Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation and Conduction Disturbances: Focus on Clinical Implications.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established alternative to surgery in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and has expanded its indications to even low-surgical-risk patients. Conduction abnormalities (CA) and permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantations remain a relatively common finding post TAVI due to the close proximity of the conduction system to the aortic root. New onset left bundle branch block (LBBB) and high-grade atrioventricular block are the most commonly reported CA post TAVI. The overall rate of PPM implantation post TAVI varies and is related to pre- and intra-procedural factors. Therefore, when screening patients for TAVI, Heart Teams should take under consideration the various anatomical, pathophysiological and procedural conditions that predispose to CA and PPM requirement after the procedure. This is particularly important as TAVI is being offered to younger patients with longer life-expectancy. Herein, we highlight the incidence, predictors, impact and management of CA in patients undergoing TAVI.

The effect of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (RIPC) on myocardial injury and inflammation in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVΙ).

BACKGROUND: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is being evaluated as a strategy to reduce cardiac injury and inflammation in patients undergoing diverse cardiac invasive and surgical procedures. However, it is unclear whether RIPC has protective effects in patients undergoing the transfemoral- transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TF-TAVΙ) procedure. METHODS: Between September 2013 and September 2015, 55 random consecutive patients were prospectively assigned to receive SHAM preconditioning (SHAM, 22 patients) or Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (RIPC) (4 cycles of 5 min intermittent leg ischemia and 5 min reperfusion, 33 patients) prior to TF-TAVI. The primary endpoint was to determine the serum levels of: hs-cTn-I (necrosis), CK-18 (apoptosis), and IL-1b (inflammation). Quantification was performed using commercially available ELISA kits. Patients were sampled 1-day pre TF-TAVΙ and 24-hours post TF-TAVΙ. Secondary endpoints included: total mortality, incidence of periprocedural clinical acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute kidney injury (AKI), and stroke. RESULTS: 22 SHAM patients and 33 RIPC patients were finally analyzed. Our data revealed no significant difference in serum levels of hs-cTn-I and CK-18 among various groups. However, in the RIPC group, the increase in IL1b level was significantly lower for 24-h post TF-TAVΙ, (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between groups in the secondary endpoints at the follow-up interval of one month. RIPC-related adverse events were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that RIPC did not exhibit significant cardiac or kidney protective effects regarding necrosis and apoptosis in patients undergoing TF-TAVΙ. However, an important anti-inflammatory effect was detected in the RIPC group.

Emergency TAVI in a critically ill patient: A case report.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is a safe procedure even in inoperable patients with multi-organ failure and cardiogenic shock. In such cases, the heart team should be prepared to proceed to emergent implantation for timely and successful management of the patient.

A prospective study integrating a curriculum of interventional radiology in undergraduate education: a tetra-core simulation model.

BACKGROUND: Interventional radiology (IR) is underrepresented in undergraduate medical curricula across Europe. By continuing to challenge the boundaries of IR, a rise in the demand for radiologists has been inevitable - a trend not met by a corresponding rise in the supply of radiologists. On tracing the roots of this shortage, lack of awareness of the specialty within medical trainees coupled with a global lack of IR teaching in undergraduate education seem to constitute major exacerbating factors. The purpose of this study was to identify gaps in the field of IR education and address these by implementing an international IR simulation-based course for undergraduates. RESULTS: Implementation of a multi-modality simulation-based course consisted of seven modules incorporating technical and non-technical skills, basic science and applied clinical science modules. Of all participants, 90.7% (N = 68) never had previous IR teaching experience and only 28% (N = 21) had a previous placement in an IR department. Following the course, confidence improvement was statistically significant both in IR skills (1/5, p < 0.01) and knowledge (1/5, p < 0.01)]. The majority (90.7%) said they would benefit with more exposure to IR. In terms of the students' motivation for a career in IR, 32% (N = 24) reported that they would more likely consider a career in IR after completing the course. CONCLUSION: Delivery of a tetra-core simulation course with the aim to address the gaps in undergraduate IR education has had a positive impact on students' skills, confidence levels as well as motivation. We propose reviewing the curricula across medical schools in Europe to identify gaps and address any inadequacies; for this, we consider our simulation course an excellent starting point.

Recurrent coarctation in Williams syndrome: novel approach of drug-eluting stent implantation.

Patients with Williams syndrome often present with abnormalities of the vascular wall of the aorta and/or the pulmonary artery. Surgery may result in restenosis of the affected vessel. Herein, we report a case of an infant with multiple recurrences of aortic coarctation successfully treated with Zotarolimus drug-eluting stent.

Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in a Patient With Dextrocardia and Situs Inversus Totalis.

This report presents the case of an 82-year-old man with known dextrocardia and situs inversus totalis who presented with increasing dyspnea on exertion and was diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement was performed and required deviation from standard techniques for patients with normal anatomy and left-sided aortic arch. We describe two technical differences required for patients with dextrocardia and right-sided aortic arch that facilitate transcatheter aortic valve replacement in this patient group.

TAVR facilitated by high-pressure balloon post-dilatation to fracture the ring of the small dysfunctional aortic Mosaic bioprosthesis.

Treatment of a failing aortic bioprosthesis by transcatheter valve-in-valve (ViV) therapy has become an alternative to redo surgery. However, the ViV technique may be less effective in small surgical valves because of patient/prosthesis mismatch (PPM). Here we will discuss the bioprosthetic valve fracture/remodelling (BVF) procedure and the most important issues regarding this promising new technique.

The Abbott Vascular MitraClip: Patient Selection and How to Obtain the Best Outcomes.

The MitraClip procedure is an important procedure for the treatment of high-risk patients with severe MR, offering an effective and clinically meaningful reduction in the degree of MR, with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. Careful screening of prospective patients and evaluation by the multidisciplinary Heart Team are essential. A dedicated interventional team combining technical skills and advanced imaging is critical for success.

Sudden Death After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation. Are Bradyarrhythmias Always The Cause?

Transcatheter Aortic-Valve Implantation (TAVI) is considered to be highly effective in the treatment of high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. After TAVI, the rate of pacemaker implantation is 6.5%-40%. Some reports of sudden death after TAVI are mostly attributed to bradyarrhythmias. We report the case of three patients who experienced sudden cardiac death or aborted sudden cardiac death after TAVI. All patients were affected from ischemic heart disease with an ejection fraction of approximately 40% and underwent pacemaker implantation (PM) after the procedure due to 1rst degree atrioventricular block (AV) and left bundle branch block (LBBB). One of the patients died suddenly 30 days after the procedure. The PM interrogation revealed many episodes of non sustain ventricular tachycardias (NSVT) and one episode of ventricular fibrillation (VF) that led to death. The other two patients had syncope and during PM interrogation episodes of ventricular tachycardia >12 sec were recorded. Patients affected by ischemic heart disease undergoing TAVI, especially with borderline coronary lesions should receive particular attention in order to avoid potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, the physiopathologic mechanism of sudden arrhythmic death in these patients needs to be clarified.

Transaortic aortic valve replacement using the Edwards Sapien-XT Valve and the Medtronic CoreValve: initial experience.

INTRODUCTION: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is now an established treatment for certain patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). However, as the number of patients screened for TAVR increases, many are found to have absolutely no option for peripheral artery access. Transaortic valve replacement (TAoVR) has been proposed as a new alternative route in patients deemed unsuitable for conventional approaches. We present our first series of TAoVR cases using the Edwards Sapien-XT and the Medtronic CoreValve prostheses. METHODS: Twenty-five (25) symptomatic patients (mean age 78 ± 8 years, mean logistic EuroSCORE I 25 ± 11%) with severe AS underwent TAoVR using the Sapien-XT valve (10 patients) or the CoreValve (15 patients). RESULTS: The mean fluoroscopy time was 15.6 ± 4.2 minutes, the mean time in the intensive care unit was 1.9 ± 1.0 days, and the mean hospital stay was 6.4 ± 1.6 days. The mean effective aortic valve area increased (from 0.68 ± 0.15 cm(2) to 1.82 ± 0.34 cm(2), p<0.001) and the mean transvalvular pressure gradient declined (from 48 ± 15 mmHg to 9 ± 5 mmHg, p<0.05) post implantation. The procedural mortality was 0% and the in-hospital mortality was 4% (one death at day 3 due to cardiogenic shock). The mean NYHA functional class improved from 3.2 ± 0.4 to 1.5 ± 0.9 at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience with the TAoVR approach using both the Edwards Sapien-XT and the Medtronic CoreValve prosthesis demonstrated that it could be performed safely, resulting in substantial acute echocardiographic and early clinical improvement.

Giant right coronary artery aneurysm in an adult male patient with non-ST myocardial infarction.

The combination of a giant coronary aneurysm with multiple coronary aneurysms in adults is an extremely rare entity--especially in atherosclerotic patients, since it is most commonly associated with Kawasaki disease in children. We report an interesting case of a 59-year-old male patient with multiple atherosclerotic aneurysms of the left coronary system and a giant aneurysm of the right coronary artery. The patient was admitted to our hospital because of a non-ST myocardial infarction. Diagnosis was established by echocardiography, computed tomography angiogram, and coronary angiography. In view of the clinical symptoms and the extent of the giant right coronary aneurysm, with the associated risk of rupture, the patient was successfully treated with urgent surgical intervention. We also present a review of the current literature on this anomaly and a statistical analysis of all atherosclerotic giant coronary artery aneurysms previously reported.

Percutaneous mitral valve repair using the edge-to-edge technique: first Greek experience.

INTRODUCTION: Mitral valve (MV) repair is the treatment of choice for degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR), but the surgical options for functional MR are limited. Percutaneous edge-to-edge MV repair using the MitraClip system has evolved as a new tool for the treatment of certain anatomical subsets of both functional and degenerative MR. We present the first Greek series of MV repair using the MitraClip. METHODS: Five symptomatic patients (age 75 ± 9 years, logistic EuroSCORE 29 ± 11%) with moderate-tosevere (n=2) or severe (n=3) MR underwent MV repair using the MitraClip. All patients were treated with one clip and there were no primary adverse events. RESULTS: Acute MR reduction by 3 grades was achieved in 2 patients and by 2 grades in 3 patients (reduction 2 grades in 100%). The total procedure time was 2.9 ± 2 hours (median 2 hours), the length of the ICU stay was 1 ± 0 day and the total length of hospital stay was 3.2 ± 0.6 days. All patients reported functional status improvement by 1 month (mean NYHA class improved from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.6). CONCLUSION: Our initial experience with percutaneous MV repair using the MitraClip system demonstrated that it can be performed safely, resulting in substantial acute echocardiographic and early clinical improvement.

The role of the immunogenetic background in the development and recurrence of acute idiopathic pericarditis.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the role of the immunogenetic background in the development and recurrence of acute idiopathic pericarditis (AIP). METHODS: Fifty-five patients with a first episode of AIP were followed for 23.8 ± 6.3 months and recurrences were recorded. The control group consisted of 246 healthy individuals. In all subjects, genomic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing was performed. Moreover, circulating lymphocyte subpopulations were studied in 44 randomly selected patients and in 20 controls. RESULTS: An increased frequency of HLA-A*02, -Cw*07 and -DQB1*0202 alleles, and a decreased frequency of the -DQB1*0302 allele was detected in patients with AIP. The recurrence rate was 40% and time to recurrence was 202.8 ± 164.1 days. In patients with idiopathic recurrent pericarditis (RP), increased frequencies of HLA-A*02, -Cw*07 and -DQB1*0202 alleles were found. Notably, no patient with RP exhibited HLA-DRB1*04 and -DQB1*0302 alleles. Patients with RP exhibited lower CD4+/CD45RA+ naïve T cells (p = 0.03) than controls, and higher CD8+DR+ activated T cells (p = 0.01) than patients without recurrence and controls. CONCLUSIONS: HLA alleles may confer either susceptibility or resistance to AIP and RP. Circulating T-cell subpopulations may also predict RP. A combination of the above parameters might help to better define patients prone to recurrence.