RESUMO
Development of improved approaches for HIV-1 prevention will likely be required for a durable end to the global AIDS pandemic. Recent advances in preclinical studies and early phase clinical trials offer renewed promise for immunologic strategies for blocking acquisition of HIV-1 infection. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the efficacy of two vaccine candidates and a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) to prevent HIV-1 infection in humans. However, the vast diversity of HIV-1 is a major challenge for both active and passive immunization. Here we review current immunologic strategies for HIV-1 prevention, with a focus on current and next-generation vaccines and bNAbs.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HIV-1/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Vacinas contra a AIDS/administração & dosagem , Animais , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Gerenciamento Clínico , Variação Genética , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Imunização Passiva , RNA Viral , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/química , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
Globally, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV infection at the end of 2015. The most frequent infection co-occurring with HIV-1 is Mycobacterium tuberculosis-374,000 deaths per annum are attributable to HIV-tuberculosis, 75% of those occurring in Africa. HIV-1 infection increases the risk of tuberculosis by a factor of up to 26 and alters its clinical presentation, complicates diagnosis and treatment, and worsens outcome. Although HIV-1-induced depletion of CD4+ T cells underlies all these effects, more widespread immune deficits also contribute to susceptibility and pathogenesis. These defects present a challenge to understand and ameliorate, but also an opportunity to learn and optimize mechanisms that normally protect people against tuberculosis. The most effective means to prevent and ameliorate tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected people is antiretroviral therapy, but this may be complicated by pathological immune deterioration that in turn requires more effective host-directed anti-inflammatory therapies to be derived.
Assuntos
Coinfecção , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Imunidade , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/imunologia , Tuberculose/imunologia , Animais , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Progressão da Doença , Variação Genética , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/terapia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Tuberculose/terapia , Replicação ViralRESUMO
CD4+ T cells with latent HIV-1 infection persist despite treatment with antiretroviral agents and represent the main barrier to a cure of HIV-1 infection. Pharmacological disruption of viral latency may expose HIV-1-infected cells to host immune activity, but the clinical efficacy of latency-reversing agents for reducing HIV-1 persistence remains to be proven. Here, we show in a randomized-controlled human clinical trial that the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat, when administered in combination with pegylated interferon-α2a, induces a structural transformation of the HIV-1 reservoir cell pool, characterized by a disproportionate overrepresentation of HIV-1 proviruses integrated in ZNF genes and in chromatin regions with reduced H3K27ac marks, the molecular target sites for panobinostat. By contrast, proviruses near H3K27ac marks were actively selected against, likely due to increased susceptibility to panobinostat. These data suggest that latency-reversing treatment can increase the immunological vulnerability of HIV-1 reservoir cells and accelerate the selection of epigenetically privileged HIV-1 proviruses.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Interferon-alfa , Panobinostat , Provírus , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1/genética , Panobinostat/uso terapêutico , Provírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Latência Viral , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/uso terapêutico , Interferon-alfa/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
While CD4+ T cell depletion is key to disease progression in people living with HIV and SIV-infected macaques, the mechanisms underlying this depletion remain incompletely understood, with most cell death involving uninfected cells. In contrast, SIV infection of "natural" hosts such as sooty mangabeys does not cause CD4+ depletion and AIDS despite high-level viremia. Here, we report that the CARD8 inflammasome is activated immediately after HIV entry by the viral protease encapsulated in incoming virions. Sensing of HIV protease activity by CARD8 leads to rapid pyroptosis of quiescent cells without productive infection, while T cell activation abolishes CARD8 function and increases permissiveness to infection. In humanized mice reconstituted with CARD8-deficient cells, CD4+ depletion is delayed despite high viremia. Finally, we discovered loss-of-function mutations in CARD8 from "natural hosts," which may explain the peculiarly non-pathogenic nature of these infections. Our study suggests that CARD8 drives CD4+ T cell depletion during pathogenic HIV/SIV infections.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Inflamassomos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Sinalização CARD/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Progressão da Doença , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/patologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Viremia , HIV/fisiologiaRESUMO
A critical roadblock to HIV vaccine development is the inability to induce B cell lineages of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in humans. In people living with HIV-1, bnAbs take years to develop. The HVTN 133 clinical trial studied a peptide/liposome immunogen targeting B cell lineages of HIV-1 envelope (Env) membrane-proximal external region (MPER) bnAbs (NCT03934541). Here, we report MPER peptide-liposome induction of polyclonal HIV-1 B cell lineages of mature bnAbs and their precursors, the most potent of which neutralized 15% of global tier 2 HIV-1 strains and 35% of clade B strains with lineage initiation after the second immunization. Neutralization was enhanced by vaccine selection of improbable mutations that increased antibody binding to gp41 and lipids. This study demonstrates proof of concept for rapid vaccine induction of human B cell lineages with heterologous neutralizing activity and selection of antibody improbable mutations and outlines a path for successful HIV-1 vaccine development.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Linfócitos B , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , HIV-1 , Humanos , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Linhagem da Célula , Lipossomos , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia , Mutação , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/imunologiaRESUMO
HIV employs multiple means to evade the humoral immune response, particularly the elicitation of and recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Such antibodies can act antivirally against a wide spectrum of viruses by targeting relatively conserved regions on the surface HIV envelope trimer spike. Elicitation of and recognition by bnAbs are hindered by the arrangement of spikes on virions and the relatively difficult access to bnAb epitopes on spikes, including the proximity of variable regions and a high density of glycans. Yet, in a small proportion of HIV-infected individuals, potent bnAb responses do develop, and isolation of the corresponding monoclonal antibodies has been facilitated by identification of favorable donors with potent bnAb sera and by development of improved methods for human antibody generation. Molecular studies of recombinant Env trimers, alone and in interaction with bnAbs, are providing new insights that are fueling the development and testing of promising immunogens aimed at the elicitation of bnAbs.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/metabolismo , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV/imunologia , Imunização Passiva/métodos , Vírion/imunologia , Animais , Sequência Conservada , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Evasão da Resposta Imune , Imunização Passiva/tendências , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Since CCR5 is a key co-receptor for HIV entry into cells, replacing an HIV patient's cells with CCR5-deficient cells is thought to protect the new hematopoietic/immune system from infection. In this issue of Cell, Hsu et al. show that transplanting a cord blood graft carrying the CCR5Δ32 mutation led to a durable HIV remission in a patient with HIV and leukemia.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Humanos , HIV-1/genética , Sangue Fetal , Receptores CCR5/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
Previously, two men were cured of HIV-1 through CCR5Δ32 homozygous (CCR5Δ32/Δ32) allogeneic adult stem cell transplant. We report the first remission and possible HIV-1 cure in a mixed-race woman who received a CCR5Δ32/Δ32 haplo-cord transplant (cord blood cells combined with haploidentical stem cells from an adult) to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Peripheral blood chimerism was 100% CCR5Δ32/Δ32 cord blood by week 14 post-transplant and persisted through 4.8 years of follow-up. Immune reconstitution was associated with (1) loss of detectable replication-competent HIV-1 reservoirs, (2) loss of HIV-1-specific immune responses, (3) in vitro resistance to X4 and R5 laboratory variants, including pre-transplant autologous latent reservoir isolates, and (4) 18 months of HIV-1 control with aviremia, off antiretroviral therapy, starting at 37 months post-transplant. CCR5Δ32/Δ32 haplo-cord transplant achieved remission and a possible HIV-1 cure for a person of diverse ancestry, living with HIV-1, who required a stem cell transplant for acute leukemia.
Assuntos
Transplante de Células-Tronco de Sangue do Cordão Umbilical , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Transplante de Células-Tronco Hematopoéticas , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Sangue Fetal , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapiaRESUMO
The shock-and-kill strategy reactivates HIV-1 latent reservoir for immune clearance. Einkauf et al. found that some HIV-1-infected cells that persist and proliferate have transcriptionally active HIV-1 in permissive chromatin. Silent proviruses in repressive chromatin resist reactivation. Understanding HIV-1-chromatin interactions and how transcriptionally active HIV-1-infected cells survive is a pressing need.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Cromatina , HIV-1/genética , Humanos , Provírus/genética , Latência ViralRESUMO
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by a dynamic and persistent state of viral replication that overwhelms the host immune system in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The impact of prolonged treatment on the antiviral efficacy of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells has nonetheless remained unknown. Here, we used single-cell technologies to address this issue in a cohort of aging individuals infected early during the pandemic and subsequently treated with continuous ART. Our data showed that long-term ART was associated with a process of clonal succession, which effectively rejuvenated HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell populations in the face of immune senescence. Tracking individual transcriptomes further revealed that initially dominant CD8+ T cell clonotypes displayed signatures of exhaustion and terminal differentiation, whereas newly dominant CD8+ T cell clonotypes displayed signatures of early differentiation and stemness associated with natural control of viral replication. These findings reveal a degree of immune resilience that could inform adjunctive treatments for HIV-1.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Replicação Viral , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Análise de Célula Única , Diferenciação Celular/imunologiaRESUMO
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure efforts are increasingly focused on harnessing CD8+ T cell functions, which requires a deeper understanding of CD8+ T cells promoting HIV control. Here we identifiy an antigen-responsive TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cell population with high expression of inhibitory receptors and low expression of canonical cytolytic molecules. Transcriptional analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells and proteomic analysis of purified CD8+ T cell subsets identified TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cells as intermediate effectors that retained stem-like features with a lineage relationship with terminal effector T cells. TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cells were found at higher frequency than TCF1-CD39+CD8+ T cells in follicular microenvironments and were preferentially located in proximity of SIV-RNA+ cells. Their frequency was associated with reduced plasma viremia and lower SIV reservoir size. Highly similar TOXhiTCF1+CD39+CD8+ T cells were detected in lymph nodes from antiretroviral therapy-naive and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed people living with HIV, suggesting this population of CD8+ T cells contributes to limiting SIV and HIV persistence.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Linfonodos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Animais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
A key barrier to the development of vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses of high antigenic diversity is the design of priming immunogens that induce rare bnAb-precursor B cells. The high neutralization breadth of the HIV bnAb 10E8 makes elicitation of 10E8-class bnAbs desirable; however, the recessed epitope within gp41 makes envelope trimers poor priming immunogens and requires that 10E8-class bnAbs possess a long heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) with a specific binding motif. We developed germline-targeting epitope scaffolds with affinity for 10E8-class precursors and engineered nanoparticles for multivalent display. Scaffolds exhibited epitope structural mimicry and bound bnAb-precursor human naive B cells in ex vivo screens, protein nanoparticles induced bnAb-precursor responses in stringent mouse models and rhesus macaques, and mRNA-encoded nanoparticles triggered similar responses in mice. Thus, germline-targeting epitope scaffold nanoparticles can elicit rare bnAb-precursor B cells with predefined binding specificities and HCDR3 features.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra a AIDS , Anticorpos Neutralizantes , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Macaca mulatta , Animais , Humanos , Proteína gp41 do Envelope de HIV/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Camundongos , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Vacinação , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Nanopartículas/química , Feminino , Regiões Determinantes de Complementaridade/imunologia , Epitopos/imunologiaRESUMO
Current prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) vaccine research aims to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Membrane-proximal external region (MPER)-targeting bnAbs, such as 10E8, provide exceptionally broad neutralization, but some are autoreactive. Here, we generated humanized B cell antigen receptor knock-in mouse models to test whether a series of germline-targeting immunogens could drive MPER-specific precursors toward bnAbs. We found that recruitment of 10E8 precursors to germinal centers (GCs) required a minimum affinity for germline-targeting immunogens, but the GC residency of MPER precursors was brief due to displacement by higher-affinity endogenous B cell competitors. Higher-affinity germline-targeting immunogens extended the GC residency of MPER precursors, but robust long-term GC residency and maturation were only observed for MPER-HuGL18, an MPER precursor clonotype able to close the affinity gap with endogenous B cell competitors in the GC. Thus, germline-targeting immunogens could induce MPER-targeting antibodies, and B cell residency in the GC may be regulated by a precursor-competitor affinity gap.
Assuntos
Afinidade de Anticorpos , Linfócitos B , Centro Germinativo , Anticorpos Anti-HIV , HIV-1 , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Afinidade de Anticorpos/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Vacinas contra a AIDS/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos B/imunologia , Técnicas de Introdução de Genes , Camundongos Transgênicos , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
The impact of the microbiome on HIV disease is widely acknowledged although the mechanisms downstream of fluctuations in microbial composition remain speculative. We detected rapid, dynamic changes in translocated microbial constituents during two years after cART initiation. An unbiased systems biology approach revealed two distinct pathways driven by changes in the abundance ratio of Serratia to other bacterial genera. Increased CD4 T cell numbers over the first year were associated with high Serratia abundance, pro-inflammatory innate cytokines, and metabolites that drive Th17 gene expression signatures and restoration of mucosal integrity. Subsequently, decreased Serratia abundance and downregulation of innate cytokines allowed re-establishment of systemic T cell homeostasis promoting restoration of Th1 and Th2 gene expression signatures. Analyses of three other geographically distinct cohorts of treated HIV infection established a more generalized principle that changes in diversity and composition of translocated microbial species influence systemic inflammation and consequently CD4 T cell recovery.
Assuntos
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/microbiologia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Biodiversidade , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Quimiocinas/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Glicólise , Infecções por HIV/sangue , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/patologia , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Ácidos Nucleicos/sangue , Análise de Componente Principal , Serratia/fisiologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Transcrição Gênica , Uganda , Carga Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) remains a major health threat. Viral capsid uncoating and nuclear import of the viral genome are critical for productive infection. The size of the HIV-1 capsid is generally believed to exceed the diameter of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), indicating that capsid uncoating has to occur prior to nuclear import. Here, we combined correlative light and electron microscopy with subtomogram averaging to capture the structural status of reverse transcription-competent HIV-1 complexes in infected T cells. We demonstrated that the diameter of the NPC in cellulo is sufficient for the import of apparently intact, cone-shaped capsids. Subsequent to nuclear import, we detected disrupted and empty capsid fragments, indicating that uncoating of the replication complex occurs by breaking the capsid open, and not by disassembly into individual subunits. Our data directly visualize a key step in HIV-1 replication and enhance our mechanistic understanding of the viral life cycle.
Assuntos
Capsídeo/metabolismo , HIV-1/metabolismo , Poro Nuclear/metabolismo , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular , Capsídeo/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Células HEK293 , Infecções por HIV/virologia , HIV-1/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Poro Nuclear/ultraestrutura , Poro Nuclear/virologia , Transcrição Reversa , Vírion/metabolismo , Internalização do Vírus , Fatores de Poliadenilação e Clivagem de mRNA/metabolismoRESUMO
Natural antibodies (Abs) can target host glycans on the surface of pathogens. We studied the evolution of glycan-reactive B cells of rhesus macaques and humans using glycosylated HIV-1 envelope (Env) as a model antigen. 2G12 is a broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) that targets a conserved glycan patch on Env of geographically diverse HIV-1 strains using a unique heavy-chain (VH) domain-swapped architecture that results in fragment antigen-binding (Fab) dimerization. Here, we describe HIV-1 Env Fab-dimerized glycan (FDG)-reactive bnAbs without VH-swapped domains from simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques. FDG Abs also recognized cell-surface glycans on diverse pathogens, including yeast and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike. FDG precursors were expanded by glycan-bearing immunogens in macaques and were abundant in HIV-1-naive humans. Moreover, FDG precursors were predominately mutated IgM+IgD+CD27+, thus suggesting that they originated from a pool of antigen-experienced IgM+ or marginal zone B cells.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Polissacarídeos/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Anticorpos Amplamente Neutralizantes/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Dimerização , Epitopos/imunologia , Glicosilação , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Fragmentos Fab das Imunoglobulinas/química , Macaca mulatta , Polissacarídeos/química , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos B/química , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/genética , Vacinas/imunologia , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/química , Produtos do Gene env do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genéticaRESUMO
Understanding the complexity of the long-lived HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a considerable impediment in research towards a cure for HIV. To address this, we developed a single-cell strategy to precisely define the unperturbed peripheral blood HIV-infected memory CD4+ T cell reservoir from ART-treated people living with HIV (ART-PLWH) via the presence of integrated accessible proviral DNA in concert with epigenetic and cell surface protein profiling. We identified profound reservoir heterogeneity within and between ART-PLWH, characterized by new and known surface markers within total and individual memory CD4+ T cell subsets. We further uncovered new epigenetic profiles and transcription factor motifs enriched in HIV-infected cells that suggest infected cells with accessible provirus, irrespective of reservoir distribution, are poised for reactivation during ART treatment. Together, our findings reveal the extensive inter- and intrapersonal cellular heterogeneity of the HIV reservoir, and establish an initial multiomic atlas to develop targeted reservoir elimination strategies.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Humanos , HIV-1/fisiologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Latência Viral/genética , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/genética , Epigênese Genética , Carga Viral , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A fascinating aspect of viral evolution relates to the ability of viruses to escape the adaptive immune response. The widely held view has been that the great variability of viral glycoproteins would be an absolute obstacle to the development of antibody-based therapies or vaccines that could confer broad and long-lasting protection. In the past five years, new approaches have been developed to interrogate human memory B cells and plasma cells with high efficiency and to isolate several broadly neutralizing antiviral antibodies against highly variable pathogens such as HIV-1 and influenza virus. These antibodies not only provide new tools for prophylaxis and therapy for viral diseases but also identify conserved epitopes that may be used to design new vaccines capable of conferring broader protection.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/fisiologia , Testes de Neutralização/métodos , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/virologia , Humanos , Imunização Passiva/métodos , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Influenza Humana/virologia , Terapia de Alvo Molecular/métodosRESUMO
Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system and are important in the control of viral infections. Their relevance is reflected by the multiple mechanisms evolved by viruses to evade NK cell-mediated immune responses. Over recent years, our understanding of the interplay between NK cell immunity and viral pathogenesis has improved significantly. Here, we review the role of NK cells in the control of four important viral infections in humans: cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, HIV-1, and hepatitis C virus.
Assuntos
Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/virologia , Viroses/imunologia , Viroses/virologia , Animais , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/imunologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/patologia , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Hepatite C/imunologia , Hepatite C/patologia , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , Hepatite Viral Animal/imunologia , Hepatite Viral Animal/patologia , Hepatite Viral Animal/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/patologia , Influenza Humana/prevenção & controle , Células Matadoras Naturais/patologia , Viroses/patologiaRESUMO
The human immunodeficiency virus, the lentivirus that causes AIDS, is responsible for the most prevalent epidemic in the history of mankind. Here in this Timeline, we have attempted to illustrate a short history of HIV-1, from its identification in landmark papers published by Robert Gallo, Myron Essex, and Luc Montagnier, to the numerous drug and vaccine trials as well as the stride toward a possible cure. Even today, a vaccine and cure against HIV-1 remains elusive. In spite of this, in the space of 30 years, from the time when being HIV positive meant an instant death sentence, to today where millions of HIV positive people are living normal lives, the progress we have made in such a short period of time should be celebrated. To view this Timeline, open or download the PDF.