Do physical therapists follow evidence-based practices for treatment of inflammatory arthritis? Results from an online survey.

BACKGROUND: Physical therapists (PTs) should know how to best treat patients with inflammatory arthritis. OBJECTIVE: To document interventions chosen by PTs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and whether choices follow evidence-based practice. METHODS: Licensed musculoskeletal PTs in Quebec, Canada responded to an online survey. Descriptive statistics illustrated proportions for each treatment choice and inferential statistics explored associations with demographic and practice-related factors. RESULTS: There were 298 PTs who responded to the survey. For both RA and AS respectively, most common interventions were mobility exercises (91.0%; 98.3%) and patient education (90.1%; 92.8%). For both cases, slightly >60% selected strengthening exercises. Passive forms of therapy were chosen by 36% of PTs for RA and 58% for AS. Aerobic exercise was rarely selected. PTs working in the public sector were less likely to use manual therapy for both RA (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22,0.86) and AS (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22,0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Most PTs chose mobility exercises and patient education, representing evidence-based approaches. Despite current recommendations, strengthening and especially aerobic exercises were not used as much. There is a need to increase awareness regarding the benefits of strengthening and aerobic exercise for these patients.

Effects of waiting for outpatient physiotherapy services in persons with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: This systematic review aimed to assess the scientific evidence on the effects of waiting for outpatient physiotherapy services in persons with musculoskeletal disorders. METHODS: A literature search was conducted in three databases (Medline, CINAHL, and Embase) for articles assessing the effects of waiting for outpatient physiotherapy services in persons with musculoskeletal disorders. Clinical and health system outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. The studies varied in designs, settings, and populations. The definition of waiting also varied between studies. The studies were of low to high methodological quality. Waiting for outpatient physiotherapy services was shown to have mixed results on clinical and health system outcomes. Results from included studies suggest the possible detrimental effects of waiting on pain, disability, quality of life, and psychological symptoms in persons with musculoskeletal disorders. There was also evidence of higher healthcare utilization and costs for patients who wait longer before physiotherapy services. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides mixed evidence that suggest potential detrimental effects on the health of individuals with MSDs and at the health system level. Further high-quality studies are needed, such as longitudinal studies specifically addressing the effects of waiting due to lack of access to physiotherapy services.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThe findings from this review suggest potential detrimental effects on health outcomes when patients wait longer before receiving physiotherapy services.The findings also suggest higher healthcare utilization and costs for patients with longer wait times compared to those who receive physiotherapy services more rapidly.This review suggests the need to assess and implement strategies and policies to ensure timely access to physiotherapy.

Making Decisions about Service Provision for Clients with Low Back Pain: Perspectives of Canadian Physiotherapy Professionals.

Purpose: This study identified the individuals responsible for making decisions about physiotherapy (PT) wait time, frequency of treatment, and treatment duration for persons with low back pain and determined which factors guided these decisions. Method: A cross-sectional survey was sent to Canadian PT professionals treating adult patients with musculoskeletal problems. It included a clinical vignette describing a patient with low back pain. Respondents were asked who made decisions about wait time, treatment frequency, and treatment duration as well as on which factors they based these decisions. Results: Clinicians were most often responsible for making decisions about treatment frequency and duration. Although clinicians and managers or coordinators were mainly responsible for making decisions about wait time, there was more variability depending on sector of care: in the private sector, administrative assistants played a much larger role. Clinical judgment, clinical guidelines, and patients' demands were the predominant factors influencing wait time and frequency decisions. Treatment duration was related to patients' goals, clinical progression, patients' motivation, and patients' return to work. Conclusions: Decisions about service provision for wait times are made by a range of stakeholders, and a wide variety of factors guide Canadian PT professionals' decision making. Identifying these factors is essential for informing a discussion of decisions about evidence-based and equitable service delivery so that the actors involved can reach a consensus.

Objectif : établir quelles sont les personnes responsables de prendre des décisions au sujet des temps d'attente et de la fréquence et de la durée des traitements en physiothérapie pour les personnes souffrant de douleurs lombaires, et déterminer quels facteurs orientent ces décisions. Méthodologie : les professionnels canadiens en physiothérapie qui traitaient des patients adultes atteints de problèmes musculosquelettiques ont reçu un sondage transversal, qui comprenait une mise en situation clinique décrivant un patient souffrant de douleurs lombaires. Les répondants devaient indiquer qui prenait les décisions au sujet des temps d'attente et de la durée et de la fréquence des traitements et sur quels facteurs reposaient ces décisions. Résultats : la plupart du temps, les cliniciens étaient responsables de prendre les décisions relatives à la fréquence et la durée des traitements. Même si la prise de décision sur les temps d'attente incombait surtout aux cliniciens et aux gestionnaires ou aux coordonnateurs, les responsabilités étaient plus variables en fonction du secteur de soins. En effet, dans le secteur privé, les adjoints administratifs jouaient un rôle beaucoup plus important à cet égard. Le jugement clinique, les directives cliniques et les demandes des patients étaient les principaux facteurs qui influaient sur les décisions en matière de temps d'attente et de fréquence. La durée des traitements dépendait des objectifs des patients, de leur progression clinique, de leur motivation et de leur retour au travail. Conclusions : de nombreux intervenants prennent les décisions sur le temps d'attente avant l'obtention des services, et toute une série de facteurs oriente les décisions des professionnels canadiens en physiothérapie. Il est essentiel de connaître ces facteurs pour éclairer les échanges sur les décisions relatives à une prestation de services équitable et fondée sur des données probantes, afin que toutes les personnes visées parviennent à un consensus.

Rheumatologists' Acceptance of Patient Referrals from Physical Therapists.

We surveyed Canadian rheumatologists regarding beliefs about physical therapists' (PTs) ability to refer patients appropriately to rheumatologists and whether they would accept such referrals. Most (86.9%) believed that PTs can appropriately refer to rheumatologists. However, only 48.2% of rheumatologists would be very or extremely likely to accept a referral from a PT they knew, and 23.5% would accept a referral from a PT they did not know. Conversely, 90.5% would accept a referral from a PT if they could bill it as a full consult. We conclude that being able to bill PT referrals as full consults may potentially enhance the acceptance of PT referrals.

Physical Therapists' Ability to Distinguish Between Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Arthritis and to Appropriately Refer Patients to a Rheumatologist.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether physical therapists (PTs) can correctly identify new-onset inflammatory arthritis; to assess whether PTs are aware that cases of new-onset inflammatory arthritis should be referred to a rheumatologist; to explore the comfort level of PTs to refer to medical specialists; and to determine factors associated with correctly identifying inflammatory arthritis and referring to a rheumatologist. METHODS: We sent a questionnaire to PTs in 2 Canadian provinces describing 4 case scenarios (new-onset rheumatoid arthritis [RA], knee osteoarthritis [OA], new-onset ankylosing spondylitis [AS], and low back pain [LBP]). Participants were asked to identify probable medical diagnoses and indicate their plan of action. We described the frequencies of our outcomes and used logistic regression to explore associated factors. RESULTS: A total of 352 PTs responded. The proportions who correctly identified each of the 4 cases were 90%, 83%, 77%, and 100%, respectively, for RA, OA, AS, and LBP. Among those, 77%, 30%, 73%, and 3%, respectively, indicated that it was "very important" or "extremely important" to refer to a rheumatologist. Approximately two-thirds felt "extremely comfortable" or "quite comfortable" to refer to a specialist. PTs working in rural areas were less likely to refer. CONCLUSION: Most PTs correctly identified the clinical cases and were aware of the importance of prompt referral to a rheumatologist for inflammatory disease. Most indicated that it was not very important to refer those with OA and LBP. This implies that many PTs can distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory conditions and appropriately refer patients with suspected inflammatory arthritis to a rheumatologist.

Outpatient physiotherapists' attitudes and beliefs toward patients with chronic pain: A qualitative study.

Purpose: To conduct a knowledge translation exercise by sharing knowledge from a scoping review, describing physiotherapists' attitudes toward and beliefs about chronic pain, and to gain perspectives on these findings from physiotherapists working with this clientele. Method: We conducted three focus groups with a total of 14 outpatient physiotherapists working in public hospitals. We first showed a video (reflecting an encounter between a clinician and a person living with chronic pain) created based on themes that emerged from a scoping review we conducted, followed by a discussion about attitudes and beliefs toward chronic pain. The sessions were audio-taped and transcripts were analyzed through descriptive and thematic analysis. Results: The consultations reinforced three core themes related to physiotherapists' attitudes toward and beliefs about chronic pain: 1) the development of chronic pain; 2) the relationship to disability and the legitimacy of chronic pain; and 3) physiotherapists' ability to manage psychological aspects of their patient's pain. Conclusion: Physiotherapists in our sample appear unsure of how to interpret severe pain within the context of minimal objective findings. Physiotherapists may benefit from training on how to assess and treat psychosocial factors associated with pain.

Assessing Rehabilitation Eligibility of Older Patients: An Ethical Analysis of the Impact of Bias.

Hospitalized older patients are more vulnerable to physical or cognitive functional decline. Inpatient rehabilitation programs improve significantly their functional status and may prevent their admission to nursing homes. While inpatient rehabilitation institutions have established admission criteria that can be seen as objective, the risk of bias remains and raises the question of equitable access for more vulnerable populations such as older patients. This paper reviews some established eligibility criteria for inpatient rehabilitation by examining a framework used in Montreal, Québec, Canada for assessing rehabilitation eligibility and by applying this framework to a case study. It also highlights the unique ethical challenges presented by the assessment of older patients. We conclude that in order to appropriately protect the vulnerable population of older patients in the context of priority setting and allocation of scarce resources, there is a need to establish more specific criteria that can better guide the assessment of this particular population.

Supporting ethics educators in Canadian occupational therapy and physical therapy programs: A national interprofessional knowledge exchange project.

Ethics education is the cornerstone of professional practice, fostering knowledge and respect for core ethical values among healthcare professionals. Ethics is also a subject well-suited for interprofessional education and collaboration. However, there are few initiatives to gather experiences and share resources among ethics educators in rehabilitation. We thus undertook a knowledge exchange project to: 1) share knowledge about ethics training across Canadian occupational and physical therapy programs, and 2) build a community of educators dedicated to improving ethics education. The objectives of this paper are to describe this interprofessional knowledge exchange project involving ethics educators (with a diversity of professional and disciplinary backgrounds) from Canadian occupational and physical therapy programs as well as analyze its outcomes based on participants' experiences/perceptions. Two knowledge exchange strategies were employed: an interactive one-day workshop and a wiki platform. An immediate post-workshop questionnaire evaluated the degree to which participants' expectations were met. Structured telephone interviews 9-10 months after the workshop collected participants' perceptions on whether (and if so, how) the project influenced their teaching or led to further interprofessional collaborations. Open-ended questions from the post-workshop questionnaires and individual interviews were analyzed using qualitative methods. Of 40 ethics educators contacted, 23 participated in the workshop and 17 in the follow-up interview. Only 6 participants logged into the wiki from its launch to the end of data collection. Five themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: 1) belonging and networking; 2) sharing and collaborating; 3) changing (or not) ways of teaching ethics; 4) sustaining the network; and 5) envisioning the future of ethics education. The project attained many of its goals, despite encountering some challenges. While the wiki platform proved to be of limited benefit in advancing the project goals, the interactive format and collaborative nature of the one-day workshop were described as rewarding and effective in bringing together occupational therapy and physical therapy educators to meet, network, and share knowledge.

Operationalizing wait lists: Strategies and experiences in three hospital outpatient physiotherapy departments in Montreal.

In Canada, limited resources and increasing demand place pressure on the public healthcare system, something that is likely to increase. In this context, wait lists in outpatient physiotherapy departments (OPD) will get longer, system inefficiencies will arise, and frustrations and ethical concerns will be experienced by patients and staff. To better understand the perceptions of OPD staff regarding priority setting, treatment frequency, treatment duration, and wait list management strategies, we conducted an Interpretive Description study involving semi-structured interviews in three OPDs in Montreal. Participants discussed factors that influenced their decision making about who was prioritized to receive care, strategies that were used to respond to an imbalance between needs and resources in the OPDs and procedures to manage wait lists to help improve access to care. While clinical needs are central in approaches to prioritization, other non-clinical factors relating to the patient, the physiotherapist, and the institution also influence decisions. We examine these findings through the lens of complexity theory, providing insight into opportunities and obstacles for the implementation of management strategies in OPDs. These strategies will need to be carefully evaluated in order to create evidence-based guidelines for wait list management in other settings.

Low Back Pain: Investigation of Biases in Outpatient Canadian Physical Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Previous research suggested that physical therapy services can be influenced by patient characteristics (age, sex, socioeconomic status) or insurance status rather than their clinical need. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether patient-related factors (age, sex, SES) and the source of reimbursement for physical therapy services (insurance status) influence wait time for, frequency of, and duration of physical therapy for low back pain. DESIGN: This study was an empirical cross-sectional online survey of Canadian physical therapy professionals (defined as including physical therapists and physical rehabilitation specialists). METHODS: A total of 846 physical therapy professionals received 1 of 24 different (and randomly selected) clinical vignettes (ie, patient case scenarios) and completed a 40-item questionnaire about how they would treat the fictional patient in the vignette as well as their professional clinical practice. Each vignette described a patient with low back pain but with variations in patient characteristics (age, sex, socioeconomic status) and insurance status (no insurance, private insurance, Workers' Compensation Board insurance). RESULTS: The age, sex, and socioeconomic status of the fictional vignette patients did not affect how participants would provide service. However, vignette patients with Workers' Compensation Board insurance would be seen more frequently than those with private insurance or no insurance. When asked explicitly, study participants stated that insurance status, age, and chronicity of the condition were not factors associated with wait time for, frequency of, or duration of treatment. LIMITATIONS: This study used a standardized vignette patient and may not accurately represent physical therapy professionals' actual clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be an implicit professional bias in relation to patients' insurance status; the resulting inequity in service provision highlights the need for further research as a basis for national guidelines to promote equity in access to and provision of quality physical therapy services.

Ethical Challenges for Patient Access to Physical Therapy: Views of Staff Members from Three Publicly-Funded Outpatient Physical Therapy Departments.

Demographic change and changing population needs are important drivers of increased demand for rehabilitation. These developments place significant stress on access to physical therapy services, as current resources are insufficient to meet the growing demand. This situation presents ethical challenges for physical therapists and others involved in managing wait lists and prioritizing access to services. The purpose of this study is to explore how outpatient physical therapy department (OPD) staff experience ethical issues relating to access to physical therapy services. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 participants who were staff at three publicly-funded OPDs in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Using interpretive description methodology, we developed four themes related to access to physical therapy services: 1) negotiating access to physical therapy services; 2) navigating a complex system with outside influences and constraints, such as professional regulation and third-party payers; 3) managing wait lists responsibly; and 4) striving to be a good professional in a non-ideal world. Across the four themes, two main sources of tension that influence the staff were identified in relation to the experience of wait list management: responsibility and power. This study highlights how difficult it is for OPD staff to balance competing interests and values, and to respond to outside influences, when making resource allocation decisions. Until resource limitations are addressed, wait lists may be an unavoidable feature of many OPDs in the Canadian public health care system. Improving fairness in the access to and distribution of services is thus important in ensuring that professionals are able to treat patients based on their clinical needs, and in a timely fashion.

Variations in demand and provision for publicly funded outpatient musculoskeletal physiotherapy services across Quebec, Canada.

RATIONALE: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is high and expected to increase in the next decade. Persons suffering from musculoskeletal disorders benefit from early physiotherapy services. However, access to publicly funded physiotherapy services has been shown to be compromised by long waiting times and limited availability of resources in many countries around the world. Decisions on resource allocation may create geographic disparities in provision and access to services, which may result in inequity in access. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess variations in demand and provision of publicly funded outpatient physiotherapy services across the province of Quebec, Canada, as well as to assess the demand to provision relationship. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of data retrieved from the 2008 Quebec Health Survey and data obtained from a survey of hospitals in the province of Quebec in 2015. We used geographic information systems analyses and descriptive analyses to assess geographic variations and the relationship between demand and provision. RESULTS: Our results indicate substantial variations in the provision and demand for physiotherapy services in the province of Quebec. The variations in service provision did not follow the variations in demand. Long waiting times and insufficient provision of services were found in many regions. CONCLUSIONS: The variations in provision of physiotherapy services between regions reported in our study did not correspond to the variations in demand. Such geographic variations and demand to provision mismatches may create inequity in access to services, especially for those unable to afford private services.

Low Back Pain: Current Patterns of Canadian Physiotherapy Service Delivery.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the current patterns of service delivery of Canadian physiotherapy (PT) professionals working in adult musculoskeletal (MSK) outpatient practice. Methods: A total of 846 Canadian PT professionals working with an adult MSK outpatient clientele participated in an online survey about how they would treat a patient with low back pain (LBP). After reading an online clinical vignette about a fictional patient with varying insurance status, participants answered questions about how they would treat the patient (e.g., wait time, frequency and duration of treatment, time allotted for initial evaluation and treatment), about their actual practice (e.g., number of patients seen per day), and about their work setting. Results: The vignette patients with LBP would typically be seen within 2 weeks, especially in private practice, and most would receive care 2-3 times per week for 1-3 months. Initial evaluations and subsequent treatments would take 31-60 minutes. Two-thirds of participants reported treating 6-15 patients a day in their current practice setting. Differences were found between provinces and territories (with the longest wait time in Quebec), practice settings (with a longer wait time in the public sector), and insurance status (patients covered by workers' compensation are seen more frequently). Conclusion: This study adds to our knowledge of the accessibility of outpatient MSK PT services for patients with LBP in Canada, and it points to potential areas for improvement.

Objectif : décrire les modèles actuels de prestation de services en physiothérapie en clinique externe au Canada auprès de patients adultes ayant des problèmes musculosquelettiques. Méthodes : un total de 846 professionnels de la physiothérapie canadiens travaillant en clinique externe auprès de patients adultes ayant des problèmes musculosquelettiques ont répondu à un sondage en ligne à propos de leur manière de traiter un patient souffrant de douleur lombaire. Après avoir lu une vignette clinique en ligne au sujet d'un patient fictif au régime d'assurance variable, les participants ont répondu à des questions au sujet de la manière dont ils traiteraient le patient (ex. : temps d'attente, fréquence et durée des traitements, temps alloué à l'évaluation initiale et au traitement) ainsi que de leur pratique actuelle (ex. : nombre de patients vus par jour) et de leur cadre de travail. Résultats : les patients souffrant de douleur lombaire présentés dans la vignette clinique seraient normalement vus en deux semaines, particulièrement en pratique privée, et la plupart recevraient des soins de deux à trois fois par semaine pendant un à trois mois. Les évaluations initiales et les traitements subséquents dureraient entre 31 et 60 minutes. Les deux tiers des participants ont répondu qu'ils traitent entre 6 et 15 patients par jour dans leur cadre de travail actuel. Des différences sont notables entre les provinces et les territoires (le Québec a les temps d'attente les plus longs), les cadres de pratique (le temps d'attente est plus long dans le secteur public) et les régimes d'assurance (les patients couverts par une indemnisation des accidents du travail sont vus plus souvent). Conclusion : cette étude approfondit nos connaissances en lien avec l'accessibilité des services externes de physiothérapie musculosquelettique pour des patients souffrant de douleur lombaire au Canada et révèle des domaines d'amélioration potentiels.

Access to publicly funded outpatient physiotherapy services in Quebec: waiting lists and management strategies.

PURPOSE: Problems with access to outpatient physiotherapy services have been reported in publicly funded healthcare systems worldwide. A few studies have reported management strategies aimed at reducing extensive waiting lists, but their association with waiting times is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to document access to public outpatient physiotherapy services for persons with musculoskeletal disorders in hospitals and explore organizational factors associated with waiting time. METHODS: We surveyed outpatient physiotherapy services in publicly funded hospitals in the province of Quebec (Canada). RESULTS: A total of 97 sites responded (99%) to the survey. The median waiting time was more than six months for 41% of outpatient physiotherapy services. The waiting time management strategies most frequently used were attendance and cancelation policies (99.0%) and referral prioritization (95.9%). Based on multivariate analyses, the use of a prioritization process with an initial evaluation and intervention was associated with shorter waiting times (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence that a large number of persons wait a long time for publicly funded physiotherapy services in Quebec. Based on our results, implementation of a prioritization process with an initial evaluation and intervention could help improve timely access to outpatient physiotherapy services. Implications for Rehabilitation Access to publicly funded outpatient physiotherapy services is limited by long waiting times in a great proportion of Quebec's hospitals. The use of a specific prioritization process that combines an evaluation and an intervention could possibly help improve timely access to services. Policy-makers, managers, and other stakeholders should work together to address the issue of limited access to publicly funded outpatient physiotherapy services.

Current Uses (and Potential Misuses) of Facebook: An Online Survey in Physiotherapy.

PURPOSE: In recent years, the use of social media such as Facebook has become extremely popular and widespread in our society. Among users are health care professionals, who must develop ways to extend their professionalism online. Before issuing formal guidelines, policies, or recommendations to guide online behaviours, there is a need to know to what extent Facebook influences the professional life of physiotherapy professionals. Our goal was to explore knowledge and behaviour that physiotherapists and physical rehabilitation therapists practicing in Quebec have of Facebook. METHOD: We used an empirical cross-sectional online survey design (n=322, response rate 4.5%). RESULTS: The results showed that 84.3% of physiotherapy professionals had a Facebook account. Almost all had colleagues or former colleagues as Facebook friends, 21% had patients as friends, and 27% had employers as friends. More than a third of workplaces had clinic pages with information intended for the public. Regarding workplace Facebook policies, 37.3% said that there was no policy and another 41.6% were not aware whether there was one or not. CONCLUSION: There appears to be a need to establish guidelines regarding the use of social media for physiotherapy professionals to ensure maintenance of professionalism and ethical conduct.

Objectif : La popularité des médias sociaux comme Facebook est en plein essor depuis les dernières années. Actuellement, les professionnels de la physiothérapie font face au défi de la navigation, puisqu'il n'existe aucun guide clair pour orienter leurs actions en ligne. Avant d'émettre des recommandations de bonne pratique, il est essentiel de connaitre l'impact de Facebook dans la pratique professionnelle en physiothérapie. Ce projet de recherche vise à explorer les connaissances et les comportements sur Facebook des professionnels québécois de la physiothérapie. Méthode : Nous avons fait parvenir un sondage transversal en ligne à des professionnels de la physiothérapie afin de connaître leur utilisation de Facebook (n=322, taux de réponse 4,5%). Résultats : Les résultats ont montré que 84,3% des professionnels de la physiothérapie avaient un compte Facebook. Les participants ont presque tous comme amis Facebook des collègues ou d'anciens collègues, 21% ont des patients et 27% ont des employeurs. Plus d'un tiers des cliniques de physiothérapie ont des pages Facebook avec de l'information destinée au public. En ce qui concerne les politiques d'utilisation de Facebook sur les lieux de travail, 37,3% des participants disent qu'il n'en existe pas et 41,6% ne savent pas s'il en existe ou non. Conclusions : Il semble nécessaire d'établir des recommandations destinées aux professionnels de la physiothérapie concernant leur utilisation des médias sociaux afin d'assurer le maintien d'un comportement professionnel et éthique.

An Experiment with Public-Oriented Knowledge Transfer: A Video on Quebec's Bill 10.

When decision-makers are engaged in a polarized discourse and leaving aside evidence-based recommendations, is there a role for researchers in the dissemination of this scientific evidence to the general public as a means to counterbalance the debate? In response to the controversial Bill 10 in Quebec, we developed and posted a knowledge transfer video on YouTube to help stimulate critical public debate. This article explains our approach and methodology, and the impact of the video, which, in the space of two weeks, had more than 9,500 views, demonstrating the pertinence of such initiatives. We conclude with recommendations for other research groups to engage in public debates.

Ethics of Clinical Decision-Making for Older Drivers: Reporting Health-Related Driving Risk.

The number of older drivers will continue to increase as the population ages. Health care professionals have the responsibility of providing care and maintaining confidentiality for their patients while ensuring public safety. This article discusses the ethics of clinical decision-making pertaining to reporting health-related driving risk of older drivers to licensing authorities. Ethical considerations inherent in reporting driving risk, including autonomy, confidentiality, therapeutic relationships, and the uncertainty about determining individual driving safety and risk, are discussed. We also address the moral agency of reporting health-related driving risk and raise the question of whose responsibility it is to report. Issues of uncertainty surrounding clinical reasoning and concepts related to risk assessment are also discussed. Finally, we present two case studies to illustrate some of the issues and challenges faced by health care professionals as they seek to balance their responsibilities for their patients while ensuring road safety for all citizens.

Ethics teaching in rehabilitation: results of a pan-Canadian workshop with occupational and physical therapy educators.

PURPOSE: Ethical practice is an essential competency for occupational and physical therapists. However, rehabilitation educators have few points of reference for choosing appropriate pedagogical and evaluation methods related to ethics. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify priority content to cover in ethics teaching in occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) programmes and (2) explore useful and innovative teaching and evaluation methods. METHOD: Data for this qualitative descriptive study were collected during a 1-d knowledge exchange workshop focused on ethics teaching in rehabilitation. RESULTS: Twenty-three educators from 11 OT and 11 PT Canadian programmes participated in the workshop. They highlighted the importance of teaching foundational theoretical/philosophical approaches and grounding this teaching in concrete examples drawn from rehabilitation practice. A wide range of teaching methods was identified, such as videos, blogs, game-based simulations and role-play. For evaluation, participants used written assignments, exams, objective structured clinical examinations and reflective journals. The inclusion of opportunities for student self-evaluation was viewed as important. CONCLUSION: The CREW Day provided ethics educators the opportunity to share knowledge and begin creating a community of practice. This space for dialogue could be expanded to international rehabilitation ethics educators, to facilitate a broader network for sharing of tacit and experiential knowledge. Implications for Rehabilitation According to the study participants, rehabilitation ethics education should include learning about foundational knowledge related to ethical theory; be grounded in examples and cases drawn from clinical rehabilitation practice; and contribute to building professional competencies such as self-knowledge and critical thinking in students. Regardless of the methods used by occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) educators for teaching and evaluation, the value of creating spaces that support open discussion for students (e.g. protected discussion time in class, peer-discussions with the help of a facilitator, use of a web discussion forum) was consistently identified as an important facet. Educators from OT and PT programmes should work with various professionals involved in OT and PT student training across the curricula (e.g. clinical preceptors, other educators) to extend discussions of how ethics can be better integrated into the curriculum outside of sessions specifically focused on ethics. The CREW Day workshop was the first opportunity for Canadian rehabilitation ethics educators to meet and discuss their approaches to teaching and evaluating ethics for OT and PT students. Including international rehabilitation ethics educators in this dialogue could positively expand on this initial dialogue by facilitating the sharing of tacit and experiential knowledge amongst a larger and more diverse group of ethics educators.