human viruses, avian-like N2 gave rise to altered plaque morphology and decreased replication compared to human N2. An opposite replication phenotype was observed when N2 was combined with avian-like HA. Specific bio-layer interferometry assays revealed a clear effect of the 2SBS on the dynamic interaction of virus particles with receptors. The absence or presence of a functional 2SBS affected virion-receptor binding and receptor cleavage required for particle movement on a receptor-coated surface and subsequent NA-dependent self-elution. The contribution of the 2SBS to virus-receptor interactions depended on the receptor-binding properties of HA and the identity of the receptors used. We conclude that the 2SBS is an important and underappreciated determinant of the HA-NA-receptor balance. The rapid loss of a functional 2SBS in pandemic viruses may have served to balance the novel host receptor-repertoire and altered receptor-binding properties of the corresponding HA protein.
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Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2 , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2 , Neuraminidase , Receptores Virais , Proteínas Virais , Vírion , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Chlorocebus aethiops , Cães , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2/química , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2/metabolismo , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/química , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/metabolismo , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/genética , Ácido N-Acetilneuramínico/metabolismo , Neuraminidase/química , Neuraminidase/genética , Neuraminidase/metabolismo , Receptores Virais/química , Receptores Virais/genética , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Células Vero , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/genética , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Vírion/química , Vírion/genética , Vírion/metabolismoRESUMO
Quality management and independent assessment of high-throughput sequencing-based virus diagnostics have not yet been established as a mandatory approach for ensuring comparable results. The sensitivity and specificity of viral high-throughput sequence data analysis are highly affected by bioinformatics processing using publicly available and custom tools and databases and thus differ widely between individuals and institutions. Here we present the results of the COMPARE [Collaborative Management Platform for Detection and Analyses of (Re-)emerging and Foodborne Outbreaks in Europe] in silico virus proficiency test. An artificial, simulated in silico data set of Illumina HiSeq sequences was provided to 13 different European institutes for bioinformatics analysis to identify viral pathogens in high-throughput sequence data. Comparison of the participants' analyses shows that the use of different tools, programs, and databases for bioinformatics analyses can impact the correct identification of viral sequences from a simple data set. The identification of slightly mutated and highly divergent virus genomes has been shown to be most challenging. Furthermore, the interpretation of the results, together with a fictitious case report, by the participants showed that in addition to the bioinformatics analysis, the virological evaluation of the results can be important in clinical settings. External quality assessment and proficiency testing should become an important part of validating high-throughput sequencing-based virus diagnostics and could improve the harmonization, comparability, and reproducibility of results. There is a need for the establishment of international proficiency testing, like that established for conventional laboratory tests such as PCR, for bioinformatics pipelines and the interpretation of such results.
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Biologia Computacional/métodos , Simulação por Computador , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/normas , Ensaio de Proficiência Laboratorial/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/normas , Vírus/genética , Análise de Dados , Europa (Continente) , Genoma Viral , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Humanos , Colaboração Intersetorial , Ensaio de Proficiência Laboratorial/organização & administração , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Análise de Sequência de DNA/estatística & dados numéricos , Vírus/patogenicidadeRESUMO
We isolated Batai virus from the brain of a euthanized, 26-year-old, captive harbor seal with meningoencephalomyelitis in Germany. We provide evidence that this orthobunyavirus can naturally infect the central nervous system of a mammal. The full-genome sequence showed differences from a previously reported virus isolate from a mosquito in Germany.
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Infecções por Bunyaviridae/veterinária , Encefalite/veterinária , Orthobunyavirus/isolamento & purificação , Phoca , Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/complicações , Infecções por Bunyaviridae/diagnóstico , Culicidae , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Encefalite/complicações , Encefalite/diagnóstico , Alemanha , Insetos Vetores , Masculino , Mar do Norte , Orthobunyavirus/genética , FilogeniaRESUMO
SUMMARY: Bioinformatics methods often incorporate the frequency distribution of nulecobases or k-mers in DNA or RNA sequences, for example as part of metagenomic or phylogenetic analysis. Because the frequency matrix with sequences in the rows and nucleobases in the columns is multi-dimensional it is hard to visualize. We present the R-package 'kmerPyramid' that allows to display each sequence, based on its nucleobase or k-mer distribution projected to the space of principal components, as a point within a 3-dimensional, interactive pyramid. Using the computer mouse, the user can turn the pyramid's axes, zoom in and out and identify individual points. Additionally, the package provides the k-mer frequency matrices of about 2000 bacteria and 5000 virus reference sequences calculated from the NCBI RefSeq genbank. The 'kmerPyramid' can particularly be used for visualization of intra- and inter species differences. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The R-package 'kmerPyramid' is available from the GitHub website at https://github.com/jkruppa/kmerPyramid. CONTACT: klaus.jung@tiho-hannover.de. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Análise de Sequência de RNA/métodos , Software , Bactérias/genética , Gráficos por Computador , Análise de Componente Principal , Vírus/genéticaRESUMO
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infections are typically associated with anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, and lymphopenia. In cases of late prenatal or early neonatal infections, cerebellar hypoplasia is reported in kittens. In addition, single cases of encephalitis are described. FPV replication was recently identified in neurons, although it is mainly found in cells with high mitotic activity. A female cat, 2 months old, was submitted to necropsy after it died with neurologic deficits. Besides typical FPV intestinal tract changes, multifocal, randomly distributed intracytoplasmic vacuoles within neurons of the thoracic spinal cord were found histologically. Next-generation sequencing identified FPV-specific sequences within the central nervous system. FPV antigen was detected within central nervous system cells, including the vacuolated neurons, via immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of FPV DNA within the vacuolated neurons. Thus, FPV should be considered a cause for neuronal vacuolization in cats presenting with ataxia.
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Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina , Panleucopenia Felina/patologia , Neurônios/patologia , Vacúolos/patologia , Animais , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Gatos , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/genética , Feminino , Hibridização In Situ/veterinária , Neurônios/virologia , Filogenia , Medula Espinal/patologia , Medula Espinal/virologia , Vacúolos/virologiaRESUMO
Bocaviruses are small nonenveloped DNA viruses belonging to the Bocaparvovirus genus of the Parvoviridae family and have been linked to both respiratory and enteric disease in humans and animals. To date, 3 bocaviruses, canine bocaviruses 1 to 3 (CBoV-1-3), have been shown to affect dogs with different disease manifestations reported for infected animals. We used next-generation sequencing to identify a novel strain of canine CBoV-2 (CBoV TH-2016) in a litter of puppies that died in Thailand from acute dyspnea and hemoptysis, for which no causal pathogen could be identified in routine assays. Analysis of the complete coding sequences of CBoV TH-2016 showed that this virus was most closely related to a strain previously identified in South Korea (isolate 14D193), with evidence of genetic recombination in the VP2 gene with related strains from South Korea and Hong Kong. Use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of CBoV TH-2016 in several tissues, suggesting hematogenous virus spread, while only intestinal tissue was found to be positive by in situ hybridization and electron microscopy. Histologic small intestinal lesions associated with CBoV TH-2016 infection were eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within villous enterocytes without villous atrophy or fusion, similar to those previously considered pathognomonic for CBoV-1 infection. Therefore, this study provides novel insights in the pathogenicity of canine bocavirus infections and suggests that a novel recombinant CBoV-2 may result in atypical findings of CBoV infection. Although the specific cause of death of these puppies remained undetermined, a contributory role of enteric CBoV TH-2016 infection is possible.
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Bocavirus/classificação , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Cão/virologia , Cães , Infecções por Parvoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Parvoviridae/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
In 2015, we identified an avian hepatitis B virus associated with hepatitis in a group of captive elegant-crested tinamous (Eudromia elegans) in Germany. The full-length genome of this virus shares <76% sequence identity with other avihepadnaviruses. The virus may therefore be considered a new extant avian hepadnavirus.
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Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Genoma Viral , Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/veterinária , Hepadnaviridae/genética , Hepatite Viral Animal/epidemiologia , Proteínas Virais/genética , Animais , Animais de Zoológico , Evolução Biológica , Doenças das Aves/patologia , Doenças das Aves/virologia , Extinção Biológica , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Hepadnaviridae/classificação , Hepadnaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/patologia , Infecções por Hepadnaviridae/virologia , Hepatite Viral Animal/patologia , Hepatite Viral Animal/virologia , Especificidade de Hospedeiro , Humanos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/virologia , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Paleógnatas/virologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Little is known about how influenza infections caused by B/Victoria and B/Yamagata virus lineages compare with respect to disease course and susceptibility to antiviral therapy. METHODS: Data from patients with influenza B infections from the first 5 years (2009-2013) of the prospective Influenza Resistance Information Study (IRIS, NCT00884117) were evaluated. Cultured viruses were phenotypically tested for neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) sensitivity, and sequenced to determine virus lineage (B/Victoria or B/Yamagata). Differences in clinical outcomes (viral clearance and symptom resolution) between virus lineages were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: In all, 914 patients were positive for influenza B by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR: B/Victoria, 586; B/Yamagata, 289; not subtyped, 39); 474 were treated with antivirals. No phenotypic resistance to oseltamivir or zanamivir was found in B/Victoria or B/Yamagata viruses. Of 15 predefined resistance mutations, 2 were detected by neuraminidase sequencing: I221T had reduced sensitivity to oseltamivir, and I221V was sensitive to NAI inhibition. No consistent differences between virus lineages in times to viral clearance or to symptom or fever resolution were found in adults and adolescents or in children. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza B virus lineage had no notable effect on disease outcomes or antiviral susceptibility in this population.
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Antivirais/farmacologia , Vírus da Influenza B/genética , Influenza Humana/virologia , Neuraminidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Oseltamivir/farmacologia , Zanamivir/farmacologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Vírus da Influenza B/classificação , Vírus da Influenza B/efeitos dos fármacos , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuraminidase/classificação , Oseltamivir/uso terapêutico , Adulto Jovem , Zanamivir/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Immunocompromised individuals tend to suffer from influenza longer with more serious complications than otherwise healthy patients. Little is known about the impact of prolonged infection and the efficacy of antiviral therapy in these patients. Among all 189 influenza A virus infected immunocompromised patients admitted to ErasmusMC, 71 were hospitalized, since the start of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. We identified 11 (15%) cases with prolonged 2009 pandemic virus replication (longer than 14 days), despite antiviral therapy. In 5 out of these 11 (45%) cases oseltamivir resistant H275Y viruses emerged. Given the inherent difficulties in studying antiviral efficacy in immunocompromised patients, we have infected immunocompromised ferrets with either wild-type, or oseltamivir-resistant (H275Y) 2009 pandemic virus. All ferrets showed prolonged virus shedding. In wild-type virus infected animals treated with oseltamivir, H275Y resistant variants emerged within a week after infection. Unexpectedly, oseltamivir therapy still proved to be partially protective in animals infected with resistant virus. Immunocompromised ferrets offer an attractive alternative to study efficacy of novel antiviral therapies.
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Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Farmacorresistência Viral , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/imunologia , Influenza Humana , Oseltamivir/administração & dosagem , Pandemias , Eliminação de Partículas Virais , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Viral/imunologia , Feminino , Furões , Humanos , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Eliminação de Partículas Virais/efeitos dos fármacos , Eliminação de Partículas Virais/imunologiaRESUMO
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is the most common extrarespiratory complication of influenza in humans. However, the pathogenesis, including the route of virus entry, is largely unknown. Here we present, for the first time, evidence of influenza virus entry into the CNS via the olfactory route in an immune-compromised infant. Since the nasal cavity is a primary site of influenza virus replication and is directly connected to the CNS via the olfactory nerve, these results imply that influenza virus invasion of the CNS may occur more often than previously believed.
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Infecções do Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Bulbo Olfatório/virologia , Orthomyxoviridae/fisiologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lactente , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Vírus da Influenza A/fisiologia , PancitopeniaRESUMO
Two classes of antiviral drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, are approved for prophylaxis and therapy against influenza virus infections. A major concern is that antiviral resistant viruses emerge and spread in the human population. The 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus is already resistant to adamantanes. Recently, a novel neuraminidase inhibitor resistance mutation I223R was identified in the neuraminidase of this subtype. To understand the resistance mechanism of this mutation, the enzymatic properties of the I223R mutant, together with the most frequently observed resistance mutation, H275Y, and the double mutant I223R/H275Y were compared. Relative to wild type, K(M) values for MUNANA increased only 2-fold for the single I223R mutant and up to 8-fold for the double mutant. Oseltamivir inhibition constants (K(I)) increased 48-fold in the single I223R mutant and 7500-fold in the double mutant. In both cases the change was largely accounted for by an increased dissociation rate constant for oseltamivir, but the inhibition constants for zanamivir were less increased. We have used X-ray crystallography to better understand the effect of mutation I223R on drug binding. We find that there is shrinkage of a hydrophobic pocket in the active site as a result of the I223R change. Furthermore, R223 interacts with S247 which changes the rotamer it adopts and, consequently, binding of the pentoxyl substituent of oseltamivir is not as favorable as in the wild type. However, the polar glycerol substituent present in zanamivir, which mimics the natural substrate, is accommodated in the I223R mutant structure in a similar way to wild type, thus explaining the kinetic data. Our structural data also show that, in contrast to a recently reported structure, the active site of 2009 pandemic neuraminidase can adopt an open conformation.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/enzimologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Neuraminidase/química , Adamantano/farmacologia , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Cristalografia por Raios X , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Mutação , Neuraminidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Neuraminidase/genética , Oseltamivir/farmacologia , Oseltamivir/uso terapêutico , Pandemias , Conformação Proteica , Zanamivir/farmacologia , Zanamivir/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Only two classes of antiviral drugs, neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, are approved for prophylaxis and therapy against influenza virus infections. A major concern is that influenza virus becomes resistant to these antiviral drugs and spreads in the human population. The 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus is naturally resistant to adamantanes. Recently a novel neuraminidase I223R mutation was identified in an A/H1N1 virus showing cross-resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir. However, the ability of this virus to cause disease and spread in the human population is unknown. Therefore, this clinical isolate (NL/2631-R223) was compared with a well-characterized reference virus (NL/602). In vitro experiments showed that NL/2631-I223R replicated as well as NL/602 in MDCK cells. In a ferret pathogenesis model, body weight loss was similar in animals inoculated with NL/2631-R223 or NL/602. In addition, pulmonary lesions were similar at day 4 post inoculation. However, at day 7 post inoculation, NL/2631-R223 caused milder pulmonary lesions and degree of alveolitis than NL/602. This indicated that the mutant virus was less pathogenic. Both NL/2631-R223 and a recombinant virus with a single I223R change (recNL/602-I223R), transmitted among ferrets by aerosols, despite observed attenuation of recNL/602-I223R in vitro. In conclusion, the I223R mutated virus isolate has comparable replicative ability and transmissibility, but lower pathogenicity than the reference virus based on these in vivo studies. This implies that the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus subtype with an isoleucine to arginine change at position 223 in the neuraminidase has the potential to spread in the human population. It is important to be vigilant for this mutation in influenza surveillance and to continue efforts to increase the arsenal of antiviral drugs to combat influenza.
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Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla , Influenza Humana , Mutação , Neuraminidase/metabolismo , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Pandemias , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Furões , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/enzimologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/patogenicidade , Influenza Humana/enzimologia , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/genética , Influenza Humana/transmissão , Neuraminidase/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/enzimologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/genética , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/metabolismo , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/transmissãoRESUMO
Influenza viruses can move across the surface of host cells while interacting with their glycocalyx. This motility may assist in finding or forming locations for cell entry and thereby promote cellular uptake. Because the binding to and cleavage of cell surface receptors forms the driving force for the process, the surface-bound motility of influenza is expected to be dependent on the receptor density. Surface gradients with gradually varying receptor densities are thus a valuable tool to study binding and motility processes of influenza and can function as a mimic for local receptor density variations at the glycocalyx that may steer the directionality of a virus particle in finding the proper site of uptake. We have tracked individual influenza virus particles moving over surfaces with receptor density gradients. We analyzed the extracted virus tracks first at a general level to verify neuraminidase activity and subsequently with increasing detail to quantify the receptor density-dependent behavior on the level of individual virus particles. While a directional bias was not observed, most likely due to limitations of the steepness of the surface gradient, the surface mobility and the probability of sticking were found to be significantly dependent on receptor density. A combination of high surface mobility and high dissociation probability of influenza was observed at low receptor densities, while the opposite occurred at higher receptor densities. These properties result in an effective mechanism for finding high-receptor density patches, which are believed to be a key feature of potential locations for cell entry.
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Influenza Humana , Orthomyxoviridae , Humanos , Receptores Virais/química , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Vírion/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in school-aged children and can be preceded by asymptomatic carriage. However, its role in recurrent respiratory tract infections is unclear. We studied the prevalence of M.pneumoniae carriage in children with recurrent respiratory infections and identified associated factors. METHODS: We tested M.pneumoniae carriage by qPCR in children with recurrent infections and their healthy family members in a cross-sectional study. Serum and mucosal total and M.pneumoniae-specific antibody levels were measured by ELISA and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition was characterized by 16S-rRNA sequencing. FINDINGS: Prevalence of M.pneumoniae carriage was higher in children with recurrent infections (68%) than their family members without infections (47% in siblings and 27% in parents). M.pneumoniae carriage among family members appeared to be associated with transmission within the household, likely originating from the affected child. In logistic regression corrected for age and multiple comparisons, IgA (OR 0.16 [0.06-0.37]) and total IgG deficiency (OR 0.15 [0.02-0.74]) were less prevalent in M.pneumoniae carriers (n = 78) compared to non-carriers (n = 36). In multivariable analysis, the nasopharyngeal microbiota of M.pneumoniae carriers had lower alpha diversity (OR 0.27 [0.09-0.67]) and a higher abundance of Haemophilus influenzae (OR 45.01 [2.74-1608.11]) compared to non-carriers. INTERPRETATION: M.pneumoniae carriage is highly prevalent in children with recurrent infections and carriers have a less diverse microbiota with an overrepresentation of disease-associated microbiota members compared to non-carriers. Given the high prevalence of M.pneumoniae carriage and the strong association with H. influenzae, we recommend appropriate antibiotic coverage of M.pneumoniae and H. influenzae in case of suspected pneumonia in children with recurrent respiratory tract infections or their family members. FUNDING: Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Research Fund, 'Christine Bader Stichting Irene KinderZiekenhuis', Sophia Scientific Research Foundation, ESPID Fellowship funded by Seqirus, Hypatia Fellowship funded by Radboudumc and The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW VENI grant to LM Verhagen).
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Microbiota , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Pneumonia , Infecções Respiratórias , Criança , Humanos , Lactente , Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética , Mycoplasma pneumoniae/genética , Infecções Pneumocócicas/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Reinfecção , Nasofaringe , Haemophilus influenzae , Portador Sadio/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Several human pathogens exhibit distinct patterns of seasonality and circulate as pairs. For instance, influenza A virus subtypes oscillate and peak during winter seasons of the world's temperate climate zones. Alternation of dominant strains in successive influenza seasons makes epidemic forecasting a major challenge. From the start of the 2009 influenza pandemic we enrolled influenza A virus infected patients (n = 2980) in a global prospective clinical study. Complete hemagglutinin sequences were obtained from 1078 A/H1N1 and 1033 A/H3N2 viruses. We used phylodynamics to construct high resolution spatio-temporal phylogenetic hemagglutinin trees and estimated global influenza A effective reproductive numbers (R) over time (2009-2013). We demonstrate that R oscillates around R = 1 with a clear opposed alternation pattern between phases of the A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 subtypes. Moreover, we find a similar alternation pattern for the number of global viral spread between the sampled geographical locations. Both observations suggest a between-strain competition for susceptible hosts on a global level. Extrinsic factors that affect person-to-person transmission are a major driver of influenza seasonality. The data presented here indicate that cross-reactive host immunity is also a key intrinsic driver of influenza seasonality, which determines the influenza A virus strain at the onset of each epidemic season.
Assuntos
Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1 , Vírus da Influenza A , Influenza Humana , Hemaglutininas , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H3N2/genética , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Filogenia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estações do AnoRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The 2009 influenza pandemic introduced a new influenza A/H1N1 subtype in the human population. This pandemic 2009 influenza A/H1N1 virus has natural resistance to the adamantanes class and has a low threshold to become resistant to the neuraminidase class of antiviral drugs. This review describes recent findings on influenza antiviral resistance in pandemic 2009 influenza A/H1N1 virus. RECENT FINDINGS: Pandemic 2009 viruses have emerged with novel resistance patterns to the neuraminidase inhibitors. In addition, the identification of mutations that facilitated oseltamivir resistance in prepandemic influenza emphasizes the ability of influenza to become resistant to antiviral drugs without significant loss of fitness. SUMMARY: Novel initiatives are required to find and develop high genetic barrier influenza therapeutic regimens for effective treatment of severe influenza virus infections.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Influenza Humana/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Viral Múltipla/genética , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H1N1/genética , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , PandemiasRESUMO
The influenza A virus (IAV) interacts with the glycocalyx of host cells through its surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Quantitative biophysical measurements of these interactions may help to understand these interactions at the molecular level with the long-term aim to predict influenza infectivity and answer other biological questions. We developed a method, called multivalent affinity profiling (MAP), to measure virus binding profiles on receptor density gradients to determine the threshold receptor density, which is a quantitative measure of virus avidity toward a receptor. Here, we show that imaging of IAVs on receptor density gradients allows the direct visualization and efficient assessment of their superselective binding. We show how the multivalent binding of IAVs can be quantitatively assessed using MAP if the receptor density gradients are prepared around the threshold receptor density without crowding at the higher densities. The threshold receptor density increases strongly with increasing flow rate, showing that the superselective binding of IAV is influenced by shear force. This method of visualization and quantitative assessment of superselective binding allows not only comparative studies of IAV-receptor interactions, but also more fundamental studies of how superselectivity arises and is influenced by experimental conditions.