Lifestyle information and commercial weight management groups to support maternal postnatal weight management and positive lifestyle behaviour: the SWAN feasibility randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To assess feasibility of a future randomised controlled trial (RCT) of clinical and cost-effectiveness of lifestyle information and commercial weight management groups to support postnatal weight management to 12 months post-birth. DESIGN: Two-arm feasibility trial, with nested mixed-methods process evaluation. SETTING: Inner-city unit, south England. POPULATION: Women with body mass indices (BMIs) ≥25 kg/m2 at pregnancy booking or normal BMIs (18.5-24.9 kg/m2 ) identified with excessive gestational weight gain at 36 weeks of gestation. METHODS: Randomised to standard care plus commercial weight management sessions commencing 8-16 weeks postnatally or standard care only. MAIN OUTCOMES: Feasibility outcomes included assessment of recruitment, retention, acceptability and economic data collation. Primary and secondary end points included difference between groups in weight 12 months postnatally compared with booking (proposed primary outcome for a future trial), diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, mental health, infant feeding, NHS resource use. RESULTS: In all, 193 women were randomised: 98 intervention and 95 control; only four women had excessive gestational weight gain. A slightly greater weight change was found among intervention women at 12 months, with greatest benefit. Among women attending ten or more weight management sessions. There was >80% follow up to 12 months, low risk of contamination and no group differences in trial completion. CONCLUSION: It was feasible to recruit and retain women with BMIs ≥25 kg/m2 to an intervention to support postnatal weight management; identification of excessive gestational weight gain requires consideration. Economic modelling could inform out-of-trial costs and benefits in a future trial. A definitive trial is an important next step. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: A feasibility RCT of postnatal weight support showed women with BMIs ≥25 kg/m2 can be recruited and followed to 12 months postnatally.

The impact of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress on a couple's relationship: a systematic review and meta-synthesis.

OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to identify the impact of childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or symptoms (PTSS) on a couple's relationship. BACKGROUND: Childbirth can be psychologically traumatic and can lead to PTSD. There is emerging evidence that experiencing a traumatic birth can affect the quality of the couple's relationship. This is an important issue because poor-quality relationships can impact on the well-being of partners, their parenting and the welfare of the infant. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted of Amed, CENTRAL, Cinahl, Embase, Maternity and Infant Care, Medline, MITCognet, POPLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycBITE, PsycINFO, Pubmed and Science Direct. Additionally, grey literature, citation and reference searches were conducted. Papers were eligible for inclusion if they reported qualitative data about parents who had experienced childbirth and measures of PTSD or PTSS and the relationship were taken. Analysis was conducted using meta-ethnography. RESULTS: Seven studies were included in the meta-synthesis. Results showed that childbirth-related PTSD or PTSS can have a perceived impact on the couple's relationship and five themes were identified: negative emotions; lack of understanding and support; loss of intimacy; strain on the relationship; and strengthened relationships. A model of proposed interaction between these themes is presented. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of childbirth-related PTSD or PTSS on the couple's relationships is complex. As the quality of the couple relationship is important to family well-being, it is important that healthcare professionals are aware of the impact of experiencing psychologically traumatic childbirth as impetus for prevention and support.

Limiting antenatal weight gain improves maternal health outcomes in severely obese pregnant women: findings of a pragmatic evaluation of a midwife-led intervention.

BACKGROUND: Antenatal obesity in pregnancy is associated with complications of pregnancy and poor obstetric outcomes. Although most guidance on pregnancy weight is focused on the prepregnancy period, pregnancy is widely viewed as a period where women are open to lifestyle change to optimise their health. METHODS: The hospital-based Bumps and Beyond intervention invited all pregnant women with a body mass index (BMI) >35 kg m(-2) to take part in a programme of health education around diet and exercise, accompanied by one-to-one guidance and monitoring of dietary change. This service evaluation compares 89 women who completed at a programme of seven sessions with healthy lifestyle midwives and advisors (intervention) versus a group of 89 women who chose not to attend (non-intervention). RESULTS: Mean (SD) weight gain in the intervention group [4.5 (4.6) kg] was less than in the non-intervention group [10.3 (4.4) kg] between antenatal booking and 36 weeks of gestation (< 0.001). This was associated with a 95% reduction in the risk of gestational hypertension during pregnancy and a general reduction in pregnancy complications. There was no effect of the intervention upon gestational diabetes or complications in labour other than post-partum haemorrhage (reduced by 55%). The impact of the intervention on gestational weight gain was greater in women with BMI >40 kg m(-2) at booking. There were no adverse effects of the intervention, even though 21% of the intervention group lost weight during their pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Intensive, personalised weight management intervention may be an effective strategy for the prevention of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy.

Childhood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: While many studies have demonstrated positive associations between childhood obesity and adult metabolic risk, important questions remain as to the nature of the relationship. In particular, it is unclear whether the associations reflect the tracking of body mass index (BMI) from childhood to adulthood or an independent level of risk. This systematic review aimed to investigate the relationship between childhood obesity and a range of metabolic risk factors during adult life. OBJECTIVE: To perform an unbiased systematic review to investigate the association between childhood BMI and risk of developing components of metabolic disease in adulthood, and whether the associations observed are independent of adult BMI. DESIGN: Electronic databases were searched from inception until July 2010 for studies investigating the association between childhood BMI and adult metabolic risk. Two investigators independently reviewed studies for eligibility according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: The search process identified 11 articles that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Although several identified weak positive associations between childhood BMI and adult total cholesterol, low-density lipo protein-cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin concentrations, these associations were ameliorated or inversed when adjusted for adult BMI or body fatness. Of the four papers that considered metabolic syndrome as an end point, none showed evidence of an independent association with childhood obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Little evidence was found to support the view that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for adult blood lipid status, insulin levels, metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes. The majority of studies failed to adjust for adult BMI and therefore the associations observed may reflect the tracking of BMI across the lifespan. Interestingly, where adult BMI was adjusted for, the data showed a weak negative association between childhood BMI and metabolic variables, with those at the lower end of the BMI range in childhood, but obese during adulthood at particular risk.

Trends in osteoporotic fracture and related in-hospital complications during the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta, Canada.

Fragility fractures (i.e., low-energy fractures) account for most fractures among older Canadians and are associated with significant increases in morbidity and mortality. Study results suggest that low-energy fracture rates (associated with surgical intervention and outcomes) declined slightly, but largely remained stable in the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic. PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION: This study describes rates of low-energy fractures, time-to-surgery, complications, and deaths post-surgery in patients with fractures during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Alberta, Canada, compared to the three years prior. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted using provincial-level administrative health data. Outcomes were assessed in 3-month periods in the 3 years preceding the COVID-19 pandemic and in the first two 3-month periods after restrictions were implemented. Patterns of fracture- and hospital-related outcomes over the control years (2017-2019) and COVID-19 restrictions periods (2020) were calculated. RESULTS: Relative to the average from the control periods, there was a slight decrease in the absolute number of low-energy fractures (n = 4733 versus n = 4308) during the first COVID-19 period, followed by a slight rise in the second COVID-19 period (n = 4520 versus n = 4831). While the absolute number of patients with low-energy fractures receiving surgery within the same episode of care decreased slightly during the COVID-19 periods, the proportion receiving surgery and the proportion receiving surgery within 24 h of admission remained stable. Across all periods, hip fractures accounted for the majority of patients with low-energy fractures receiving surgery (range: 58.9-64.2%). Patients with complications following surgery and in-hospital deaths following fracture repair decreased slightly during the COVID-19 periods. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that low-energy fracture rates, associated surgeries, and surgical outcomes declined slightly, but largely remained stable in the first few months of the pandemic. Further investigation is warranted to explore patterns during subsequent COVID-19 waves when the healthcare system experienced severe strain.

Trends in osteoporosis care patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta, Canada.

PURPOSE/INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to describe osteoporosis-related care patterns during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Alberta, Canada, relative to the 3-year preceding. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional study design encompassing 3-month periods of continuous administrative health data between March 15, 2017, and September 14, 2020, described osteoporosis-related healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and treatment patterns. Outcomes included patients with osteoporosis-related healthcare encounters, physician visits, diagnostic and laboratory test volumes, and treatment initiations and disruptions. The percent change between outcomes was calculated, averaged across the control periods (2017-2019), relative to the COVID-19 periods (2020). RESULTS: Relative to the average control March to June period, all HCRU declined during the corresponding COVID-19 period. There was a reduction of 14% in patients with osteoporosis healthcare encounters, 13% in general practitioner visits, 9% in specialist practitioner visits, 47% in bone mineral density tests, and 13% in vitamin D tests. Treatment initiations declined 43%, 26%, and 35% for oral bisphosphonates, intravenous bisphosphonates, and denosumab, respectively. Slight increases were observed in the proportion of patients with treatment disruptions. In the subsequent June to September period, HCRU either returned to or surpassed pre-pandemic levels, when including telehealth visits accounting for 33-45% of healthcare encounters during the COVID periods. Oral bisphosphonate treatment initiations remained lower than pre-pandemic levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the COVID-19 pandemic and corresponding public health lockdowns further heightened the "crisis" around the known gap in osteoporosis care and altered the provision of care (e.g., use of telehealth and initiation of treatment). Osteoporosis has a known substantial care and management disparity, which has been classified as a crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic created additional burden on osteoporosis patient care with healthcare encounters, physician visits, diagnostic and laboratory tests, and treatment initiations all declining during the initial pandemic period, relative to previous years.

The effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on markers of uterine contractility during parturition in the rat.

Increasing levels of obesity within women of reproductive age is a major concern in the UK. Approximately, 13% of women aged <30 and 22% of 31- to 40-year-old women are obese. Obesity increases complications during pregnancy and the risk of caesarean section due to prolonged labour and poor uterine activity. The aim was to investigate whether a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet decreases markers of uterine contractility during parturition in the rat. Female Wistar rats were fed control (CON, n=10) or HFHC (n=10) diets for 6 weeks. Animals were mated and, once pregnant, maintained on their diet throughout gestation. On gestational day 19, rats were monitored continuously and killed at the onset of parturition. Body and fat depot weights were recorded. Myometrial tissue was analysed for cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TAG), and expression of the contractile associated proteins gap junction protein alpha 1 (GJA1; also known as connexin-43, CX-43), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2; also known as cyclo-oxygenase-2, COX-2) and caveolin-1 (CAV1) and maternal plasma for prostaglandin F(2)(α) (PGF(2)(α)) and progesterone. HFHC fed rats gained greater weight than CON (P<0.003) with significant increases in peri-renal fat (P<0.01). The HFHC diet increased plasma CHOL, TAG and progesterone, but decreased PGF(2)(α) versus CON (P<0.01, P<0.01, P=0.05 and P<0.02 respectively). Total CHOL and TAG levels of uterine tissue were similar. However, HFHC fed rats showed significant increases in PTGS2 (P<0.037), but decreases in GJA1 and CAV1 (P=0.059). In conclusion, a HFHC diet significantly increases body weight and alters lipid profiles that correlate with decreases in key markers of uterine contractility. Further work is required to ascertain whether these changes have adverse effects on uterine activity.

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Although the relationship between adult obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown, the relationship with childhood obesity remains unclear. Given the evidence of tracking of body mass index (BMI) from childhood to adulthood, this systematic review investigated the independent relationship between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk, and whether the associations observed are independent of adult BMI. DESIGN: Electronic databases were searched from inception until July 2008 for studies investigating the association between childhood BMI and adult CVD risk. Two investigators independently reviewed studies for eligibility according to inclusion/exclusion criteria, extracted the data and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Positive associations between childhood BMI and adult blood pressure or carotid intima-media thickness were generally attenuated once adjusted for adult BMI. Associations between childhood BMI and CVD morbidity/mortality had not been adjusted and do not provide evidence of an independent relationship. Negative associations between childhood BMI and blood pressure were observed in several adjusted data sets. CONCLUSIONS: Little evidence was found to suggest that childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD risk. Instead, the data suggest that relationships observed are dependent on the tracking of BMI from childhood to adulthood. Importantly, evidence suggests that risk of raised blood pressure is highest in those who are at the lower end of the BMI scale in childhood and overweight in adulthood. The findings challenge the widely accepted view that the presence of childhood obesity is an independent risk factor for CVD and that this period should be a priority for public health intervention. Although interventions during childhood may be important in prevention of adult obesity, it is important to avoid the potential for negative consequences when the timing coincides with critical stages of neurological, behavioural and physical development.

Antenatal Weight Management: Women's Experiences, Behaviours, and Expectations of Weighing in Early Pregnancy.

The current emphasis on obstetric risk management helps to frame gestational weight gain as problematic and encourages intervention by healthcare professionals. However pregnant women have reported confusion, distrust, and negative effects associated with antenatal weight management interactions. The MAGIC study (MAnaging weiGht In pregnanCy) sought to examine women's self-reported experiences of usual-care antenatal weight management in early pregnancy and consider these alongside weight monitoring behaviours and future expectations. 193 women (18 yrs+) were recruited from routine antenatal clinics at the Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust. Self-reported gestation was 10-27 weeks, with 41.5% (n = 80) between 12 and 14 and 43.0% (n = 83) between 20 and 22 weeks. At recruitment 50.3% of participants (n = 97) could be classified as overweight or obese. 69.4% of highest weight women (≥30 kg/m2) did not report receiving advice about weight, although they were significantly more likely compared to women with BMI < 30 kg/m2. The majority of women (regardless of BMI) did not express any barriers to being weighed and 40.8% reported weighing themselves at home. Women across the BMI categories expressed a desire for more engagement from healthcare professionals on the issue of bodyweight. Women are clearly not being served appropriately in the current situation which simultaneously problematizes and fails to offer constructive dialogue.

The effects of acute nutrient restriction in the mid-gestational ewe on maternal and fetal nutrient status, the expression of placental growth factors and fetal growth.

This study explores the hypothesis that acute under-nutrition in mid-gestation reduces maternal and fetal nutrient status and affects the expression of specific regulators of placental growth and function. Welsh Mountain ewes were fed a concentrate diet plus wheat straw to provide 100% of their maintenance requirements. The concentrate ration of nutrient restricted (NR) ewes was reduced from day (d) 83 of gestation and withdrawn from d85 to d90. At d90, half the ewes (NR m = 7, control n = 8) were euthanased. The remainder (NR n = 9, control n = 9) were fed their maintenance diet until slaughter at d135. Maternal plasma insulin and IGF-I concentrations decreased during nutrient restriction and NEFA concentrations increased. Fetal IGF-I and insulin concentrations were unaltered by maternal diet. Placental VEGF mRNA expression was reduced at d90 (P < 0.05). IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-2 mRNA expression was reduced at d90 (P < 0.05) and d135 (P < 0.05), respectively. Placental weight was significantly lower in NR ewes at d90 (P < 0.05) and the distribution of placentomes shifted towards the everted phenotype at d135 (P < 0.05). Reduced thoracic girth and uterine fluid volume at d90 (P < 0.05) and decreased fetal lung weight at d90 (P < 0.05) and d135 (P < 0.05) suggest spatial limitation of lung expansion. In summary, acute NR in mid-gestation reduced anabolic drive and mobilised lipid stores in the maternal compartment, whilst fetal nutrient status was maintained. This was accompanied by changes in placental VEGF and IGFBP expression. The growth of the fetal lung appears to have been compromised and this may have adverse consequences for subsequent neonatal respiratory function.

Water intake, faecal output and intestinal motility in horses moved from pasture to a stabled management regime with controlled exercise.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: A change in management from pasture to stabling is a risk factor for equine colic. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of a management change from pasture with no controlled exercise to stabling with light exercise on aspects of gastrointestinal function related to large colon impaction. The hypothesis was that drinking water intake, faecal output, faecal water content and large intestinal motility would be altered by a transition from a pastured to a stabled regime. STUDY DESIGN: Within-subject management intervention trial involving changes in feeding and exercise using noninvasive techniques. METHODS: Seven normal horses were evaluated in a within-subjects study design. Horses were monitored while at pasture 24 h/day, and for 14 days following a transition to a stabling regime with light controlled exercise. Drinking water intake, faecal output and faecal dry matter were measured. Motility of the caecum, sternal flexure and left colon (contractions/min) were measured twice daily by transcutaneous ultrasound. Mean values were pooled for the pastured regime and used as a reference for comparison with stabled data (Days 1-14 post stabling) for multilevel statistical analysis. RESULTS: Drinking water intake was significantly increased (mean ± s.d. pasture 2.4 ± 1.8 vs. stabled 6.4 ± 0.6 l/100 kg bwt/day), total faecal output was significantly decreased (pasture 4.62 ± 1.69 vs. stabled 1.81 ± 0.5 kg/100 kg bwt/day) and faecal dry matter content was significantly increased (pasture 18.7 ± 2.28 vs. stabled 27.2 ± 1.93% DM/day) on all days post stabling compared with measurements taken at pasture (P<0.05). Motility was significantly decreased in all regions of the large colon collectively on Day 2 post stabling (-0.76 contractions/min), and in the left colon only on Day 4 (-0.62 contractions/min; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There were significant changes in large intestinal motility patterns and parameters relating to gastrointestinal water balance during a transition from pasture to stabled management, particularly during the first 5 days.

Analysis of client characteristics that may affect early discontinuation of the TCu-380A IUD.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the reasons for early discontinuation of the TCu-380A IUD in women participating in a large multicenter trial. The study relates specific characteristics of the women at the time of TCu-380A insertion with specific 1-year reasons for discontinuation. A secondary analysis was performed on data obtained from 2748 women from sites in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. By the end of the year, 321 discontinuations were observed. The gross cumulative 12-month life table rates of reasons for discontinuation were 13.3 for all reasons and 3.1, 4.5, and 4.3 for expulsion, removals for bleeding/pain, and personal reasons, respectively. Study site, age, and religion had a significant effect on early discontinuation. Women who had IUD insertions in the African centers had significantly higher expulsion rates than women from other centers. Women < 20 years old had significantly higher expulsion rates than older women. Muslim women had significantly higher rates of removal for bleeding and pain than women of other religions. This information may guide the counseling and follow-up process of women with such characteristics and result in a more satisfactory use and improved continuation rates of the TCu 380A.

PIP: This article presents a secondary analysis of the relationship between client characteristics and reasons for TCu-380A IUD discontinuation. The information gathered in this study served as a guide in the counseling process to ensure better user satisfaction and continuation rates. Data from the international multicenter trial among 2748 women from Africa, Asia, and Latin America were used to assess the continuation/discontinuation status 1 year after device insertion. The 12-month life table rates of reasons for discontinuation were used in the assessment of data. Participants were 18-40 years old, sexually active, with application of the contraceptive device 42 or more days after the last pregnancy. After a year, the rate of discontinuation was 13.3% for all reasons, 4.5% for bleeding/pain, 4.3% for personal reasons, and 3.1% for expulsion. Specific characteristics related to age, parity, religion and study site had significant effects on the discontinuation of IUD use. Women under age 20 were reported to have had a higher expulsion rate than older women, particularly those living in Africa. Removal due to bleeding and pain was found significantly higher among Muslim women compared to women from other religions.

A comparison of three daily coital diary designs and a phone-in regimen.

Barrier contraceptive trials and disease intervention studies often utilize coital diaries to measure sexual exposures: dates and frequency of intercourse, product use, additional or alternative contraceptive use, and menstrual bleeding. The validity of these self-reported data is a matter of debate, but if used, better diary designs are sought. We studied 3 different coital diaries, plus a phone-in regimen (none or weekly) in a 3 x 2 factorial design to compare participant ratings and promptness of recording. Our underlying presumption was that ease of and satisfaction with use, and promptness of data collection, are associated with greater accuracy. A self-completed questionnaire at the end of the study collected comparative retrospective data. Diary 1 captured information about a single day on one page and had three columns, for up to three possible acts of intercourse. Diary 2 had the same question format as the first diary, but contained 7 days per page. Diary 3 had 7 days on a page, but instead of a column for each act, participants enumerated the number of acts, the types of contraception used, and condom use details. Half of the women in each diary group phoned in their data weekly. Phone-in improved participants' satisfaction with the diary design as reflected by higher ratings of diary features. Phone-in did not improve recall of data at the end of the study for any of the diaries. There were no differences in the promptness of diary completion. Diaries 1 and 2 showed good concordance with recalled data, and participants expressed a preference for the layout of Diary 2. Women assigned to Diary 3 expressed dissatisfaction with the design and were worse at recalling data at the end of the study, probably due to the complexity of that diary design.

A comparative study of a progestin-only oral contraceptive versus non-hormonal methods in lactating women in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

A non-randomized comparative clinical trial of the progestin-only oral contraceptive (POC), Ovrette (75 mcg norgestrel) (Wyeth), versus non-hormonal methods was conducted at two clinics in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The trial was designed to assess the breast-feeding patterns of women choosing progestin-only oral contraception and non-hormonal methods of contraception, and to study the relationship between lactation and the clinical performance of a POC. Five-hundred women were allocated to either the progestin-only pill group (n = 250) or to the non-hormonal group (n = 250) and were followed up monthly for six months after admission. Measurements in mean infant weight, mean infant length, and mean head circumference were similar throughout the follow-up period. Non-hormonal users reported significantly more self-perceived decreases in milk production at the 5th and 6th month follow-up intervals. Acceptance and continued use of the pill were excellent, with only one woman discontinuing because of a pregnancy which was attributed to user failure. The principal side effect reported by women in both groups was intermenstrual bleeding.

PIP: A nonrandomized, comparative, clinical trial of the progestin only oral contraceptive (OC) Ovrette (75 mcg norgestrel) vs. nonhormonal methods was conducted at 2 clinics in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The trial was designed to assess breast-feeding patterns of women choosing progestin- only OCs and nonhormonal methods of contraception and to study the relationship between lactation and the clinical performance of the OC. 500 women were allocated to either the progestin-only pill group (n=250) or t o the nonhormonal group (n=250) and were followed monthly for 6 months after admission. Measurements in mean infant weight, mean infant length, and mean head circumference were similar throughout the follow- up period. Nonhormonal users reported significantly more self-perceived decreases in milk production at the 5th an 6th month follow-up intervals. Acceptance and continued use of the pill were excellent, with only 1 women discontinuing because of a pregnancy which was the result of user failure. The principal side effect reported by women in both groups was intermenstrual bleeding.

Conditions in rural Nepal for which depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate initiation is not recommended: implications for community-based service delivery.

The presence of medical conditions that might affect the use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive method was assessed in a rural district in Nepal. A general health survey was conducted in nonpregnant and noncontracepting women aged 15-44 years to determine the presence of any health problems. The survey included a general assessment interview by nonphysicians, followed by formal medical histories and physical exams by female gynecologists. Possible pregnancy (nine cases) and abnormal uterine bleeding (one case) were the only conditions identified in which DMPA should not be used, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Five additional cases of cardiovascular problems, in which DMPA initiation is not usually recommended, were also detected. Recently developed checklists based on the WHO criteria for DMPA use would have identified all of these health conditions. This checklist would allow the safe delivery of DMPA at the community health worker level, and increase the availability and accessibility of DMPA in rural Nepal.

PIP: A general health survey was conducted in nonpregnant and noncontracepting women aged 15-44 years to determine the presence of any health problems that might affect the use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive method in rural district in Nepal. The survey included a general assessment interview by nonphysicians, followed by formal medical histories and physical exams by female gynecologists. Findings revealed that a possible pregnancy (9 cases) and abnormal uterine bleeding (1 case) were the only conditions identified in which DMPA should not be used based on the WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 5 additional cases of cardiovascular problems, in which DMPA initiation was not usually recommended, were also detected. The reports included heart disease (2 cases), past history of hypertension (1 case), current hypertension (1 case), and headache and hypertension (1 case).

Results of a pilot study of the time to azoospermia after vasectomy in Mexico City.

In a joint pilot study by Family Health International (FHI), AVSC International, and the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), information was gathered on the determinants of azoospermia following vasectomy on 38 healthy men who chose vasectomy for contraception. The time and number of ejaculations associated with loss of sperm motility and loss of sperm eosin vital staining were also evaluated. "Azoospermia" was defined on the basis of two consecutive azoospermic semen samples collected at least 3 days apart. The single decrement life table method was used to calculate weekly gross cumulative life table rates for the time to azoospermia, zero motility, and zero viability. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the product-limit estimates of the cumulative rates for the total number of ejaculations to azoospermia, 0% motility and 0% viability. The median time to azoospermia was 10 weeks and at the end of week 20, the life table rate (+/- standard error) was 93.0 (+/- 6.30) weeks/100 men. The median number of ejaculations to azoospermia was between 25 and 30, and the cumulative rate (+/- standard error) at 60 ejaculations reached 94.5 (+/- 5.16)/100 men.

PIP: The time and number of ejaculations to azoospermia after vasectomy were investigated in a prospective pilot study of 38 vasectomy acceptors conducted by Family Health International and the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Two consecutive azoospermic semen samples collected at least 3 days apart were required for azoospermia to be declared. 25 men (65.8%) demonstrated azoospermia during the 24-week follow-up period; however, 9 (23.7%) discontinued prior to the study's end or before achieving azoospermia. The median time to azoospermia was 10 weeks. At the end of week 20, the single decrement life table rate was 93.0 +or- 6.30 weeks per 100 men. The median number of ejaculations to azoospermia was 25-30 and the cumulative rate of azoospermia at 60 ejaculations was 94.5 +or- 5.16 per 100 men. It took approximately 5 weeks longer for men with fewer than three ejaculations per week to reach azoospermia than their counterparts with a higher number of ejaculations. The median time to sperm motility was 3 weeks, while that to 0% viability was 9 weeks. There were two pregnancies, one of which involved a man who had been declared azoospermic. An expanded study based on this pilot study is underway.

The effect of a zinc, cobalt and selenium soluble glass bolus on trace element status and semen quality of ram lambs.

Supplemental zinc and selenium were administered to ram lambs grazed on pastures that were not considered to be deficient in either element. The breeding season and polygamy of the ram mean that his requirements for semen production will be relatively large over a short breeding season and this may induce a localised deficiency of zinc and/or selenium, thus resulting in a decrease in semen quality and production.Thirty-three 8-month-old ram lambs were kept at grass and fed a supplement of barley and peas, with ad libitum access to grass silage when grazing became restricted. On day 0, the rams were allocated to two groups by restricted randomisation of live weight. One group each had a zinc, cobalt and selenium soluble glass bolus (Zincosel(R), Telsol) administered with the other group not receiving a bolus to act as a control. Blood samples were taken by jugular venipuncture at day 0 (prior to bolus administration) and at days 23, 44, 65 and 86. Blood samples were analysed for zinc status (plasma zinc concentration) and selenium status (erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity). Semen was collected once a week between days 44 and 86, by diversion during a natural mount. Semen quality was assessed by ejaculate volume, spermatocrit, sperm concentration, abnormal morphology, motility, percentage live (negrosin-eosin stain), membrane integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS)) and seminal fluid glutathione peroxidase activity and zinc concentration. The bolused lambs had a significantly increased erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (P<0.01) on all samplings after bolusing and had significant increases in motility, proportion of live sperm and proportion of intact membranes indicated by the HOS. The bolused ram lambs had an increased selenium status and apparent improvement in semen membrane quality.

Treatment of diabetic (neuropathic) foot ulcers with two-stage debridement and closure.

We reviewed 33 patients with 37 wounds treated between November of 1991 and December of 1995 in the Wound Care Center. A two-stage debridement and closure technique for neuropathic foot ulcers was performed. Patients selected included those with obvious osteomyelitis and those who had failed nonsurgical treatment. The approach included initial surgical excision of the ulcer with biopsy, bone resection with biopsy, and deep culture. The second-stage procedure 4 to 8 days later included debridement of the wound and delayed closure. Intravenous antibiotic treatment using a central line was given postoperatively in patients with documented osteomyelitis for at least 6 weeks and in patients with infected soft tissues only for about 4 weeks. All patients remained nonweightbearing for 4 weeks; this was felt necessary to prevent separation of the wound edges. Four wounds in four patients failed to heal, and two of these went on to amputation. Satisfactory healing occurred in 29 of 33 patients and in 33 of 37 wounds. The authors conclude that two-stage surgical debridement and closure is an acceptable treatment in selected nonhealing diabetic (neuropathic) foot ulcers.

Heel Pain in an Active Adolescent?

In brief Calcaneal apophysitis, a condition commonly seen in active adolescents, results in pain in the posterior aspect of the os calcis, or heel. Radiographic findings sometimes noted at the calcaneal apophysis, including fragmentation and increased density of the apophysis, were once thought to be evidence of osteochondrosis. These findings are now recognized as a normal stage of apophysis development and appear to be unrelated to the symptoms. Teatment, which generally produces excellent results, includes restriction of physical activity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication, icing, a heel lift, and a stretching program.

A common cause for a common phenotype: the gatekeeper hypothesis in fetal programming.

Sub-optimal nutrition during pregnancy has been shown to have long-term effects on the health of offspring in both humans and animals. The most common outcomes of such programming are hypertension, obesity, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. This spectrum of disorders, collectively known as metabolic syndrome, appears to be the consequence of nutritional insult during early development, irrespective of the nutritional stress experienced. For example, diets low in protein diet, high in fat, or deficient in iron are all associated with programming of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders when fed during rat pregnancy. In this paper, we hypothesise that the nutritional stresses act on genes or gene pathways common to all of the insults. We have termed these genes and/or gene pathways the "gatekeepers" and hence developed the "gatekeeper hypothesis". In this paper, we examine the background to the hypothesis and postulate some possible mechanisms or pathways that may constitute programming gatekeepers.