Single-cell RNA-seq reveals keratinocyte and fibroblast heterogeneity and their crosstalk via epithelial-mesenchymal transition in psoriasis.

The pathogenesis of psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin disease with a high global prevalence, remains unclear. We performed a high-resolution single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of 94,759 cells from 13 samples, including those from psoriasis model mice and wild-type mice. We presented a single-cell atlas of the skin of imiquimod-induced mice with psoriasis and WT mice, especially the heterogeneity of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. More interestingly, we discovered that special keratinocyte subtypes and fibroblast subtypes could interact with each other through epithelial-mesenchymal transition and validated the results with drug verification. Moreover, we conducted a tentative exploration of the potential pathways involved and revealed that the IL-17 signalling pathway may be the most relevant pathway. Collectively, we revealed the full-cycle landscape of key cells associated with psoriasis and provided a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Challenges of fully online learning for dermatology education: a retrospective study.

Background: Blended learning has proven to be an effective teaching strategy. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, educational institutions worldwide switched to online learning. However, there is limited research on the effectiveness of blended learning and fully online learning. This study aims to evaluate and compare whether pure online learning is as effective as traditional blended learning by taking the example of dermatology education. Methods: The researchers compared traditional blended learning and fully online learning by evaluating the achievement scores of undergraduate students in a dermatology course in the academic years 2019 and 2020, respectively, at the Shandong First Medical University, China. In 2019, students undertook small private online courses (SPOCs) combined with face-to-face teacher-led learning. In 2020, live teacher-led learning replaced face-to-face teacher-led learning. The researchers also conducted a questionnaire survey in 2020. Results: The scores of students in 2019 were significantly higher than in 2020 (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the distribution of achievement variance in the scores between the two academic years. In the questionnaire survey, the majority of the students rated highly the fully online education mode and responded that pure online learning enhanced their self-study ability. Conclusion: The present study shows that fully online learning currently does not perform as well as traditional blended learning in terms of examination scores due to some limitations. However, pure online education has several advantages over traditional blended education. Online courses should be improved to ignite students' interest and increase their learning efficiency.

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. and Its Extracts for Psoriasis: Efficacy and Mechanism.

Psoriasis is an inflammatory autoimmune skin condition that is clinically marked by chronic erythema and scaling. The traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. (TwHF) is commonly used in the treatment of immune-related skin illnesses, such as psoriasis. In clinical studies, PASI (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index) were dramatically decreased by TwHF and its extracts. Their benefits for psoriasis also include relief from psoriasis symptoms such as itching, dryness, overall lesion scores and quality of life. And the pathological mechanisms include anti-inflammation, immunomodulation and potentially signaling pathway modulations, which are achieved by modulating type-3 inflammatory cytokines including IL-22, IL-23, and IL-17 as well as immune cells like Th17 lymphocytes, γδT cells, and interfering with IFN-SOCS1, NF-κB and IL- 36α signaling pathways. TwHF and its extracts may cause various adverse drug reactions, such as gastrointestinal responses, aberrant hepatocytes, reproductive issues, and liver function impairment, but at adequate doses, they are regarded as an alternative therapy for the treatment of psoriasis. In this review, the effectiveness and mechanisms of TwHF and its extracts in psoriasis treatment are elucidated.

SERPINB8 and furin regulate ITGAX expression and affect the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells.

In the past 10 years, the systemic treatment of advanced melanoma has undergone tremendous changes through the development of targeted therapy. However, there is still a long way to go. This study aims to characterize the function and interaction of ITGAX, SERPINB8 and furin in BRAF V600E mutant melanoma. Differentially expressed genes related to BRAF V600E mutation and BRAFi treatment were obtained by analysing GSE141484 and GSE22838. two kinds of BRAFi (Vemurafenib, 10 µM; Dabrafenib, 1 µM) were used to treat A375 and 1205Lu cells, respectively. The expression of ITGAX, SERPINB8 and Furin in A375 and 1205Lu cells was down-regulated by specific siRNAs, and cell proliferation, clone formation and invasion were detected by CCK-8, colony formation and transwell assays. The physical binding of furin and SERPINB8 was detected by immunoprecipitation. BRAFi treatment down-regulated the ITGAX and SERPINB8 expression and did not change furin expression. Knockdown of ITGAX and SERPINB8 both inhibited the proliferation and invasion of A375 and 1205Lu cells. Knocking down SERPINB8 down-regulated the expression of ITGAX. Furin knockdown and inhibitors all up-regulated the protein level of ITGAX. SERPINB8 can physically bind to furin. In summary, SERPINB8 and furin regulate the expression of ITGAX in melanoma cells, and ITGAX significantly promotes the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells.

Transcription factor YY1 contributes to human melanoma cell growth through modulating the p53 signalling pathway.

Melanoma has a higher mortality rate than any other skin cancer, and its cases are increasing. The transcription factor YY1 has been proven to be involved in tumour progression; however, the role of YY1 in melanoma is not well understood. This study investigates how YY1 functions in melanoma progression, and it also elucidates the underlying mechanisms involved. We have found that in clinical human melanoma tissues, YY1 is overexpressed compared with YY1 expression in normal melanocytes and skin tissues. Cellular immunofluorescence shows that YY1 is mainly located in the nucleus. YY1 knockdown reduces proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cell lines. Moreover, the apoptosis rate of cells is significantly increased in low-YY1 environments. The overexpression of YY1 resulted in decreased apoptotic rates in melanoma cells. YY1 also affects the expression of EMT-related proteins. Additional experiments reveal that YY1 knockdown disrupts the interaction of MDM2-p53, and that it both stabilizes and increases p53 activity. The upregulation of p53 expression in turn stimulates p21 expression just as it suppresses CDK4 expression, which then induces cells that were arrested in the G1 phase. The effect then is to constrain cell proliferation in melanoma cells. Upon activation of the p53 pathway, Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, is upregulated, and Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was downregulated in A375 cells. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the pathology of melanoma as well as the role that YY1 plays in tumour progression. The findings also suggest that targeting YY1 has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma.

CHRNA5 Is Overexpressed in Patients with Psoriasis and Promotes Psoriasis-Like Inflammation in Mouse Models.

It is well known that psoriasis is closely related to smoking, and CHRNA5 plays an important role in smoking-related diseases. However, studies on the relationship between CHRNA5 and psoriasis are limited. This study aimed to examine the role of CHRNA5 in psoriasis development and pathogenesis. Analysis in psoriatic tissues and imiquimod-induced mouse models showed that CHRNA5 was highly expressed in psoriatic lesional skin. To further verify the function of CHRNA5, we constructed Chrna5-knockout mice and induced the psoriasis model. We found that Chrna5 knockout significantly reduced the severity of psoriasis and could regulate inflammation through the MAPK kinase kinase-1/c-Jun N-terminal kinase‒MAPK/NF-κB pathway. The single-cell sequencing results revealed that after Chrna5 knockout, the keratinocyte subpopulation was significantly reduced and the related Jak/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway was downregulated, further indicating the importance of CHRNA5 in psoriasis. Human keratinocytes were analyzed, and silencing CHRNA5 inhibited keratinocyte proliferation and migration. In summary, CHRNA5 played important roles in the development and pathogenesis of psoriasis, and targeting CHRNA5 may be an effective strategy for the treatment of psoriasis.

miR-498 Targets UBE2T to Inhibit the Proliferation of Malignant Melanoma Cells.

Background: Malignant melanoma is a common malignant tumor and one of the tumors with the fastest growing incidence. The effect of microRNAs on the biological processing of malignant melanoma cells also have been reported. This study explores the ability of miR-498 to regulate the progression of malignant melanoma cells. Methods: The expression of miR-498 was detected by RT-qPCR. The proliferation, invasion, and migration of malignant melanoma cells were measured by cell counting kit-8, clone formation, and transwell assays. Flow cytometry assay detected the percentage of apoptotic cells. Western blot was used to detect the expression of markers related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The correction of miR-498 and UBE2T was explored by dual-luciferase assay and Western blot. Results: Overexpression of miR-498 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration, and induced cell apoptosis of M14 and A375 cells. In addition, the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related factors was altered by the overexpression of miR-498. miR-498 can directly target UBE2T 3'-UTR and inhibit UBE2T protein expression. The overexpression of UBE2T reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-498 on the progression of malignant melanoma cells. Furthermore, UBE2T mRNA was significantly highly expressed in malignant melanoma tissues. The high expression of UBE2T was associated with the poor overall survival rate of malignant melanoma patients. Conclusions: Altogether, our findings demonstrated that miR-498 significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration, and induced apoptosis of malignant melanoma cells and confirmed that miR-498 regulated malignant melanoma cell progression by targeting UBE2T.

LINC00665 sponges miR-641 to promote the progression of breast cancer by targeting the SNF2-related CREBBP activator protein (SRCAP).

The regulatory network of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) exists widely in tumors and affects the expression of cancer-related genes, thus playing an important role in the development and prognosis of human tumors. In this research, we explored the role and mechanism of LINC00665 as a ceRNA in breast cancer. We analyzed the expression and targets of LINC00665 in breast cancer using bioinformatics, and detected their effects on breast cancer cells by CCK8, transwell, colony formation and flow cytometry assays. From our results, LINC00665 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion and induced the apoptosis through inactivating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. LINC00665 had five potential downstream target miRNAs (miR-542-3p, miR-624-5p, miR-641, miR-425-5p, and miR-30-3p). In dual-luciferase report gene assay, the fluorescence activity of cells transfected with miR-641 mimics decreased, and the expression of miR-641 decreased significantly after knocking down LINC00665. miR-641 mimics significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. We detected five potential direct targets of miR-641 using qPCR (SRCAP, SIKE1, NADK, KHDC4, and HSPG2). SRCAP expression decreased significantly in miR-641 overexpression cells and the binding of SRCAP's 3'UTR and miR-641 was further confirmed by dual-luciferase report gene assay. SRCAP blocked the proliferation and invasion inhibition induced by miR-641 or si-LINC00665 in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In conclusion, LINC00665 could promote the survival and metastasis of breast cancer cells through sponging miR-641 and targeting SRCAP. This research provided new potential targets for targeted therapy in human breast cancer.

NLGN3 Upregulates Expression of ADAM10 to Promote the Cleavage of NLGN3 via Activating the LYN Pathway in Human Gliomas.

The neuron derived synaptic adhesion molecular neuroligin-3 (NLGN3) plays an important role in glioma growth. While the role of autocrine NLGN3 in glioma has not been well-studied. The expression of NLGN3 in glioma was detected using immunohistochemistry. We further explored its function and regulatory mechanism in U251 and U87 cells with high expression of NLGN3. Knockdown of endogenous NLGN3 significantly reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells and down-regulated the activity of the PI3K-AKT, ERK1/2, and LYN signaling pathways. In comparison, overexpression of NLGN3 yielded opposite results. Our results further demonstrate that LYN functions as a feedback mechanism to promote NLGN3 cleavage. This feedback regulation was achieved by upregulating the ADAM10 sheddase responsible for NLGN3 cleavage. Inhibition of ADAM10 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioma cells; oppositely, the expression of ADAM10 was correlated with a higher likelihood of lower grade glioma (LGG) in the brain. Our study demonstrates that glioma-derived NLGN3 promotes glioma progression by upregulating activity of LYN and ADAM10, which in turn promote NLGN3 cleavage to form a positive feedback loop. This pathway may open a potential therapeutic window for the treatment of human glioma.

Identification of m6A Regulator-Associated Methylation Modification Clusters and Immune Profiles in Melanoma.

RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in tumorigenesis and progression has been highlighted and discovered in recent years. However, the molecular and clinical implications of m6A modification in melanoma tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune infiltration remain largely unknown. Here, we utilized consensus molecular clustering with nonnegative matrix factorization based on the melanoma transcriptomic profiles of 23 m6A regulators to determine the m6A modification clusters and m6A-related gene signature. Three distinct m6A modification patterns (m6A-C1, C2, and C3), which are characterized by specific m6A regulator expression, survival outcomes, and biological pathways, were identified in more than 1,000 melanoma samples. The immune profile analyses showed that these three m6A modification subtypes were highly consistent with the three known immune phenotypes: immune-desert (C1), immune-excluded (C2), and immune-inflamed (C3). Tumor digital cytometry (CIBERSORT, ssGSEA) algorithm revealed an upregulated infiltration of CD8+ T cell and NK cell in m6A-C3 subtype. An m6A scoring scheme calculated by principal component of m6A signatures stratified melanoma patients into high- and low-m6sig score subgroups; a high score was significantly associated with prolonged survival and enhanced immune infiltration. Furthermore, fewer somatic copy number alternations (SCNA) and PD-L1 expression were found in patients with high m6Sig score. In addition, patients with high m6Sig score demonstrated marked immune responses and durable clinical benefits in two independent immunotherapy cohorts. Overall, this study indicated that m6A modification is involved in melanoma tumor microenvironment immune regulation and contributes to formation of tumor immunogenicity. Comprehensive evaluation of the m6A modification pattern of individual tumors will provide more insights into molecular mechanisms of TME characterization and promote more effective personalized biotherapy strategies.

Abnormal overexpression of G9a in melanoma cells promotes cancer progression via upregulation of the Notch1 signaling pathway.

Malignant melanoma is a type of very dangerous skin cancer. Histone modifiers usually become dysregulated during the process of carcinoma development, thus there is potential for a histone modifier inhibitor as a useful drug for cancer therapy. There is a multitude of evidence regarding the role of G9a, a histone methyltransferase (HMTase), in tumorigenesis. In this study, we first showed that G9a was significantly upregulated in melanoma patients. Using the TCGA database, we found a significantly higher expression of G9a in primary melanoma samples (n = 461) compared to normal skin samples (n = 551). Next, we knocked down G9a in human M14 and A375 melanoma cell lines in vitro via small interfering RNA (siRNA). This resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability, migration and invasion, and an increase in cell apoptosis. UNC0642 is a small molecule inhibitor of G9a that demonstrates minimal cell toxicity and good in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics. We investigated the role of UNC0642 in melanoma cells, and detected its anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo. Next, we treated cells with UNC0642, and observed a significant decrease in cell viability in M14 and A375 cell lines. Furthermore, treatment with UNC0642 resulted in increased apoptosis. In immunocompetent mice bearing A375 engrafts, treatment with UNC0642 inhibited tumor growth. Results of Western blot analysis revealed that administration of UNC0642 or silencing of G9a expression by siRNA reduced Notch1 expression significantly and decreased the level of Hes1 in A375. All in all, the data from our study demonstrates potential of G9a as a therapeutic target in the treatment of melanoma.

α5-nAChR modulates melanoma growth through the Notch1 signaling pathway.

The roles of α5-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α5-nAChRs) in various types of solid cancer have been reported; however, its role in melanoma remains unknown. We knocked down α5-nAChR expression in melanoma cells to investigate the role of α5-nAChR in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells, and its effect on downstream signaling pathways. Using immunohistochemical analysis, we determined that α5-nAChR expression is significantly increased in human melanoma tissues and cell lines compared with normal human skin tissues. Knocking down α5-nAChR expression in melanoma cells in culture significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of melanoma cell lines. Specifically, knockdown of α5-nAChR inhibited PI3K-AKT and ERK1/2 signaling activity. Moreover, we confirmed that the Notch1 signaling pathway is the downstream target of α5-nAChR in melanoma. Our findings suggest that α5-nAChR plays a critical role in melanoma development and progression, and that targeting α5-nAChR may be a strategy for melanoma treatment.

The tomato 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase gene SlF3HL is critical for chilling stress tolerance.

Low temperature is a major stress that severely affects plant development, growth, distribution, and productivity. Here, we examined the function of a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase-encoding gene, SlF3HL, in chilling stress responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Alisa Craig [AC]). Knockdown (KD) of SlF3HL (through RNA interference) in tomato led to increased sensitivity to chilling stress as indicated by elevated levels of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the KD plants had decreased levels of proline and decreased activities of peroxisome and superoxide dismutase. The expression of four cold-responsive genes was substantially reduced in the KD plants. Furthermore, seedling growth was significantly greater in AC or SlF3HL-overexpression plants than in the KD plants under either normal growth conditions with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or chilling stress conditions. SlF3HL appears to positively regulate JA accumulation and the expression of JA biosynthetic and signaling genes under chilling stress. Together, these results suggest that SlF3HL is a positive regulator of chilling stress tolerance and functions in the chilling stress tolerance pathways, possibly by regulating JA biosynthesis, JA signaling, and ROS levels.

Lyn Kinase Promotes the Proliferation of Malignant Melanoma Cells through Inhibition of Apoptosis and Autophagy via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.

Melanoma is a malignant tumor of cutaneous melanocytes that is characterized by high grade malignancy, rapid progression and high mortality. Thus far, its specific etiological mechanism has been unclear. In this study, we discovered that Lyn kinase expression was up-regulated in melanoma tissues and cells. The function of Lyn was determined by knocking down its expression with a lentivirus containing Lyn shRNA and upregulating its expression with pcDNA3.1-Lyn in the melanoma cell lines M14 and A375. The results showed that Lyn knockdown could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasiveness through its inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway in melanoma cell lines. This was further confirmed by treatment with PI3K inhibitor BEZ235. Up-regulation of Lyn promoted the expression of p-Akt and Cyclin D1. Additionally, we investigated the effects of Lyn inhibitor Bafetinib on melanoma cells and the results were consistent with Lyn knockdown. Collectively, our results indicated that Lyn plays a carcinogenic role in multiple cellular functions during melanoma development through regulating apoptosis and autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway and may be a valuable potential target for the clinical treatment of melanoma.

NPS - 2143 (hydrochloride) inhibits melanoma cancer cell proliferation and induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Melanoma is a common and aggressive skin cancer caused by the oncogenic transformation of melanocytes. NPS-2143 (hydrochloride) is a calcification drug that acts as an antagonist of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and consequently stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone. In the present work, we treated cells from the human melanoma cell line M14 to investigate the effects of NPS-2143 on melanoma cells and elucidate their underlying mechanisms. We observed that NPS-2143 inhibits the survival and proliferation of M14 cells and suppresses the migration and proliferation of M14 cells by inducing apoptosis. The Bax/Bcl­2 ratio in M14 cells was enhanced by the NPS-2143 treatment, suggesting that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was activated. The expression and phosphorylation of proteins involved in the PI3K signaling pathway were altered by NPS-2143 treatment. Our data show that NPS-2143 impacts the viability and induces the apoptosis of melanoma M14 cells through its impact on the PI3K signaling pathway. It suggests that NPS-2143 could represent a promising candidate for melanoma treatment.

Knock-down of filaggrin influences the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.

BACKGROUND: Filaggrin is an essential structural protein of the stratum corneum binding to the keratin intermediate filaments to form a dense protein-lipid matrix. However, the function of filaggrin in epidermal terminal differentiation is not completely understood. AIM: To evaluate the effects of filaggrin on normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and to investigate the relevant mechanisms. METHODS: Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology was used to knock-down filaggrin in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to detect expression of filaggrin, differentiation-related proteins and MAPK-related proteins. RESULTS: Filaggrin was successfully knocked down in NHEKs (99% efficiency). We found that the lack of filaggrin significantly decreased the expression of some differentiation-related proteins, including Cytokeratin 5 protein, Cytokeratin 14 protein, ST14 protein and SPRR3 protein (P<0.05). In addition, filaggrin knock-down significantly decreased expression of p-p38, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, p-Akt, and p-NF-κB in NHEKs. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that filaggrin regulates epidermal terminal differentiation and impairs MAPK signaling pathway in normal human epidermal keratinocytes.

MAPK Pathway Involved in Epidermal Terminal Differentiation of Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in epidermal terminal differentiation. METHODS: The MAPK pathways (p38, ERK1/2, JNK) were inhibited by SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs), respectively. Western blotting assays were performed to detect expression of filaggrin and differentiation-related proteins. The mRNA expressions of differentiation-related proteins were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: Inhibition of MAPK pathway by SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125 resulted in significant reduction of filaggrin expression in NHEKs. Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway decreased the expression of differentiation-related proteins (cytokeratin 5, cytokeratin 14, ST14, and SPRR3), Akt, and NF-κB. Inhibition of JNK also suppressed expression of cytokeratin 14, SPRR3, Akt, and NF-κB. However, inhibition of ERK1/2 merely decreased expression of SPRR3 and Akt. CONCLUSION: MAPK pathways regulates epidermal terminal differentiation in NHEKs. The p38 signaling pathway plays an especially important role.

MDA-19 Suppresses Progression of Melanoma Via Inhibiting the PI3K/Akt Pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of MDA-19 on progression of melanoma, and explore the relevant mechanism. METHODS: The melanoma cell lines, M14 and UACC257, were treated with different concentrations of MDA-19, then CCK8, clone formation assay, Transwell and flow cytometry assays were performed to examine cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, respectively. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase 3 P17), EMT and signaling pathway-related proteins were also detected by Western blot. RESULTS: MDA-19 inhibited melanoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared to the NC group, MDA-19 significantly inhibited cell growth capacity, migration and invasion of M14 and UACC257 cells, and accelerated cell apoptosis in a mitochondrial pathway through regulating Bcl-2/Bax and Caspase 3 in M14 and UACC257 cells. Moreover, MDA-19 was observed to up-regulate the expression of E-cad and down-regulate the expression of N-cad, Vimentin and Slug in melanoma cells in vitro. Furthermore, MDA-19 could inhibit the PI3K/Akt pathway by blocking Akt phosphorylation (p-Akt) and downstream proteins, P70 and Cyclin D1 in M14 and UACC257 cells. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that MDA-19 could inhibit progression of melanoma by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that MDA-19 is a potential anti-cancer agent for therapy of melanoma.

Decrease of galectin-3 in keratinocytes: A potential diagnostic marker and a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.

Psoriasis-specific proteins dysregulated in keratinocytes and involved in the pathophysiological process of psoriasis remains elusive. We report here that epidermal galectin-3 expression is significantly downregulated in lesional skin, but not in non-lesional skin in psoriasis patients, nor in a group of diseases known as psoriasiform dermatitis clinically and histologically similar to psoriasis. The deficiency of epidermal galectin-3 is sufficient to promote development of psoriatic lesions, as evidenced by more severe skin inflammation in galectin-3 knockout (gal3-/-) mice, compared to wild-type mice, after imiquimod treatment, and in skin from gal3-/- mice grafted onto wildtype mice. The development of psoriatic-like lesions is attributable to 1) the spontaneously tuning up of psoriasis signatures in keratinocytes through JNK pathway; and 2) neutrophil accumulation caused by the enhanced leukocyte-recruiting capacity associated with overexpression of S100A7-9 and CXCL-1, 8 in keratinocytes with impaired galectin-3 expression. Psoriasis-like skin inflammation is significantly improved in gal-3-/- mice both by inhibition of neutrophils accumulation with a selective CXCR2 antagonist of SB225002, and by intracutaneous injection of recombinant galectin-3. Overall, these findings offer promising galectin-3-related diagnostic and therapeutic resolutions of psoriasis.

Regulator of G protein signaling 4 inhibits human melanoma cells proliferation and invasion through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Melanoma is a tumor produced by skin melanocytes, which has a high metastatic rate and poor prognosis. So far, plenty of work has been done on melanoma, but mechanisms underlying melanoma development have not been fully elucidated. Here we identified regulator of G protein signaling 4(RGS4) as novel therapeutic target for malignant melanoma and its regulating effect on melanoma. We found that endogenous RGS4 expression was much lower in melanoma tissues and cells. In A375 cell line with low endogenous RGS4 expression, the function of RGS4 was detected by up-regulation its expression with pcDNA3.1-RGS4 and knockdown its expression with siRNA. Our results showed that RGS4 could significantly reduce the proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. RGS4 is an important regulator for the apoptosis of melanocyte, and the apoptosis rate is significantly decreased in low RGS4 enviroment. RGS4 induced non-activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, resulting in decreased expression of E2F1 and Cyclin D1, thus constraining cell proliferation and invasion. These results were further confirmed in M14 cell lines. Collectively, our findings show that RGS4 plays an important role in multiple cellular functions of melanoma development and is valuable to be a therapeutic target.