Deletion of Fbxw7 in oocytes causes follicle loss and premature ovarian insufficiency in mice.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is one of the important causes of female infertility. Yet the aetiology for POI is still elusive. FBXW7 (F-box with 7 tandem WD) is one of the important components of the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase. FBXW7 can regulate cell growth, survival and pluripotency through mediating ubiquitylation and degradation of target proteins via triggering the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and is associated with tumorigenesis, haematopoiesis and testis development. However, evidence establishing the function of FBXW7 in ovary is still lacking. Here, we showed that FBXW7 protein level was significantly decreased in the ovaries of the cisplatin-induced POI mouse model. We further showed that mice with oocyte-specific deletion of Fbxw7 demonstrated POI, characterized with folliculogenic defects, early depletion of follicle reserve, disordered hormonal secretion, ovarian dysfunction and female infertility. Impaired oocyte-GCs communication, manifested as down-regulation of connexin 37, may contribute to follicular development failure in the Fbxw7-mutant mice. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing and in situ hybridization results indicated an accumulation of Clu and Ccl2 transcripts, which may alter follicle microenvironment deleterious to oocyte development and accelerate POI. Our results establish the important role of Fbxw7 in folliculogenesis and ovarian function, and might provide valuable information for understanding POI and female infertility.

Two ovarian candidate enhancers, identified by time series enhancer RNA analyses, harbor rare genetic variations identified in ovarian insufficiency.

The genetic regulation of ovarian development remains largely unclear. Indeed, in most cases of impaired ovarian development-such as 46,XX disorders of sex development (DSD) without SRY, and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)-the genetic causes have not been identified, and the vast majority of disease-associated sequence variants could lie within non-coding regulatory sequences. In this study, we aimed to identify enhancers of five ovarian genes known to play key roles in early ovarian development, basing our analysis on the expression of enhancer derived transcripts (eRNAs), which are considered to characterize active enhancers. Temporal expression profile changes in mouse WT1-positive ovarian cells were obtained from cap analysis of gene expression at E13.5, E16.5 and P0. We compared the chronological expression profiles of ovarian-specific eRNA with expression profiles for each of the ovarian-specific genes, yielding two candidate sequences for enhancers of Wnt4 and Rspo1. Both sequences are conserved between mouse and human, and we confirmed their enhancer activities using transient expression assays in murine granulosa cells. Furthermore, by sequencing the region in patients with impaired ovarian development in 24 patients, such as POI, gonadal dysgenesis and 46,XX DSD, we identified rare single nucleotide variants in both sequences. Our results demonstrate that combined analysis of the temporal expression profiles of eRNA and mRNA of target genes presents a powerful tool for locating cis-element enhancers, and a means of identifying disease-associated sequence variants that lie within non-coding regulatory sequences, thus advancing an important unmet need in forward human genetics.

Ferrostatin-1 ameliorates Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II)-induced ovarian toxicity by inhibiting ferroptosis.

Cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP), while widely utilized in tumor therapy, results in toxic side effects that patients find intolerable. The specific mechanism by which CDDP inflicts ovarian damage remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the involvement of ferrostatin-1 (FER-1) and ferroptosis in CDDP-induced ovarian toxicity. This study established models of CDDP-induced injury in granulosa cells (GCs) and rat model of premature ovarian failure (POF). CCK-8 assessed the effects of CDDP and FER-1 on GC viability. FerroOrange and Mito-FerroGreen, DCFH-DA and MitoSox-Red, Rhodamine 123 and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measured Fe2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and the mitochondrial morphology in GC cells, respectively. Serum hormone levels; organ indices; malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione analyses; and western blotting were performed to examine ferroptosis's role in vitro. Molecular docking simulation was evaluated the interaction between FER-1 and GPX4 or FER-1 and NRF2. Molecular docking simulations were conducted to evaluate the interactions between FER-1 and GPX4, as well as FER-1 and NRF2. The findings revealed that CDDP-induced ovarian toxicity involved iron accumulation, increased ROS accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to endocrine disruption and tissue damage in rats. These changes correlated with NRF2, HO-1, and GPX4 levels. However, FER-1 decreased the extent of ferroptosis. Thus, ferroptosis appears to be a crucial mechanism of CDDP-induced ovarian injury, with GPX4 as potential protective targets.

USP14 inhibition promotes DNA damage repair and represses ovarian granulosa cell senescence in premature ovarian insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition characterized by a substantial decline or loss of ovarian function in women before the age of 40. However, the pathogenesis of POI remains to be further elucidated, and specific targeted drugs which could delay or reverse ovarian reserve decline are urgently needed. Abnormal DNA damage repair (DDR) and cell senescence in granulosa cells are pathogenic mechanisms of POI. Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) is a key enzyme that regulates the deubiquitylation of DDR-related proteins, but whether USP14 participates in the pathogenesis of POI remains unclear. METHODS: We measured USP14 mRNA expression in granulosa cells from biochemical POI (bPOI) patients. In KGN cells, we used IU1 and siRNA-USP14 to specifically inhibit USP14 and constructed a cell line stably overexpressing USP14 to examine its effects on DDR function and cellular senescence in granulosa cells. Next, we explored the therapeutic potential of IU1 in POI mouse models induced by D-galactose. RESULTS: USP14 expression in the granulosa cells of bPOI patients was significantly upregulated. In KGN cells, IU1 treatment and siUSP14 transfection decreased etoposide-induced DNA damage levels, promoted DDR function, and inhibited cell senescence. USP14 overexpression increased DNA damage, impaired DDR function, and promoted cell senescence. Moreover, IU1 treatment and siUSP14 transfection increased nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), upregulated RNF168, Ku70, and DDB1, and increased ubiquitinated DDB1 levels in KGN cells. Conversely, USP14 overexpression had the opposite effects. Intraperitoneal IU1 injection alleviated etoposide-induced DNA damage in granulosa cells, ameliorated the D-galactose-induced POI phenotype, promoted DDR, and inhibited cell senescence in ovarian granulosa cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Upregulated USP14 in ovarian granulosa cells may play a role in POI pathogenesis, and targeting USP14 may be a potential POI treatment strategy. Our study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of POI and a novel POI treatment strategy.

A new technology for the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency: Cell sheet.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as the development of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism before the age of 40 with definitive treatment being absent. In the current study, we aim to compare the efficacy of the cell sheet method with an intravenous (IV) application of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) to the POI with an animal model. In the current prospective study, 6-to-8-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were generated four groups: (i) a control group in which only PBS was administered; (ii) an only-POI group generated by cyclophosphamide; (iii) a POI group treated by way of IV AdMSCs; and (iv) a POI group treated by way of the cell sheet method. Twenty-eight days after an oophorectomy was performed, intracardiac blood was taken. Follicle count, immunohistochemical examination for GDF9, BMP15, and TUNEL were conducted, gene expressions of GDF9 and BMP15 were examined, and E2 was measured in the serum samples. With hematoxylin-eosin, in the third group, multi oocytes follicles were the most remarkable finding. In the fourth group, most of the follicles presented normal morphology. GDF9 involvement was similar between the first and fourth groups. BMP-15 immunoreactivity, in contrast to fourth group, was weak in all stages in the second and third groups. The current attempt represents a pioneer study in the literature in which a cell sheet method is used for the first time in a POI model. These results suggest that the cell sheet method may be a feasible and efficient method for the stem cell treatment of models with POI and could be a new treatment approach in POI.

Identification of energy metabolism anomalies and serum biomarkers in the progression of premature ovarian failure via extracellular vesicles' proteomic and metabolomic profiles.

BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a clinical condition characterized by the cessation of ovarian function, leading to infertility. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, and no predictable biomarkers have been identified. This study aimed to investigate the protein and metabolite contents of serum extracellular vesicles to investigate underlying molecular mechanisms and explore potential biomarkers. METHODS: This study was conducted on a cohort consisting of 14 POF patients and 16 healthy controls. The extracellular vesicles extracted from the serum of each group were subjected to label-free proteomic and unbiased metabolomic analysis. Differentially expressed proteins and metabolites were annotated. Pathway network clustering was conducted with further correlation analysis. The biomarkers were confirmed by ROC analysis and random forest machine learning. RESULTS: The proteomic and metabolomic profiles of POF patients and healthy controls were compared. Two subgroups of POF patients, Pre-POF and Pro-POF, were identified based on the proteomic profile, while all patients displayed a distinguishable metabolomic profile. Proteomic analysis suggested that inflammation serves as an early factor contributing to the infertility of POF patients. For the metabolomic analysis, despite the dysfunction of metabolism, oxidative stress and hormone imbalance were other key factors appearing in POF patients. Signaling pathway clustering of proteomic and metabolomic profiles revealed the progression of dysfunctional energy metabolism during the development of POF. Moreover, correlation analysis identified that differentially expressed proteins and metabolites were highly associated, with six of them being selected as potential biomarkers. ROC curve analysis, together with random forest machine learning, suggested that AFM combined with 2-oxoarginine was the best diagnostic biomarker for POF. CONCLUSIONS: Omics analysis revealed that inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormone imbalance are factors that damage ovarian tissue, but the progressive dysfunction of energy metabolism might be the critical pathogenic pathway contributing to the development of POF. AFM combined with 2-oxoarginine serves as a precise biomarker for clinical POF diagnosis.

Galaxamide alleviates cisplatin-induced premature ovarian insufficiency via the PI3K signaling pathway in HeLa tumor-bearing mice.

BACKGROUND: It is challenging to improve the effects of chemotherapy and reduce its adverse impact on the ovaries. Our previous study suggested that the combination of galaxamide could enhance the antitumor effect of cisplatin (CIS) in HeLa cell xenograft mice. However, their potential effects on ovarian tissues remain unknown. METHODS: The Hela tumor-bearing female BALB/c mice model was established and randomly divided into three groups: control group (PBS group), CIS group (0.3 mg/kg CIS group) and galaxamide group (0.3 mg/kg CIS + 3 mg/kg galaxamide-treated group). The serum sex hormones levels, ovarian morphology, functional and molecular characterisation were determined and compared with those of the control group. RESULTS: The hormonal effects indicated premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) associated with CIS-induced tumor-bearing mice. CIS induces the apoptosis in primordial and developing follicles and subsequently increases follicular atresia, eventually leading to follicle loss. After cotreatment, galaxamide significantly increased anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) expression and prevented the CIS-induced PI3K pathway, which triggers follicle activation, apoptosis or atresia. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that galaxamide could attenuate CIS-induced follicle loss by acting on the PI3K signaling pathway by stimulating AMH and/or FSHR and thus provides promising therapeutic options for patients with cervical cancer.

The novel peptide PFAP1 promotes primordial follicle activation by binding to MCM5.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a complication of ovarian dysfunction resulting from the depletion or dysfunction of primordial follicles (PFs) in the ovaries. However, residual follicles that have the potential to be activated are present in POF or aged women. Little is known about the mechanisms by which the remaining dormant PFs in POF patients are activated. Using mass spectrometry, we screened differentially generated peptides extracted from the ovarian cortical tissue biopsies of patients with or without POF, during which we identified PFAP1, a peptide that significantly promoted the activation of PFs in the ovaries of 3 dpp mice in vitro. PFAP1 reversed age-related fertility damage in vivo to a certain extent, promoted estrogen (E2) and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) production (p < .05), and decreased the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (p < .05). In newborn mouse ovaries, PFAP1 could bind to the protein minichromosome maintenance protein 5 (MCM5) and inhibit its ubiquitination and degradation. In addition, PFAP1 promoted the proliferation of GCs, probably by regulating the function and production of MCM5. In conclusion, PFAP1 could promote the activation of PFs in the ovaries of newborn mice, partially restore the ovarian function of aged mice, and increase the proliferation of primary granulosa cells (GCs) by regulating the function of MCM5. PFAP1 is a promising novel peptide that may be developed into a new therapeutic agent for POF and other ovarian diseases.

Secretome from estrogen-responding human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells rescues ovarian function and circadian rhythm in mice with cyclophosphamide-induced primary ovarian insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an early decline in ovarian function that leads to ovarian failure. Conventional treatments for POI are inadequate, and treatments based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as an option. However, the lack of consideration of the estrogen niche in ovarian tissue significantly reduces the therapeutic efficacy, with an unclear mechanism in the MSCs in POI treatment. Furthermore, the disruption of circadian rhythm associated with POI has not been previously addressed. METHODS: Conditioned medium (CM) and estradiol-conditioned medium (E2-CM) were generated from estrogen receptor positive MSCs (ER+pcMSCs). Chemotherapy-induced POI models were established using C57BL/6 mice (in vivo) and KGN cells (in vitro) treated with cyclophosphamide (CTX) or 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-OOH-CP). Gene/protein expressions were detected using RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry assays. Locomotor activity was monitored for behavioral circadian rhythmicity. Cytokine arrays and miRNA analysis were conducted to analyze potential factors within CM/E2-CM. RESULTS: The secretome of ER+pcMSCs (CM and E2-CM) significantly reduced the CTX-induced defects in ovarian folliculogenesis and circadian rhythm. CM/E2-CM also reduced granulosa cell apoptosis and rescued angiogenesis in POI ovarian tissues. E2-CM had a more favorable effect than the CM. Notably, ER+pcMSC secretome restored CTX-induced circadian rhythm defects, including the gene expressions associated with the ovarian circadian clock (e.g., Rora, E4bp4, Rev-erbα, Per2 and Dbp) and locomotor activity. Additionally, the cytokine array analysis revealed a significant increase in cytokines and growth factors associated with immunomodulation and angiogenesis, including angiogenin. Neutralizing the angiogenin in CM/E2-CM significantly reduced its ability to promote HUVEC tube formation in vitro. Exosomal miRNA analysis revealed the miRNAs involved in targeting the genes associated with POI rescue (PTEN and PDCD4), apoptosis (caspase-3, BIM), estrogen synthesis (CYP19A1), ovarian clock regulation (E4BP4, REV-ERBα) and fibrosis (COL1A1). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to demonstrate that, in considering the estrogen niche in ovarian tissue, an estrogen-priming ER+pcMSC secretome achieved ovarian regeneration and restored the circadian rhythm in a CTX-induced POI mouse model. The potential factors involved include angiogenin and exosomal miRNAs in the ER+pcMSC secretome. These findings offer insights into potential stem cell therapies for chemotherapy-induced POI and circadian rhythm disruption.

Time course changes in in vivo muscle mechanical function and Ca2+ regulation of force following experimentally induced gradual ovarian failure in mice.

The abrupt cessation of ovarian hormone release is associated with declines in muscle contractile function, yet the impact of gradual ovarian failure on muscle contractility across peri-, early- and late-stage menopause remains unclear. In this study, a 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)-induced ovarian failure mouse model was used to examine time course changes in muscle mechanical function. Plantar flexors of female mice (VCD: n = 10; CON: n = 8) were assessed at 40 (early perimenopause), 80 (late perimenopause), 120 (menopause onset) and 176 (late menopause) days post-initial VCD injection. A torque-frequency relationship was established across a range of frequencies (10-200 Hz). Isotonic dynamic contractions were elicited against relative loads (10-80% maximal isometric torque) to determine the torque-velocity-power relationship. Mice then performed a fatigue task using intermittent 100 Hz isometric contractions until torque dropped by 60%. Recovery of twitch, 10 Hz and 100 Hz torque were tracked for 10 min post-task failure. Additionally, intact muscle fibres from the flexor digitorum brevis underwent a fatigue task (50 repetitions at 70 Hz), and 10 and 100 Hz tetanic [Ca2+] were monitored for 10 min afterward. VCD mice exhibited 16% lower twitch torque than controls across all time points. Apart from twitch torque, 10 Hz torque and 10 Hz tetanic [Ca2+], where VCD showed greater values relative to pre-fatigue during recovery, no significant differences were observed between control and VCD mice during recovery. These results indicate that gradual ovarian failure has minimal detriments to in vivo muscle mechanical function, with minor alterations observed primarily for low-frequency stimulation during recovery from fatigue.

Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells attenuate NLRP3-related pyroptosis in autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency via the NF-κB pathway.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the effect of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-Exos) on the pyroptosis and recovery of granulosa cells in autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)? DESIGN: In vitro, KGN cells were exposed to interferon-gamma to simulate immune injury. Samples were collected after a 48 h incubation with MSC-Exos (30 µg/ml). The cell viability, secretion of oestrogen and expression of key molecules in pyroptosis and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were tested. In vivo, the BALB/c mouse model of autoimmune POI model induced by zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 was used. Fertility testing and sample collection were applied 4 weeks after the ovarian subcapsular injection of MSC-Exos (150 µg for each ovary). Hormone concentration measurements, follicle counting and pyroptotic pathway analyses were conducted for each group. RESULTS: In vitro, MSC-Exos significantly promoted the proliferation rate and secretion of oestrogen, while at the same time suppressing apoptosis and pyroptosis. In vivo, exosomal treatment normalized the irregular oestrous cycles, rescued the follicular loss and increased the pregnancy rate and number of offspring in POI mice. Elevated serum concentrations of oestrogen and anti-Müllerian hormone, as well as decreased concentrations of FSH and interleukin-1ß, were shown. Furthermore, MSC-Exos down-regulated the expression of the NLRP3/Casp1/GSDMD pathway and inhibited activation of the NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate for the first time that MSC-Exos exert a significant effect on restoring ovarian function in autoimmune POI in vivo and in vitro by suppressing the NLRP3/Casp1/GSDMD pathway and pyroptosis. The NF-κB pathway may contribute to the regulation of NLRP3-related pyroptosis.

miR-21-5p-loaded bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes repair ovarian function in autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency by targeting MSX1.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the effect of micro-RNA (miR)-21-5p-loaded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (miR-21-Exo) on autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)? DESIGN: The Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, western blotting, quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) verified the effect of miR-21-Exo on interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced KGN cells. qRT-PCR, western blotting and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays verified that miR-21-Exo mediated Msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) regulation of the Notch signalling pathway and that miR-21 interacted directly with MSX1. The effects of miR-21-Exo on the ovaries were verified by monitoring of the oestrous cycle, haematoxylin and eosin staining, follicle counts, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL), western blotting and qRT-PCR. RESULTS: The results showed that miR-21-Exo promoted IFN-γ-induced KGN cell proliferation and hormone synthesis, and inhibited apoptosis. Using dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, miR-21 and MSX1 were shown to have direct interactions. Moreover, the findings elucidated that miR-21-Exo inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted hormone synthesis by mediating MSX1 to regulate the Notch signalling pathway. miR-21-Exo restored the ovarian structure in a mouse model of autoimmune POI, promoted endocrine function and proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis and inflammation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that miR-21-Exo regulates the MSX1-mediated Notch signalling pathway to inhibit granulosa cell apoptosis and improve hormone synthesis function, providing insight into a potential mechanism of molecular therapy for the treatment of autoimmune POI.

Exosomal YB-1 facilitates ovarian restoration by MALAT1/miR-211-5p/FOXO3 axis.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) affects many adult women less than 40 years of age and leads to infertility. Mesenchymal stem cells-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSCs-sEVs) are attractive candidates for ovarian function restoration and folliculogenesis for POF due to their safety and efficacy, however, the key mediator in MSCs-sEVs that modulates this response and underlying mechanisms remains elusive. Herein, we reported that YB-1 protein was markedly downregulated in vitro and in vivo models of POF induced with H2O2 and CTX respectively, accompanied by granulosa cells (GCs) senescence phenotype. Notably, BMSCs-sEVs transplantation upregulated YB-1, attenuated oxidative damage-induced cellular senescence in GCs, and significantly improved the ovarian function of POF rats, but that was reversed by YB-1 depletion. Moreover, YB-1 showed an obvious decline in serum and GCs in POF patients. Mechanistically, YB-1 as an RNA-binding protein (RBP) physically interacted with a long non-coding RNA, MALAT1, and increased its stability, further, MALAT1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to elevate FOXO3 levels by sequestering miR-211-5p to prevent its degradation, leading to repair of ovarian function. In summary, we demonstrated that BMSCs-sEVs improve ovarian function by releasing YB-1, which mediates MALAT1/miR-211-5p/FOXO3 axis regulation, providing a possible therapeutic target for patients with POF.

Discovery and evaluation of novel spiroheterocyclic protective agents via a SIRT1 upregulation mechanism in cisplatin-induced premature ovarian failure.

Currently, no effective treatment exists for premature ovarian failure (POF). To obtain compounds with protective effects against POF, we aimed to design and synthesize a series of spiroheterocyclic protective agents with a focus on minimizing toxicity while enhancing their protective effect against cisplatin-induced POF. This was achieved through systematic modifications of Michael receptors and linkers within the molecular structure of 1,5-diphenylpenta-1,4-dien-3-one analogs. To assess the cytotoxicity and activity of these compounds, we constructed quantitative conformational relationship models using an artificial intelligence random forest algorithm, resulting in R2 values exceeding 0.87. Among these compounds, j2 exhibited optimal protective activity. It significantly increased the survival of cisplatin-injured ovarian granulosa KGN cells, improved post-injury cell morphology, reduced apoptosis, and enhanced cellular estradiol (E2) levels. Subsequent investigations revealed that j2 may exert its protective effect via a novel mechanism involving the activation of the SIRT1/AKT signal pathway. Furthermore, in cisplatin-injured POF in rats, j2 was effective in increasing body, ovarian, and uterine weights, elevating the number of follicles at all levels in the ovary, improving ovarian and uterine structures, and increasing serum E2 levels in rats with cisplatin-injured POF. In conclusion, this study introduces a promising compound j2 and a novel target SIRT1 with substantial protective activity against cisplatin-induced POF.

N-acetylcysteine mitigates oxidative damage to the ovary in D-galactose-induced ovarian failure in rabbits.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative damage to the ovaries is the primary cause of impaired reproductive functions in female animals. This study aimed to investigate the protective role of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in reducing oxidative damage in the ovaries of female rabbits. METHODS AND RESULTS: Female rabbit ovaries were treated in vitro with varying concentrations of D-galactose (D-gal): 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg/mL, and it was found that 10 mg/mL D-gal significantly disrupted follicular structures, causing disarray in granulosa cell arrangements and significantly reducing T-SOD and GSH levels (p < 0.01). Consequently, we selected 10 mg/mL D-gal to establish an ovarian failure model. These models were treated with multiple doses of NAC (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/mL). The results revealed that the disruption in granulosa cell arrangement caused by 10 mg/mL D-gal was effectively alleviated by 0.1 mg/mL NAC compared to the D-gal treatment group. Furthermore, 10 mg/mL D-gal significantly (p < 0.01) reduced GSH, T-SOD, and catalase (CAT) levels in the ovaries. However, 0.1 mg/mL NAC effectively (p < 0.01) suppressed these adverse effects. Moreover, the current results showed that 10 mg/mL D-gal alone significantly (p < 0.01) downregulated the expression of Nrf2, GPX, PRDX4, GSR, SOD1, and TAF4B, whereas 0.1 mg/mL NAC counteracted these suppressive effects (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: It could be concluded that NAC may delay ovarian failure by reducing D-gal-induced ovarian oxidative damage in female rabbit, suggested NAC could be a promising therapeutic agent for protecting against ovarian failure and potentially delaying ovarian failure in female rabbits.

Network pharmacology and transcriptomics analysis reveal the mechanism of BushenHuoxue formula attenuates premature ovarian failure via modulation PI3K/AKT pathway.

This study aims to analyze the active components and mechanism of Bushen Huoxue (BSHX) formula on the autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) by combining network pharmacology and Transcriptomics. The active components and targets of BSHXF were screened through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). POI-related targets were identified through Therapeutic Targets Database (TTD), DisGeNET and drugbank database. The Veen diagram was performed to obtain the action targets. The active compound-target network and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network were built by using STRING database and Cytoscape software. Key targets and active compounds were further identified by topological analysis. Molecular docking shows that Kaempferol, Isorhamnetin and Anhydroicaritin have strong binding to AKT. Finally, a zp3-induced autoimmune ovarian function deficiency mouse model was used to explore the potential mechanism of POI. The potential pathways of BSHXF for the treatment of POI were identified by Transcriptomic analysis. PI3K-AKT and NF-kb pathways were the common pathways between network pharmacology and transcriptomics. Our results revealed that BSHXF could reduce the FSH expression levels and raise the E2, and AMH levels in the serum. Western bloting demonstrates that BSHXF could upregulate the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT.

Regulatory Mechanism of Autophagy in Premature Ovarian Failure.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is intricately linked to cellular fates such as senescence, apoptosis, and impaired granulosa cell (GC) differentiation, each of which contributes to ovarian dysfunction and follicular depletion. Autophagy is essential in preventing POF by maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation and recycling of damaged organelles and proteins, thereby preserving ovarian function and preventing follicular depletion. Recent studies have revealed that the targeted regulation and disruption of autophagy through various molecular mechanisms ultimately lead to the pathogenesis of POF. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the disruption in regulatory mechanisms of autophagy contributing to POF. Specifically, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms that can be targeted to restore autophagy homeostasis, offering therapeutic potential for the treatment of POF.

M6A demethylase FTO-stabilized exosomal circBRCA1 alleviates oxidative stress-induced granulosa cell damage via the miR-642a-5p/FOXO1 axis.

BACKGROUND: Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an important cause of female infertility and seriously impacts the physical and psychological health of patients. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (HucMSCs-Exs, H-Exs) have exhibited protective effects on ovarian function with unclear mechanisms. METHODS: A comprehensive analysis of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used to identify POI-associated circRNAs and miRNAs. The relationship between HucMSC-derived exosomal circBRCA1/miR-642a-5p/FOXO1 axis and POI was examined by RT-qPCR, Western blotting, reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining, senescence-associated ß-gal (SA-ß-gal) staining, JC-1 staining, TEM, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurements and ATP assay in vivo and in vitro. RT-qPCR detected the expression of circBRCA1 in GCs and serum of patients with normal ovarian reserve function (n = 50) and patients with POI (n = 50); then, the correlation of circBRCA1 with ovarian reserve function indexes was analyzed. RESULTS: Herein, we found that circBRCA1 was decreased in the serum and ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) of patients with POI and was associated with decreased ovarian reserve. H-Exs improved the disorder of the estrous cycles and reproductive hormone levels, reduced the number of atretic follicles, and alleviated the apoptosis and senescence of GCs in rats with POI. Moreover, H-Exs mitigated mitochondrial damage and reversed the reduced circBRCA1 expression induced by oxidative stress in GCs. Mechanistically, FTO served as an eraser to increase the stability and expression of circBRCA1 by mediating the m6A demethylation of circBRCA1, and exosomal circBRCA1 sponged miR-642a-5p to block its interaction with FOXO1. CircBRCA1 insufficiency aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction, mimicking FTO or FOXO1 depletion effects, which was counteracted by miR-642a-5p inhibition. CONCLUSION: H-Exs secreted circBRCA1 regulated by m6A modification, directly sponged miR-642a-5p to upregulate FOXO1, resisted oxidative stress injuries in GCs and protected ovarian function in rats with POI. Exosomal circBRCA1 supplementation may be a general prospect for the prevention and treatment of POI.

Role of DNA damage response in cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure in mice.

AIM: To investigate the DNA damage response (DDR) in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced mouse model of premature ovarian failure (POF). METHODS: The POF model was established by injecting mice with CTX. The body, ovarian weights, the estrus cycle, and pathological changes of the ovaries were recorded. The serum levels of 17 ß-estradiol (E2) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured. The expression of Ki67, ß-galactosidase (ß-gal), p21, p53, γH2AX, and pATM in ovarian tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of ß-gal, γH2AX, and pATM was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining of primary cultured granulosa cells (GCs). RESULTS: The body and ovarian weights decreased, the estrus cycles were erratic, and the FSH level increased, whereas the E2 level decreased in POF mice compared to controls. The pathological consequences of POF revealed an increase in atretic follicles, corpus luteum, and primordial follicles and a decrease in the number of primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles. Ki67 expression was reduced, ß-gal, p21, p53, γH2AX, and pATM expression were elevated in the ovaries of POF mice. The expression of ß-gal, γH2AX, and pATM increased in GCs with the concentration in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: In total, CTX induced POF in mice, which was mediated by the DDR pathway of ATM-P53-P21.

Novel Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Ameliorative Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma against Electron Radiation-Induced Premature Ovarian Failure.

Radiotherapy is one of the risk factors for radiation-induced premature ovarian failure and infertility in cancer patients. The development of methods for ovarian radioprotection remains relevant. Moreover, electrons are a little-studied and promising method of radiation with the least toxic effect on normal tissues. The assessment of intracellular mechanisms regulating the protective effects of leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma in a model of radiation-induced premature ovarian failure caused by electron irradiation. Wistar rats were divided into four groups, namely a control group, irradiation group (electron exposure), irradiation + leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma group, and only leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma group. Fragments of ovaries were removed and hormonal, oxidant, histological, and morphometric studies were carried out. The cell cycle of ovarian follicles and the inflammatory and vascular response were assessed using immunohistochemistry. The activity of MAPK, ERK, and PI3K pathways was also assessed using the RT-qPCR. We found that electron irradiation causes a decrease in the functional activity of the ovaries and the death of follicular cells through apoptosis. The administration of LP-PRP led to a partial restoration of the cytokine balance. In addition, minor ovarian damage and mild inflammation were observed in this group. Leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma components have anti-inflammatory, angiogenetic, and radioprotective effects, reducing the activation of the NOX4, caspase and cytokine cascades, and inflammatory response severity through the MAPK/p38/JNK signaling pathway. This leads to the induction of endogenous antioxidant protection, the repair of post-radiation follicular damage, and slowing down the development of radiation-induced premature ovarian failure after electron irradiation.