Factors associated with glycemic control in people with diabetes at the Family Health Strategy in Pernambuco.

OBJECTIVE: Identifying factors associated with glycemic control in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) registered in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Pernambuco, Brazil. METHOD: Associations between glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin A lower or equal to 7%) presented by people with DM and variables related to sociodemographic conditions, lifestyle, characteristics of diabetes, treatment and follow-up of patients by health services were investigated by multiple regression. RESULTS: More than 65% of the participants presented inadequate glycemic control, especially those with lower age, longer illness duration, more annual contacts with FHS and complex therapeutic regimen. People with DM without referrals to specialists presented greater glycemic control. Associations with education level and obesity did not remain significant in the multivariate model. CONCLUSION: The evolution of diabetes hinders adequate control, however, attention to younger people with DM and referrals to specialists are factors that can improve glycemic control. OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 cadastradas na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em Pernambuco, Brasil. MÉTODO: Foram investigadas, por regressão múltipla, as associações entre o controle glicêmico (hemoglobina A glicosilada menor ou maior ou igual a 7%) apresentado pelas pessoas com DM e variáveis relacionadas com condições sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida, características do diabetes, de seu tratamento e acompanhamento dos pacientes pelos serviços de saúde. RESULTADOS: Mais de 65% dos participantes apresentaram controle glicêmico inadequado, principalmente aqueles com idade menor, duração da doença mais longa, mais contatos anuais com a ESF e regime terapêutico complexo. Pessoas com DM sem encaminhamentos para especialistas apresentaram um maior descontrole glicêmico. Associações com escolaridade e obesidade não permaneceram significativas no modelo multivariado. CONCLUSÃO: A evolução do diabetes dificulta o controle adequado, todavia, a atenção às pessoas com DM mais jovens e os encaminhamentos para especialistas são fatores suscetíveis de melhora do controle glicêmico.

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in France: The 2020 Obepi-Roche Study by the "Ligue Contre l'Obésité".

Obepi-Roche 2020 by the "Ligue Contre l'Obésité" (League Against Obesity) estimated overweight and obesity prevalence in France. The adopted methodology was chosen to be as similar as possible to that of a series of quota-based surveys conducted every three years from 1997 to 2012 (Obepi-Roche studies). The 2020 survey was conducted online from 24th September to 5th October 2020 by the Odoxa polling institute on a sample of metropolitan French subjects aged 18 years or over. Participants (n = 9598) self-measured their height and weight according to detailed instructions. Prevalence estimates were produced for all categories of body mass index. The prevalence of excess weight was 47.3% (17.0% of subjects with obesity), with higher values in the north and east of France. When comparing these 2020 estimates to previous Obepi-Roche estimates in order to visualize trends since 1997, it appeared that overweight fluctuated around 30%, and obesity prevalence increased steadily at a rapid pace. The increase was even steeper in the youngest age groups and for severe and complex obesity. Given the slightly different methodologies between the 1997-2012 studies and the 2020 survey, the worrying trends in obesity prevalence since 1997 must be confirmed, calling for a reedition of the Obepi-Roche series.

[Diabetes and social deprivation]. / Diabète et précarité: enquête en Languedoc.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes prevalence is frequently associated with low socioeconomic status (SES), but little is known about the relationship between SES and diabetes control, follow-up and quality of life. We evaluated SES by using the EPICES score, an individual index of deprivation (Evaluation de la Précarité et des Inégalités de Santé dans les Centres d'Examen de Santé; Evaluation of Precariousness and Inequalities in Health Examination Centers). A total of 1686 subjects aged from 25 to 85 years were selected at random in Montpellier and 154 in Narbonne, of whom 126 were managed by a care network including diabetologists, general practitioners and nurses. Capillary glycemia, the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure were measured in all the subjects. HbA1c was measured in subjects with above-normal glycemia. Five hundred sixty-four subjects from the study population (190 diabetic patients, 292 subjects with non diabetic hyperglycemia, and 86 euglycemic subjects) were clinically evaluated and asked to complete a questionnaire covering socioeconomic status and diet. The data were then compared between deprived and non deprived subjects. One hundred sixty-one diabetic patients had a clinical examination and completed a detailed questionnaire including their history, therapy, control and follow-up of diabetes, perception of diabetes, quality of life, socioeconomic status and diet. The data were then compared between deprived and non deprived patients. One hundred twenty-six diabetic subjects managed by the AUDIAB care network were compared with 163 diabetics recruited in Montpellier, based on the same investigations and the same questionnaires. The data were compared between the overall patients and between deprived and non deprived patients. In the overall population, deprived subjects were younger and more frequently smokers, and had higher BMI than non deprived subjects. The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 8.1%. Among patients younger than 65 years, deprived subjects had a higher prevalence of diabetes and non diabetic hyperglycemia than non deprived subjects (6.9% vs 4.4% and 22.8% vs 19.5%). More are unmarried males and 33% present with a significant level of education (secondary or university). Deprivation was associated with transport difficulties, vehicle acquisition, living in a private house, employment. More have few income to buy food and a large number use economic stores. They eat few proteins, fresh vegetables, fruits, dairy products and more often rice, pasta, tea, coffee and soft drinks. Most have their meals outside in economic restaurants. Dental problems are very common. 161 diabetic patients were evaluated Deprived diabetics were younger, more frequently males, more smokers with an increased BMI and WC. Among deprived diabetic patients, diabetes was diagnosed later on and less often by a systematic inquiry than in the non deprived group. Deprived patients presented with a poorer glycaemic control, more hypoglycaemic and ketosis events than non deprived subjects. They present with more difficulties to accept dietary and antidiabetic drugs. Insulin was less frequently used. Quality of life was impaired with an increased prevalence of anxiety and depression. Diabetic patients treated in the "Réseau de soins AUDIAB" presented with a better control of their disease and a better quality of life than patients treated out of the "Réseau". These data were confirmed whatever the level of deprivation.

Temporal variation in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil between 2006 and 2016.

To assess the evolution in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension for over 10 years in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, two cross-sectional studies were conducted based on random samples of households in urban and rural areas, in 2006 and 2015/2016, involving adults aged 20 years or older. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90mmHg as well as the reported use of antihypertensive medication. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the social, behavioral and anthropometric determinants on hypertension. Although social and behavioral factors improved in this 10-year period, overweight and abdominal obesity increased. Approximately one third of the adult population of Pernambuco had hypertension in 2006 and this prevalence was maintained in 2015/2016. In rural areas, awareness concerning hypertension rose from 44.8% in 2006 to 67.3% in 2015/2016, and control from 5.3% to 27.1%, so that awareness and control were similar in urban and rural areas in 2015/2016. After an adjustment for potential confounding factors, the likelihood of having hypertension more than doubled among men (OR = 2.03; p < 0.001), middle (OR = 4.41; p < 0.001) and old-age subjects (OR = 14.44; p < 0.001), and those who had abdominal obesity (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001) in urban areas and among middle-aged (OR = 2.56; p < 0.001), less educated individuals (OR = 2.21; p = 0.006) and those who were overweight (OR = 2.23; p < 0.001) in rural areas. Despite the favorable evolution in the management of hypertension in Pernambuco, public health measures focused in vulnerable populations are still required, mainly in rural areas, to improve primary prevention and decrease the disease rate.

(Mal)nutrition and the new epidemiological trend in a context of development and inequalities. / A (des)nutrição e o novo padrão epidemiológico em um contexto de desenvolvimento e desigualdades.

The current context of intense social, economic and political transformations has contributed to changes in the health profile of the population and generated discussions about the impact of these changes on the reorganization of society. At the present moment, the increase in non-communicable illnesses and diseases raises major concerns about the paradox of malnutrition and obesity. Based on an in-depth reading and interpretation of texts, documents and databases, this article discusses issues related to nutrition, considering the dimensions of shortages and excesses, the evolution of nutrition over time, and the connection with the new epidemiological trend. We begin with a conceptual characterization, the historical background and the anthropological connections with the guiding theme of the article. We then describe the prevalence, distribution and secular trend of malnutrition and obesity, as well as the temporal relationship with the new epidemiological trend in Brazil within a context of development and inequalities. Finally, we reflect on the issue of (mal)nutrition in post-modernity, the new interests at stake in the health-disease process, as well as international experiences and strategies of partnerships designed to overcome these problems. We conclude by discussing some current advances and challenges in relation to the complexity and speed of contemporary changes.

The impact of an intervention to improve diabetes management in primary healthcare professionals' practices in Brazil.

AIMS: To evaluate the results of a structured intervention in primary healthcare to improve type 2 diabetes management. METHODS: The intervention was implemented in 2011-2012 in two cities in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, and evaluated in 2013 by interviewing healthcare professionals about their practices in all primary care facilities of these two cities (intervention group), and of two paired control cities (control group). Comparisons between the intervention and control groups were made using standard parametric tests. RESULTS: The percentage of professionals who measured adherence to treatment, developed educational actions to control high-risk situations or prevent complications, or declared that they "explained" the disease to the patients, was higher in the control group (p<0.05). Multidisciplinary involvement, requests for electrocardiograms and referrals to specialists were also more frequent in the control group (p<0.01). The only differences favoring the intervention group were the higher proportion of nurses (p<0.05) and community health workers (p<0.01) trained for diabetes management and a greater frequency of discussing the cases of diabetic patients at team meetings (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These negative results raise questions about the effectiveness of actions aiming to improve diabetes management in primary care, and reinforce the need for careful evaluation of their impact.

Correlates of physical activity counseling by health providers to patients with diabetes and hypertension attended by the Family Health Strategy in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine correlates of physical activity (PA) counseling by health providers of the Brazilian primary care delivery system, for hypertensive and diabetic subjects, as well as correlates of actual leisure-time PA of these subjects. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in random samples of 785 hypertensive and 822 diabetic subjects, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Relationships between PA counseling and leisure-time PA and explanatory variables were sought through multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: PA counseling had been received by 59.4% of the diabetic and 53.0% of the hypertensive subjects; around 30% of the diabetic and the hypertensive subjects declared having leisure-time PA. After adjustment, factors associated with PA counseling for diabetic subjects were: female gender, formal schooling, hypertension, obesity; for hypertensive subjects: being on a weight-loss diet, age between 60 and 74 and over 75. For both subject groups, leisure-time PA was more frequent when they lived in a medium-sized municipality, were female, aged between 60 and 75, and on a weight-loss diet. CONCLUSION: PA counseling appeared restricted to subjects with excess weight and/or cardiovascular risk factors when it should be directed to all subjects with hypertension or diabetes.

Assessment of a glycated hemoglobin point-of-care analyzer (A1CNow+) in comparison with an immunoturbidimetric method: a diagnostic accuracy study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: To monitor glycemic control in diabetic patients, regular measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is recommended, but this can be difficult in remote places without access to laboratories. Portable point-of-care testing devices can prove a useful alternative. Our study aimed to assess the performance of one of them: A1CNow+, from Bayer. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional accuracy study conducted at a university hospital in Brazil. METHODS: We made three successive measurements of capillary HbA1c using the A1CNow+ in 55 diabetic volunteers, while the same measurement was made on venous blood using the hospital reference method (Vitros 5,1 FS). We used the Bland-Altman graphical method to assess the A1CNow+ in relation to the Vitros 5,1 FS method. We also evaluated clinical usefulness by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of A1CNow+ for detecting patients with HbA1c lower than 7%, which is the usual limit for good glycemic control. RESULTS: The coefficient of variation between repeat testing for the A1CNow+ was 3.6%. The mean difference between A1CNow+ and Vitros 5,1 FS was +0.67% (95% confidence interval, CI: +0.52 to +0.81). The agreement limits of our Bland-Altman graph were -0.45 (95% CI: -0.71 to -0.19) and +1.82 (95% CI: +1.52 to +2.05). The sensitivity and specificity in relation to the 7% limit were respectively 100% and 67.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the A1CNow+ had good sensitivity, its accuracy was insufficient for use as a replacement for laboratory measurements of HbA1c, for glycemic control monitoring in diabetic patients.

Avaliação da estrutura das farmácias das Unidades de Saúde da Família para o atendimento aos portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus em Pernambuco / Evaluation of the structure of the pharmacies in the family health units for the attendance of patients' systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Pernambuco

Resumo Introdução A hipertensão arterial e o diabetes mellitus são enfermidades crônicas que necessitam de cuidados contínuos e uso adequado de medicamentos para seu efetivo controle. A estrutura existente nas farmácias influencia no acesso, dispensação e armazenamento dos medicamentos e interfere na qualidade final da atenção. Objetivo Avaliar a estrutura das farmácias das Unidades de Saúde da Família no cuidado à hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus em Pernambuco, 2016. Método Estudo avaliativo do componente estrutura do modelo proposto por Donabedian. Entrevistou-se o responsável pela farmácia de uma amostra probabilística das equipes de saúde da família com questões sobre estrutura física, insumos e recursos humanos. Realizaram-se análises descritiva e de associação para verificar diferenças entre capital e interior. Resultados Mais de 90% das farmácias funcionavam nos turnos de manhã e tarde. Apenas 5,7% na capital e 2,7% no interior possuíam farmacêutico como responsável pelo serviço; essa atividade era desempenhada por outros profissionais, a maioria de nível médio e sem capacitação. A capital possuía maior variedade de medicamentos, contudo eles não eram suficientes para a demanda. Conclusão Identificaram-se problemas na estrutura das farmácias, principalmente na capacitação de recursos humanos e disponibilidade de insumos com poucas diferenças entre capital e interior.

Abstract Background Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases that require continuous care and the adequate use of medicines for effective control. The existing structure of pharmacies influences the access, dispensing, and storage of medicines and influence the quality of care. Objective To evaluate the structure of the pharmacies in the family health units in the care of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Pernambuco, 2016. Method This study is an evaluation of the structure component according to a model proposed by Donabedian. The person responsible for pharmacy from a probabilistic sample of family health teams was interviewed with questions about the physical structure, supplies, and human resources. A descriptive and association analysis was carried out to verify the differences between capital and interior. Results More than 90% of the pharmacies were operating in the mornings and afternoon shifts. Only 5.7% of the pharmacies in the capital and 2.7% in the interior had a pharmacist as responsible for service; this activity was performed by other professionals, most of whom were middle-level and without qualification. The capital had a greater variety of medicines; however, the quantities were insufficient for demand. Conclusion Problems in the pharmacies structure were identified, mainly in the training of human resources and supplies' availability with few differences between capital and interior.

Analysis of access to hypertensive and diabetic drugs in the Family Health Strategy, State of Pernambuco, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the access to drugs for hypertension and diabetes and the direct cost of buying them among users of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: Population-based, cross-sectional study of a systematic random sample of 785 patients with hypertension and 823 patients with diabetes mellitus who were registered in 208 randomly selected FHS teams in 35 municipalities of the state of Pernambuco. The selected municipalities were classified into three levels with probability proportional to municipality size (LS, large-sized; MS, medium-sized; SS, small-sized). To verify differences between the cities, we used the χ2 test. RESULTS: Pharmacological treatment was used by 91.2% patients with hypertension whereas 85.6% patients with diabetes mellitus used oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), and 15.4% used insulin. The FHS team itself provided antihypertensive medications to 69.0% patients with hypertension, OADs to 75.0% patients with diabetes mellitus, and insulin treatment to 65.4%. The 36.9% patients with hypertension and 29.8% with diabetes mellitus that had to buy all or part of their medications reported median monthly cost of R$ 18.30, R$ 14.00, and R$ 27.61 for antihypertensive drugs, OADs, and insulin, respectively. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to increase efforts to ensure access to these drugs in the primary health care network.

Temporal variation in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil between 2006 and 2016 / Variação temporal na prevalência, conhecimento e controle da hipertensão arterial em áreas urbanas e rurais do Nordeste brasileiro entre 2006 e 2016

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a evolução da prevalência, conhecimento e controle da hipertensão arterial ao longo de 10 anos no Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram realizados dois estudos transversais em amostras aleatórias em domicílios em áreas urbanas e rurais, em 2006 e 2015/2016, incluindo adultos com 20 anos ou mais. A hipertensão arterial foi definida como pressão sistólica de pelo menos 140mmHg ou pressão diastólica de pelo menos 90mmHg ou o uso referido de medicação anti-hipertensiva. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para estimar a influência dos determinantes sociais, comportamentais e antropométricos sobre a hipertensão. Os fatores sociais e comportamentais melhoraram ao longo da década em questão, mas as taxas de sobrepeso e de obesidade abdominal aumentaram. Aproximadamente um terço da população adulta de Pernambuco apresentava hipertensão em 2006, e essa prevalência foi mantida em 2015/2016. Nas áreas rurais, o conhecimento da hipertensão aumentou de 44,8% em 2006 para 67,3% em 2015/2016, e o controle aumentou de 5,3% para 27,1%, de maneira que o conhecimento e o controle foram muito semelhantes entre áreas urbanas e rurais em 2015/2016. Após ajustar para potenciais fatores de confusão, a probabilidade de apresentar hipertensão mais do que dobrou entre homens (OR = 2,03; p < 0,001), adultos jovens (OR = 4,41; p < 0,001) e idosos (OR = 14,44; p < 0,001), e entre aqueles com obesidade abdominal (OR = 2,04; p < 0,001) nas áreas urbanas e adultos jovens (OR = 2,56; p < 0,001), pessoas com menor escolaridade (OR = 2,21; p = 0,006) e pessoas com sobrepeso (OR = 2,23; p < 0,001) nas áreas rurais. Apesar da evolução favorável no manejo da hipertensão no Estado de Pernambuco, são necessárias medidas de saúde pública focadas nas populações mais vulneráveis, principalmente nas áreas rurais, para melhorar a prevenção primária e impedir o aumento da hipertensão.

Temporal variation in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil between 2006 and 2016 / Variação temporal na prevalência, conhecimento e controle da hipertensão arterial em áreas urbanas e rurais do Nordeste brasileiro entre 2006 e 2016 / Variación temporal de la prevalencia, concienciación y control de la hipertensión en áreas urbanas y rurales en el nordeste brasileño entre 2006 y 2016

Abstract: To assess the evolution in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension for over 10 years in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, two cross-sectional studies were conducted based on random samples of households in urban and rural areas, in 2006 and 2015/2016, involving adults aged 20 years or older. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90mmHg as well as the reported use of antihypertensive medication. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the social, behavioral and anthropometric determinants on hypertension. Although social and behavioral factors improved in this 10-year period, overweight and abdominal obesity increased. Approximately one third of the adult population of Pernambuco had hypertension in 2006 and this prevalence was maintained in 2015/2016. In rural areas, awareness concerning hypertension rose from 44.8% in 2006 to 67.3% in 2015/2016, and control from 5.3% to 27.1%, so that awareness and control were similar in urban and rural areas in 2015/2016. After an adjustment for potential confounding factors, the likelihood of having hypertension more than doubled among men (OR = 2.03; p < 0.001), middle (OR = 4.41; p < 0.001) and old-age subjects (OR = 14.44; p < 0.001), and those who had abdominal obesity (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001) in urban areas and among middle-aged (OR = 2.56; p < 0.001), less educated individuals (OR = 2.21; p = 0.006) and those who were overweight (OR = 2.23; p < 0.001) in rural areas. Despite the favorable evolution in the management of hypertension in Pernambuco, public health measures focused in vulnerable populations are still required, mainly in rural areas, to improve primary prevention and decrease the disease rate.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a evolução da prevalência, conhecimento e controle da hipertensão arterial ao longo de 10 anos no Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram realizados dois estudos transversais em amostras aleatórias em domicílios em áreas urbanas e rurais, em 2006 e 2015/2016, incluindo adultos com 20 anos ou mais. A hipertensão arterial foi definida como pressão sistólica de pelo menos 140mmHg ou pressão diastólica de pelo menos 90mmHg ou o uso referido de medicação anti-hipertensiva. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para estimar a influência dos determinantes sociais, comportamentais e antropométricos sobre a hipertensão. Os fatores sociais e comportamentais melhoraram ao longo da década em questão, mas as taxas de sobrepeso e de obesidade abdominal aumentaram. Aproximadamente um terço da população adulta de Pernambuco apresentava hipertensão em 2006, e essa prevalência foi mantida em 2015/2016. Nas áreas rurais, o conhecimento da hipertensão aumentou de 44,8% em 2006 para 67,3% em 2015/2016, e o controle aumentou de 5,3% para 27,1%, de maneira que o conhecimento e o controle foram muito semelhantes entre áreas urbanas e rurais em 2015/2016. Após ajustar para potenciais fatores de confusão, a probabilidade de apresentar hipertensão mais do que dobrou entre homens (OR = 2,03; p < 0,001), adultos jovens (OR = 4,41; p < 0,001) e idosos (OR = 14,44; p < 0,001), e entre aqueles com obesidade abdominal (OR = 2,04; p < 0,001) nas áreas urbanas e adultos jovens (OR = 2,56; p < 0,001), pessoas com menor escolaridade (OR = 2,21; p = 0,006) e pessoas com sobrepeso (OR = 2,23; p < 0,001) nas áreas rurais. Apesar da evolução favorável no manejo da hipertensão no Estado de Pernambuco, são necessárias medidas de saúde pública focadas nas populações mais vulneráveis, principalmente nas áreas rurais, para melhorar a prevenção primária e impedir o aumento da hipertensão.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la evolución de la prevalencia, concienciación y control de la hipertensión durante 10 años en el Estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste brasileño. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios transversales, basados en muestras aleatorias de hogares ubicados en áreas urbanas y rurales, en 2006 y 2015/2016, implicando a adultos con 20 años y más edad. La hipertensión fue definida como presión arterial sistólica de al menos 140mmHg, presión arterial diastólica de al menos 90mmHg, o el consumo informado de medicación antihipertensiva. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para estimar la influencia de los determinantes sociales, comportamentales y antropométricos en la hipertensión. Los factores sociales y comportamentales mejoraron durante este período de 10 años, a pesar de que sobrepeso y la obesidad abdominal aumentaron. Aproximadamente un tercio de la población adulta de Pernambuco sufría hipertensión en 2006 y esta prevalencia se mantuvo en 2015/2016. En las áreas rurales, la concienciación sobre la hipertensión aumentó de un 44,8% en 2006, a un 67,3% en 2015/2016, y el control de un 5,3% a un 27,1%, así pues la concienciación y control fueron similares en áreas urbanas y rurales en 2015/2016. Tras el ajuste para los factores potenciales de confusión, la probabilidad de sufrir hipertensión es más del doble entre hombres (OR = 2,03; p < 0,001) de mediana edad (OR = 4,41; p < 0,001) e individuos de edad avanzada (OR = 14,44; p < 0,001), y aquellos que sufrieron obesidad abdominal (OR = 2,04; p < 0,001) en áreas urbanas, y entre los de mediana edad (OR = 2,56; p < 0,001), individuos menos educados (OR = 2,21; p = 0,006) y quienes sufrían sobrepeso (OR = 2,23; p < 0,001) en áreas rurales. A pesar de la evolución favorable en la gestión de la hipertensión en Pernambuco, se necesitan medidas de salud pública que se centren en las poblaciones vulnerables, principalmente en las áreas rurales, para mejorar la prevención primaria y frenar el incremento de la enfermedad.

Participative decentralization of diabetes care in Davao City (Philippines) according to the Chronic Care Model: a program evaluation.

AIM: To assess the effectiveness of the Diabetes Project in Davao City, Philippines, regarding diabetes care access, diabetes management and cardiovascular risk factors. The project was developed in accordance with the Chronic Care Model (CCM) framework. METHODS: A non-randomized cross-sectional survey was conducted in nine intervention and five control Barangays (villages). People with diabetes aged ≥20 years were interviewed using a structured questionnaire; height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured; HbA1c was tested with a NSGP-certified point-of-care device. Logistic regression models were used to compare the two groups. RESULTS: The intervention group (n=503) scored better than the controls (n=136) on the following (OR, 95% CI): percentage of patients taking metformin (1.5, 1.0-2.2); and in the last 12 months: laboratory test for fasting blood sugar (1.6, 1.1-2.3), HbA1c (6.0, 2.4-15.1), lipid profile (1.7, 1.1-2.5), nutritionist visit (1.6, 1.0-2.5) and therapeutic education session (2.7, 1.8-4.0). Glycemic control (HbA1c<7%) was also better in the intervention Barangays (1.6, 1.0-2.4). There were no statistical differences between the two groups for number of visits, and levels of other cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the effectiveness of implementing the CCM framework in a low-to-middle income country on glycemic control and diabetes management.

Relações entre os atributos de qualidade de atenção aos usuários hipertensos e diabéticos na Estratégia Saúde da Família e o controle dos fatores prognósticos de complicações / Relationships between quality of care characteristics directed to hypertensive and diabetic patients of the Family Health Strategy and the control of prognostic factors for complications

Resumo Introdução Apesar de a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) ser concebida para atender aos requisitos da atenção a portadores de agravos crônicos, verifica-se na prática que o controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e do diabetes mellitus (DM) continua insatisfatório. Objetivo Objetivou-se investigar possíveis influências da qualidade da atenção sobre o controle dos fatores prognósticos de complicações da HAS e do DM em usuários cadastrados na ESF em Pernambuco. Método Estudo transversal em uma amostra aleatória de 1.607 hipertensos e diabéticos cadastrados na ESF em 35 municípios do Estado de Pernambuco. A qualidade da atenção foi avaliada por "acessibilidade", "serviços disponíveis", "serviços prestados" e "satisfação". Relações com o controle dos fatores prognósticos foram verificadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Resultados A prática de atividade física foi o desfecho que mais se encontrou relacionado com a qualidade da atenção; ao contrário, qualidade da atenção não se mostrou associada à cessação do tabagismo. Relações entre qualidade da atenção e controle do peso, da pressão arterial ou do diabetes foram inexistentes ou paradoxais. Conclusão Atenção de boa qualidade pode melhorar a adesão dos usuários à prática de atividade física.

Abstract Background Although the Family Health Strategy (FHS) is designed to meet the requirements of care for patients with chronic diseases, it appears that in practice, the control of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus remains unsatisfactory. Objective The objective was to assess if quality of care influenced the control of prognostic factors of complications in subjects with hypertension or diabetes enrolled in the FHS in Pernambuco. Method This is a cross-sectional study on a random sample of 1607 hypertensive and diabetic subjects enrolled with the FHS in 35 municipalities in the state of Pernambuco. Quality of care was evaluated by "accessibility", "services available", "services provided" and "satisfaction". The relationships with control of prognostic factors were sought using the chi-square test. Results The practice of physical activity was the outcome that was most closely linked to quality of care; on the other hand, quality of care was not found associated with smoking cessation. The relationship between quality of care and control of weight, blood pressure or diabetes were nonexistent or paradoxical. Conclusion Good quality of care may have a positive impact on the practice of physical activity by hypertensive or diabetic subjects.

Risk factor control in hypertensive and diabetic subjects attended by the Family Health Strategy in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil: the SERVIDIAH study.

The SERVIDIAH study (Evaluation of Health Services for Diabetic and Hypertensive Subjects) was conducted in 2010 in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. A multi-stage random sample of 785 hypertensive and 823 diabetic patients was drawn from 208 Family Health Strategy (FHS) units selected throughout 35 municipalities. Patients underwent a structured interview and weight, height, blood pressure and HbA1c levels (for diabetic patients) were measured. Mean age was approximately 60 years, and women were overrepresented in the sample (70%). 43.7% of hypertensive subjects and 25.8% of diabetic subjects achieved adequate blood pressure control and 30.5% of diabetic subjects had HbA1c levels below 7%. Despite 70% of the patients being overweight or obese, few had adhered to a weight-loss diet. The study of this representative sample of hypertensive and diabetic patients attended by the FHS in the State of Pernambuco shows that improvements in the management of hypertension and diabetes are needed in order to prevent the occurrence of serious and costly complications, especially given the context of increasing incidence of these two conditions.

Orientações sobre alimentação ofertadas por profissionais da estratégia de saúde da família durante as consultas aos hipertensos e diabéticos / Food guidelines offered by family health strategy professionals during medical consultations with hypertensive and diabetic people

Este estudo objetivou analisar as orientações sobre alimentação ofertadas pelos profissionais de saúde da Estratégia de Saúde da Família aos usuários com Hipertensão e/ou Diabetes Mellitus, durante as consultas. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em Unidades de Saúde da Família, onde foram observadas as consultas oferecidas por médicos e enfermeiros aos usuários hipertensos e/ou diabéticos. A coleta das informações se deu, por meio de observação participante e gravação de áudio, durante as consultas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática, e os resultados foram discutidos, a partir das quatro categorias emergentes: orientações alimentares simplistas ou insuficientes; orientações sobre o preparo dos alimentos/ refeições; orientações proibitivas e ausência de diálogo participativo; orientações sobre a utilização de outros dispositivos. Foi constatado que as orientações se davam de maneira simplista ou insuficiente, sem detalhar as explicações, com orientações proibitivas e sem levar em conta hábitos cotidianos dos sujeitos, como também sem estabelecer um diálogo participativo. Apesar de surgirem casos mais complexos, os profissionais não encaminhavam os usuários para o acompanhamento com outros dispositivos da Rede de Atenção e nem para outros especialistas, como o nutricionista. É necessário reforçar o papel do enfermeiro e do médico em relação ao aconselhamento alimentar aos usuários hipertensos e diabéticos, fornecendo orientações apropriadas e pactuadas com a participação dos indivíduos; como também a importância de haver um fortalecimento das atividades nutricionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família com o Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família e os outros dispositivos da Rede.

This study aimed to analyze the food guidelines offered by Family Health Strategy professionals to patients with hypertension and/or Diabetes Mellitus, during medical consultations. It is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, developed in Family Health Units, where consultations provided by doctors and nurses for hypertensive and/or diabetic patients were observed. Data collection was done through participative observation and audio recording during consultations. The data were submitted to thematic content analysis, and the results were discussed based on four emerging categories: Simplistic or insufficient dietary guidelines; Guidance on the preparation of food/meals; Prohibitive guidelines and lack of participative dialogue; Guidance about the use of other resources. It was found that the guidance worked in a simplistic or insufficient way, without detailing the explanations; with prohibitive guidelines and without taking into account daily habits of the individuals; as well as without establishing a participatory dialogue. Although more complex cases arose, the professionals did not refer users to follow up with other Care Network resources and not even with other specialists, such as nutritionists. It is necessary to strengthen the role of the nurse and doctor in relation to food advice for hypertensive and diabetic patients, providing appropriate and agreed upon guidelines with the participation of the individuals, as well as having a strengthening of the nutritional activities of the Family Health Strategy together with the Family Health Support Center and other network resources.

A (des)nutrição e o novo padrão epidemiológico em um contexto de desenvolvimento e desigualdades / (Mal)nutrition and the new epidemiological trend in a context of development and inequalities

O atual contexto de intensas transformações sociais, econômicas e políticas tem contribuído para as mudanças no perfil de adoecimento da população e gerado discussões acerca de seus impactos na reorganização da sociedade. Atualmente, o aumento de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis impulsiona inquietudes quanto ao paradoxo da coexistência entre desnutrição e obesidade. A partir da leitura e interpretação de textos, documentos e banco de dados, este artigo discute os aspectos relacionados à nutrição, contemplando as dimensões de escassez e excessos, sua evolução ao longo do tempo, além da conexão com o novo padrão epidemiológico. Iniciamos com a caracterização conceitual, a historicidade e a interface antropológica do tema norteador. Em seguida, descrevemos a prevalência, a distribuição e a tendência secular da desnutrição e da obesidade, além das relações temporais com o novo padrão epidemiológico no Brasil em um contexto de desenvolvimento e desigualdades. Trazemos ainda uma reflexão acerca da (des)nutrição na pós-modernidade, os interesses e os interessados no processo saúde doença, assim como experiências internacionais e estratégias de cooperação solidária. Concluímos com alguns avanços e desafios atuais diante da complexidade e velocidade das mudanças contemporâneas.

[Analysis of health care costs of patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension in a public health reference unit in Recife--Brazil]. / Análise de custos da assistência à saúde aos portadores de diabetes melito e hipertensão arterial em uma unidade de saúde pública de referência em Recife--Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze health care costs of patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension, and to estimate the cost of medium complexity outpatient procedures, compared with the standard reimbursement values used in Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed direct health costs in a public health reference unit in Recife/PE, in 2007. Costs were determined and allocated using the techniques of absorption costing and apportionment. RESULTS: Direct costs and the amount reimbursed by the SUS totaled R$ 4,855,291.82 and R$ 2.118.893,56, respectively. The greatest groups of expenditure were medications, with R$ 1,762,424.42 (36.3%), outsourced services, with R$ 996,637.82 (20.5%); and personnel, with R$ 978,096.10 (20.1%). All procedures had higher estimated costs than what is reimbursed by the SUS. CONCLUSIONS: Drugs were associated with the highest health care costs, a considerable difference was observed between estimated costs and the amount reimbursed by the SUS.

Factors associated with glycemic control in people with diabetes at the Family Health Strategy in Pernambuco / Factores asociados con el control glucémico en personas con diabetes en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia en Pernambuco / Fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em pessoas com diabetes na Estratégia Saúde da Família em Pernambuco

Abstract OBJECTIVE Identifying factors associated with glycemic control in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) registered in the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Pernambuco, Brazil. METHOD Associations between glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin A lower or equal to 7%) presented by people with DM and variables related to sociodemographic conditions, lifestyle, characteristics of diabetes, treatment and follow-up of patients by health services were investigated by multiple regression. RESULTS More than 65% of the participants presented inadequate glycemic control, especially those with lower age, longer illness duration, more annual contacts with FHS and complex therapeutic regimen. People with DM without referrals to specialists presented greater glycemic control. Associations with education level and obesity did not remain significant in the multivariate model. CONCLUSION The evolution of diabetes hinders adequate control, however, attention to younger people with DM and referrals to specialists are factors that can improve glycemic control.

Resumen OBJETIVO Identificar los factores asociados con el control glucémico en personas con Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 registradas en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) en Pernambuco, Brasil. MÉTODO Fueron investigadas, por regresión múltiple, las asociaciones entre el control glucémico (hemoglobina A glicosilada menor o mayor o igual al 7%) presentado por las personas con DM y variables relacionadas con condiciones sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida, características de la diabetes, de su tratamiento y seguimiento de los pacientes por los servicios sanitarios. RESULTADOS Más del 65% de los participantes presentaron control glucémico inadecuado, especialmente aquellos de menos edad, duración de la enfermedad más larga, más contactos anuales con la ESF y régimen terapéutico complejo. Personas con DM sin derivaciones a especialistas presentaron un mayor descontrol glucémico. Asociaciones con escolaridad y obesidad no permanecieron significativas en el modelo multivariado. CONCLUSIÓN La evolución de la diabetes dificulta el control adecuado. Sin embargo, la atención a las personas con DM más jóvenes y las derivaciones a especialistas son factores susceptibles de mejora del control glucémico.

Resumo OBJETIVO Identificar fatores associados ao controle glicêmico em pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 cadastradas na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) em Pernambuco, Brasil. MÉTODO Foram investigadas, por regressão múltipla, as associações entre o controle glicêmico (hemoglobina A glicosilada menor ou maior ou igual a 7%) apresentado pelas pessoas com DM e variáveis relacionadas com condições sociodemográficas, hábitos de vida, características do diabetes, de seu tratamento e acompanhamento dos pacientes pelos serviços de saúde. RESULTADOS Mais de 65% dos participantes apresentaram controle glicêmico inadequado, principalmente aqueles com idade menor, duração da doença mais longa, mais contatos anuais com a ESF e regime terapêutico complexo. Pessoas com DM sem encaminhamentos para especialistas apresentaram um maior descontrole glicêmico. Associações com escolaridade e obesidade não permaneceram significativas no modelo multivariado. CONCLUSÃO A evolução do diabetes dificulta o controle adequado, todavia, a atenção às pessoas com DM mais jovens e os encaminhamentos para especialistas são fatores suscetíveis de melhora do controle glicêmico.