Workplace Causality Orientations Moderate Impostorism and Burnout: New Insights for Wellness Interventions in Graduate Medical Education.

Theory: Impostor phenomenon (IP) is strongly linked to physician burnout, but the nature of this association is not well understood. A better grasp of the mechanism between these constructs could shed new light on ways to mitigate physician IP and burnout. Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), the present study explores whether and how residents' general causality orientations at work-impersonal, controlled, and autonomous-each moderate the effect of IP on physician burnout. Hypotheses: We theorized that the autonomous orientation would buffer the facilitative effect of IP on burnout, while the controlled and impersonal orientations would each enhance it to varying degrees. Method: Two hundred forty-three residents from the Universities of Saskatchewan, Calgary, and Alberta, across various programs, specialties, and years of training, completed a survey containing demographic questions and three previously validated instruments: the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale, Causality Orientations at Work Scale, and Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. We used partial correlation analyses to test our moderation hypotheses. Results: In line with what we expected, the autonomous causality orientation buffered the facilitative effect of IP on burnout, while the controlled and impersonal causality orientations each enhanced it. Conclusions: Results suggest that possessing a stronger autonomous causality orientation (and creating learning/work environments that prime it) will dampen the effect of IP on burnout, while possessing a stronger controlled or impersonal causality orientation (and creating learning/work environments that prime them) will each augment it. Findings and their implications are discussed in terms of instigating theory-informed, system-level wellness interventions in graduate medical education.

Virtual Care Integration: Balancing Physician Well-Being.

Background and Objectives: According to self-determination theory (SDT), fulfillment of three basic psychological needs-autonomy, competence, and relatedness-positively impacts people's health and well-being. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, an accelerated adoption of virtual care practices coincided with a decline in the well-being of physicians. Taking into account the frequency of virtual care use, we examined the relationship between workplace need fulfillment and physician well-being. Methods: Using online survey methodology, in March through June 2022, we collected data from 156 family physicians (FPs) in Alberta, Canada. The survey contained scales that measured workplace need satisfaction and frustration, subjective well-being (physical, psychological, and relational), and frequency of virtual care use. We performed correlational and regression analyses of the data. Results: More frequent use of virtual care was associated with lower relatedness satisfaction among FPs. Controlling for the frequency of virtual care use, frustration of autonomy and competence needs negatively related to FPs' physical well-being; frustration of competence and relatedness needs negatively related to their psychological and relational well-being. Conclusions: Findings from this study align with SDT and underscore the importance of supporting FPs' basic psychological needs, while we work to integrate virtual care into clinical practice. In their day-to-day work, we encourage physicians to reflect on their own sense of autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and consider how using virtual care aligns with these basic needs.

Not all 'impostors' are created equal: A dimensional, person-centered, and theory-based analysis of medical students.

PURPOSE: Research on the impostor phenomenon (IP) is rapidly growing in medical education due to its relationship with distress and burnout. How IP is theoretically conceptualized and analyzed has been inconsistent, however, which limits our understanding of results and how to act on them. We hypothesized that a person-centered analysis, in combination with a robust theoretical framework, would provide a more specific 'profile' of medical student IP and help to optimize supports for their well-being. MATERIALS & METHODS: We used exploratory factor analysis to assess the factor structure of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS) in medical students, followed by cluster analysis to identify distinct 'impostor' profiles, based on the identified factors. We then used self-determination theory's (SDT) framework of motivation to explore how students in each profile differed in their general causality orientation, autonomous motivation towards going to medical school, and psychological need satisfaction in the medical program - factors that SDT identifies as predictors of engagement, performance, and well-being. RESULTS: Factor analysis yielded three main IP factors - feeling like a fake, attributing success to luck, and discounting achievement - in line with Clance's original definition of IP. The cluster analysis then identified four distinct IP profiles based on individual differences in these factors, each varying in aspects of their self-determination. CONCLUSIONS: This study sheds light on the ways that medical students may experience IP, further reinforcing the notion that not all 'impostors' are created equal. Findings support the three-factor structure of the CIPS among medical students, and that most students will fall into one of four IP profiles. These profiles and their implications are discussed.

Teaching Opportunities for Postgraduate Trainees in Primary Care.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this AM Last Page is to help faculty and postgraduate medical trainees (residents) identify resident teaching opportunities and foster teaching skill development. The Fundamental Teaching Activities (FTA) framework includes three domains in which physicians teach: Clinical Preceptor; Teacher Outside the Clinical Setting; and Educational Leader. Based on interviews with faculty and residents as well as our collective and diverse teaching experience, we adapted the FTA framework to be more applicable to resident teaching. The resultant domains are: Clinical Teacher; Teacher in Nonclinical Settings; and Educational Collaborator.

Family Physician Motivation and Well-Being in the Digital Era.

PURPOSE: Family physicians rapidly shifted to using virtual care during the COVID-19 pandemic, yet it is largely unknown if this change has impacted their workplace motivation. A better understanding of this matter is essential for optimizing the integration of virtual care into standard practice and for supporting family physician well-being. Using a self-determination theory lens, we examined if family physicians experienced autonomous (vs controlled) motivation toward using virtual care, how this related to their subjective well-being, and whether satisfaction (vs frustration) of their basic psychological needs at work mediated that relationship. METHODS: Using cross-sectional survey methodology, quantitative data was collected from 156 family physicians in Alberta, Canada. The questionnaire contained validated scales for measuring motivational quality, workplace need fulfillment, and subjective well-being. Descriptive, correlational, and mediation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Family physicians varied significantly in their quality of motivation towards using virtual care. Controlled motivation toward using virtual care was associated with lower well-being, and workplace need frustration fully mediated that relationship. Conversely, workplace need satisfaction, but not autonomous motivation toward using virtual care, was associated with higher well-being. CONCLUSIONS: In line with self-determination theory, findings suggest that when family physicians' motivation toward using virtual care is less self-determined, it will lead to poorer subjective well-being, because of basic psychological need frustration. Potential implications of the findings are discussed within the contexts of virtual health and primary care.

Profiles of physician motivation towards using virtual care: differences in workplace need fulfillment.

BACKGROUND: Physicians appear to vary in their motivation towards using virtual care, but to what extent is unclear. To better understand this variance, which is important for supporting physician wellbeing and therefore patient care, the authors used self-determination theory's (SDT) framework. According to SDT, different types of motivation exist, ranging from controlled to autonomous, that lend to differences in engagement, performance, and wellbeing. The authors aimed to determine: (a) if there were distinct groups of physicians based on their quality of motivation towards using virtual care, and if so, (b) how these groups varied in fulfillment of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) in the workplace. METHODS: In March-August 2022, the authors collected quantitative, survey-based data from a cross-section of 156 family physicians in Alberta, Canada. The survey contained existing scales that measure types of motivation (autonomous vs. controlled) and basic psychological need satisfaction/frustration at work. Cluster analysis was used to explore profiles of physician motivation towards using virtual care, and analysis of variance was used to determine how each profile differed with respect to workplace need fulfillment. RESULTS: With motivation towards using virtual care, three higher-order profiles of physician motivation were identified: autonomous (19% family physicians), controlled (16% of family physicians), and ambivalent (66% of family physicians). The three profiles differed significantly in terms of psychological need fulfillment at work. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies specific profiles that family physicians currently fall into when it comes to motivation towards using virtual care. In line with SDT, findings suggest that basic psychological needs are fundamental nutrients for physicians to internalize and endorse the value of using virtual care in their practices. Implications for physician wellbeing are discussed.

Longitudinal Study of Family Medicine Residents' Clinical Teaching After Participation in the Residents-as-Teachers Program.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Residents-as-teachers (RAT) programs provide opportunities for residents to gain teaching skills. Published studies have assessed RAT programs largely at a single point in time rather than longitudinally. To address this gap, we examined (a) longitudinal trends in RAT participants' interest, comfort, confidence, skill, and familiarity with aspects of clinical teaching; and (b) subsequent involvement in clinical teaching. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal survey of one cohort of family medicine residents (N=56) who participated in the RAT program during residency. We collected data before and after the RAT program and at one and three years into practice (2016-2020). We measured outcomes including interest, comfort, confidence, skill, familiarity with aspects of clinical teaching and involvement in clinical teaching. We performed longitudinal analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: Response rates at four data collections were 63% (n=35), 66% (n=37), 55% (n=31), and 34% (n=19), respectively. We observed consistent trends in interest, comfort, confidence, skill, and familiarity with aspects of clinical teaching; mean scores increased from before to after the RAT program and subsequently decreased in the early years in practice. At 1 and 3 years in practice, 71% and 74% of respondents, respectively, reported being involved in teaching, primarily teaching medical students. CONCLUSIONS: The RAT program appears to be a positive contributing influence on family medicine graduates' perceived preparedness to teach and their involvement in teaching after graduation from residency. A relatively high proportion of residents are involved in teaching in the early years in practice.

Psychological need fulfillment in virtual teaching: insights of residents and faculty.

Objective: To explore benefits and challenges experienced by residents and faculty when teaching in virtual settings. Methods: This was a qualitative descriptive study employing one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 10 residents and 12 faculty in the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Alberta, Canada, from May 2021 to May 2022. Participants were recruited via social media, resident and department events and email lists. Interview transcripts were analyzed descriptively and thematically employing the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) framework to map the identified benefits and challenges as facilitators and barriers to fulfilling teacher's basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in virtual settings. Results: Resident and faculty participants used virtual technology not only to deliver education, but also leveraged various platform features to support their needs in virtual settings. The emerging themes within benefits and challenges of virtual teaching were amenable to mapping onto three basic psychological needs of the SDT framework - autonomy (e.g., increased accessibility; lack of control over teaching environment), competence (e.g., increased self-confidence; technological limitations hindering skill development), and relatedness (e.g., timely exchange of information; difficulty with professional identity formation). Conclusions: Despite the inherent challenges, teaching in virtual settings can support teachers' psychological needs. Recommendations for the future delivery and facilitation of virtual learning include: giving high priority to engagement and active participation; nurturing autonomy and greater individual responsibility for learning; and creating an environment of emotional support. The SDT-informed strategies shown to be effective in in-person teaching need to be examined for their applicability in virtual settings.

Scoping review of cytolytic vaginosis literature.

BACKGROUND: Cytolytic vaginosis (CV) is a little-known, controversial condition that is typically not considered for women presenting with vulvovaginitis symptoms. Objective: The objective of this scoping review was to identify and compile the global evidence on CV. METHODS: A medical librarian searched Prospero, Wiley Cochrane Library, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, EBSCO CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and Scopus, from inception to April 4, 2019 and updated to October 17, 2021. Studies were eligible if they discussed CV. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection and data extraction. RESULTS: Sixty-four studies were identified, with 67% of studies (n = 43) published since 2007. Studies were from around the world, including the United States (28%, n = 18), Brazil (11%, n = 7), Portugal (11%, n = 7), and China (11%, n = 7). Fifty percent of studies (n = 32) were reviews; the remainder were observational; and of these, 78% (n = 25) were cross-sectional. The most frequent topics included: diagnosis (19%, n = 12), prevalence (17%, n = 11), and overview of CV (50%, n = 32). Evidence for prevalence in symptomatic women (median prevalence of 5%, interquartile range 3%-8%) was based only on 16% of studies (n = 10) with minimal evidence on prevalence in asymptomatic women and across different geographic regions. Microbiological findings, including abundant lactobacilli and fragmented epithelial cells, were found useful to distinguish between CV and vulvovaginal candidiasis, and Lactobacillus crispatus was noted to dominate the vaginal flora in women with CV. Most studies used subjective criteria to diagnose CV as the condition lacks gold-standard microscopic criteria. The suggested primary treatment (baking soda irrigations) was largely based on expert opinion, and there was minimal evidence on associations between CV and other conditions. CONCLUSION: Knowledge gaps currently exist in all realms of CV research. Additional research is needed to confirm the validity of CV and ensure that women are diagnosed and treated effectively.

Yellowknife: Canada's First Circumpolar Family Medicine Residency Site.

PROBLEM: Canada's Northwest Territories (NWT), like other regions in the circumpolar north primarily inhabited by Indigenous peoples, faces challenges in recruiting and retaining physicians. Communities in this vast, diverse region depend largely on external medical professionals for health care. Consequently, these communities receive discontinuous medical care from physicians who lack local knowledge and are available only temporarily. The shortage of physicians for people residing in northern Canada requires a sustainable, long-term solution. APPROACH: The authors describe establishing Canada's first circumpolar family medicine residency training site in Yellowknife, NWT. The site was launched in 2020 as a partnership between the University of Alberta, Alberta Health Services, and 3 local health authorities in the NWT. The residency site, which bases residents in the local community, is expected to positively impact family physician recruitment and retention by allowing residents to build connections with local communities and identify as a northern physician. OUTCOMES: As of fall 2022, 4 residents had trained with the Yellowknife family medicine residency site. Two of these 4 residents graduated in 2022, both of whom plan to continue practicing medicine in the NWT. Residents have positively influenced medical care in the NWT, providing care in close to 20 small and remote communities. The presence of residents decreased appointment wait-times for some teams by as much as 60%, improved primary care screening, and enabled the provision of medical services at critical times. Furthermore, their presence has fostered academic spirit in the medical communities and had a positive impact on the communities as a whole. NEXT STEPS: The authors provide key insights and lessons learned from the establishment of the remote residency site. To develop and improve the site, continuous program evaluation is planned.

Why Do We Feel Like Intellectual Frauds? A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on the Impostor Phenomenon in Medical Students.

Theory: Impostor phenomenon (IP) refers to people's feelings of intellectual fraudulence and fear of being "discovered," despite contradicting evidence of success. Due to its association with burnout and distress, it is progressively being studied in medicine. While various explanations for IP have been discussed in the literature, the role of motivation has largely been neglected. Hypotheses: Using self-determination theory (SDT) as a lens, it was hypothesized that different general causality orientations (impersonal, control, autonomy), domain-specific types of motivation (autonomous vs. controlled) toward going to medical school, and levels of satisfaction of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness) in the medical program, would each predict severity of IP symptoms. Method: A total of 1,450 medical students from three Canadian institutions were invited to complete a survey containing the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale and scales derived from SDT's mini theories: basic psychological needs theory, causality orientations theory, and organismic integration theory. We explored the prevalence of IP among the students and used regression to capture variable relationships, accounting for gender effects. Results: Data from 277 (19.1%) students were assessed, 73% of whom reported moderate or worse IP symptoms. Having an impersonal general causality orientation, more controlled motivation toward going to medical school, and lower need satisfaction in the medical program, each related to increased IP severity. Together, these motivational factors accounted for 30.3%, 13.6%, and 21.8% of the variance in students' IP severity, respectively. Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that students who are more self-determined (both in general and in medical school), and whose basic psychological needs are more supported in their medical program, will experience less frequent and severe IP symptoms. Preliminary explanations and implications of these findings are discussed within the medical education context.

A Case for Offering HPV Self-Sampling to Well-Screened Women. Comment on Lesack et al. Willingness to Self-Collect a Sample for HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening in a Well-Screened Cohort: HPV FOCAL Survey Results. Curr. Oncol. 2022, 29, 3860-3869.

Lesack et al. recently published a cross-sectional study that focused on human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling in the screened population, a population not conventionally thought of for HPV self-sampling. They found 52% of well-screened, highly educated women who participated in the Human Papillomavirus For Cervical Cancer (HPV FOCAL) screening trial in British Columbia, Canada, would be willing to self-collect an HPV sample. We published a similar study in 2021 on well-screened, highly educated women affiliated with a family medicine clinic in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and found that 60% of these women preferred to have the option of HPV self-sampling. Our findings reinforce Lesack et al.'s results and together provide evidence for offering HPV self-sampling as an option for the well-screened population.

In-Person or Online? The Effect of Delivery Mode on Team-Based Learning of Clinical Reasoning in a Family Medicine Clerkship.

In health professions education, team-based learning (TBL) has been used to help learners develop clinical reasoning and decision-making skills. The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged institutions to move curriculum delivery from largely in-person to online. With the anticipated return to in-person instruction and arguments made in favor of online instruction in certain circumstances, evidence is needed to support decision making in curriculum planning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of delivery mode (in-person vs. online) on student learning of clinical reasoning and clinical decision-making (CR/CDM) in the family medicine clerkship. Data from three cohorts of third-year medical students were included in the study: 2018/2019 cohort, in-person; 2019/2020 cohort, half of the cohort in-person, half of the cohort online; 2020/2021 cohort, online. Students' performance data-individual readiness assurance test (IRAT) and group readiness assurance test (GRAT) scores-were used. The Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) analysis was performed. As expected, students scored higher in GRAT than IRAT across the three cohorts. No significant IRAT-GRAT differences were observed between in-person and online delivery of TBL sessions. Student learning of CR/CDM in TBL is comparable between the two modes of delivery in the family medicine clerkship. Future research in other clerkships, years of medical education, and professional programs is needed to inform decision making regarding the TBL delivery mode.

Ambiguity and uncertainty tolerance and psychological needs of medical students: A cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Although the ubiquitous presence of ambiguity and uncertainty in medical practice is widely acknowledged, a greater understanding of contextual factors for educators to consider in helping students learn to respond to ambiguity and uncertainty adaptively is needed. Drawing on self-determination theory, the purpose of this study was to explore the unique roles of basic psychological needs-autonomy, competence and relatedness-in medical students' tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study of third-year medical students (n = 70) at a large Canadian university. In regression analysis, the three basic psychological needs were entered as predictors of medical students' tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty while controlling for students' age and gender. RESULTS: Of the three needs, the need for competence was determined to be statistically significant in relation to students' tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty (ß = 0.326; p = 0.038). The needs for autonomy and relatedness were determined to be not statistically significant (ß = -0.170; p = 0.274 and ß = 0.154; p = 0.218, respectively). DISCUSSION: We observed that medical students, who experienced satisfaction of the need for competence in the learning environment, reported greater tolerance of ambiguity and uncertainty. Potential implications for medical education are discussed, based on self-determination theory.

Competence is Essential but not Sufficient.

Physician loneliness is on the rise, negatively impacting physician well-being and patient care. Some authors have suggested that addressing professional loneliness should begin in medical school. To test this idea, we investigated how medical students' psychological needs impact their performance. Students' survey responses (autonomy, competence, and relatedness needs) were linked with their clinical decision-making scores. In regression analysis, relatedness was determined to be the largest and the only significant predictor of student performance. The findings corroborate the idea of fostering relatedness in medical training. Determining what strategies support relatedness and connection in the digital era is the next logical step.