A smartphone-assisted portable dual-mode immunoassay of gentamicin based on curcumin nanoparticles and carbon dots.

A smartphone-assisted portable dual-mode immunoassay was constructed based on curcumin nanoparticles (CNPs) and carbon dots (CDs) for gentamicin (GEN) detection. CNPs were labeled with goat anti-mouse IgG (Ab2) to create a conjugation that coupled dual signals to concentrations of GEN antigens. CNPs were introduced to pH 7.4 water and showed insignificant color and optical responses. When exposed to the high pH environment, the structure of CNPs changed and color and optical properties were restored. Because of the inner filter effect (IFE) between CNPs and CDs, the fluorescence of CNPs at 550 nm quenched the fluorescence of CDs at 450 nm. Colorimetry and ratiometric fluorescence (F550 nm/F450 nm) dual-mode immunoassay linearly correlated with GEN ranged from 10-4 to 100 µg/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 8.98 × 10-5 µg/mL and 4.66 × 10-5 µg/mL, respectively. This work supplied a portable, sensitive, and specific platform to detect GEN.

Mechanistic insights into combined effects of continuous microwave heating and tremella powder addition on physiochemical properties of Nemipterus virgatus surimi gel.

The physicochemical properties of Nemipterus virgatus surimi gel were investigated, with tremella powder (TP) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.5% (w/w) combined with continuous microwave heating (CMH) using water-bath heating (WBH) as control. Results showed that TP addition (0.1%-0.3%, w/w) could significantly enhance the water holding capacity and reduce whiteness and cooking loss, attributed to the changed lateral relaxation time of water distribution. Notably, at 0.3% TP and 80 °C, the gel strength significantly increased by 96.84%, and the hardness, chewiness, and adhesiveness improved, but the quality of surimi decreased above 0.3% TP. The gel network structure was influenced by protein secondary structure composition, especially for increasing ß-sheet in Raman spectra, thus promoting the gel microstructure density and uniform protein distribution. These findings offer insights for enhancing surimi gel quality and broadening tremella application in product processing.

Prognostic stratification in DLBCL patients with aberrant MYC gene.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by a subset of patients who exhibit treatment resistance and poor prognoses. Genomic assays have been widely employed to identify high-risk individuals characterized by rearrangements in the MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 genes. These patients typically undergo more aggressive therapeutic treatments; however, there remains a significant variation in their treatment outcomes. This study introduces an MYC signature score (MYCSS) derived from gene expression profiles, specifically designed to evaluate MYC overactivation in DLBCL patients. MYCSS was validated across several independent cohorts to assess its ability to stratify patients based on MYC-related genetic and molecular aberrations, enhancing the accuracy of prognostic evaluations compared to conventional MYC biomarkers. Our results indicate that MYCSS significantly refines prognostic accuracy beyond that of conventional MYC biomarkers focused on genetic aberrations. More importantly, we found that nearly 50% of patients identified as high risk by traditional MYC metrics actually share similar survival prospects with those having no MYC aberrations. These patients may benefit from standard GCB-based therapies rather than more aggressive treatments. MYCSS provides a robust signature that identifies high-risk patients, aiding in the precision treatment of DLBCL, and minimizing the potential for overtreatment.

Novel pH-sensitive gellan gum-ε-polylysine hydrogel microspheres for sulforaphene delivery.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to improve the stability and utilization of sulforaphene (SFE) and to enhance the intestinal stability and pH-sensitive release of SFE in the gastrointestinal tract. To achieve this objective, calcium chloride (CaCl2) was used as a crosslinking agent to fabricate novel SFE-loaded gellan gum (GG)-ε-polylysine (ε-PL) pH-sensitive hydrogel microspheres by using the ionic crosslinking technique. RESULTS: The molecular docking results of GG, ε-PL, and SFE were good and occurred in the natural state. The loading efficiency (LE) of all samples was above 70%. According to the structural characterization results, GG and ε-PL successfully embedded SFE in a three-dimensional network structure through electrostatic interaction. The swelling characteristics and in vitro release results revealed that the microspheres were pH-sensitive, and SFE was mainly retained inside the hydrogel microsphere in the stomach, and subsequently released in the intestine. The result of cytotoxicity assay showed that the hydrogel microspheres were non-toxic and had an inhibitory effect on human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSION: Thus, the hydrogel microspheres could improve SFE stability and utilization and achieve the intestinal targeted delivery of SFE. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Combining network pharmacology and experimental verification to study the anti-colon cancer effect and mechanism of sulforaphene.

BACKGROUND: Sulforaphene is a derivative of glucosinolate and a potential bioactive substance used for treating colon cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the potential inhibitory effect and mechanisms of sulforaphene in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental verification were performed to elucidate potential sulforaphene mechanisms in the treatment of this condition. RESULT: Network pharmacology predicted 27 intersection target genes between sulforaphene and colon cancer cell inhibition. Key sulforaphene targets associated with colon cancer cell inhibition were identified as EGFR, MAPK14, MCL1, GSK3B, PARP1, PTPRC, NOS2, CTSS, TLR9, and CTSK. Gene ontology functional enrichment analysis revealed that the above genes were primarily related to the positive regulation of peptidase activity, cytokine production in the inflammatory response, and the cell receptor signaling pathway. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis indicated that sulforaphene mainly inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells by affecting apoptosis as well as the signaling pathways of PD-1, Toll-like receptor, T cell receptor, and P13k-Akt. Molecular docking results further confirmed that CTSS, GSK3B, and NOS2 were significantly up-regulated and had good binding affinity with sulforaphene. In vitro experiments also indicated that sulforaphene had a significant inhibitory effect on human colon cancer Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSION: This paper revealed the pharmacodynamic mechanism of sulforaphene in the treatment of colon cancer for the first time. It provides scientific insight into the development of sulforaphene as a medicinal resource. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Neutralization escape, infectivity, and membrane fusion of JN.1-derived SARS-CoV-2 SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 variants.

We investigate JN.1-derived subvariants SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 for neutralization by antibodies in vaccinated individuals, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients, or class III monoclonal antibody S309. Compared to JN.1, SLip, KP.2, and especially FLiRT exhibit increased resistance to bivalent-vaccinated and BA.2.86/JN.1-wave convalescent human sera. XBB.1.5 monovalent-vaccinated hamster sera robustly neutralize FLiRT and KP.2 but have reduced efficiency for SLip. All subvariants are resistant to S309 and show decreased infectivity, cell-cell fusion, and spike processing relative to JN.1. Modeling reveals that L455S and F456L in SLip reduce spike binding for ACE2, while R346T in FLiRT and KP.2 strengthens it. These three mutations, alongside D339H, alter key epitopes in spike, likely explaining the reduced sensitivity of these subvariants to neutralization. Our findings highlight the increased neutralization resistance of JN.1 subvariants and suggest that future vaccine formulations should consider the JN.1 spike as an immunogen, although the current XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine could still offer adequate protection.

Effect of α-tocopherol, soybean oil, and glyceryl monostearate oleogel on gel properties and the in-vitro digestion of low-salt silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi.

To improve nutritional health, a low-salt (0.5 %) silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi gel with α-tocopherol, soybean oil, and glyceryl monostearate oleogel was fabricated and evaluated for textural qualities, lipid oxidation, and in-vitro digestion analysis. Based on the texture profile analysis, gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), rheological, protein secondary structure, and microstructural examination, 5 % oleogel addition to low-salt surimi exhibited similar physicochemical properties to regular-salt surimi gels. By crosslinking myosin and filling protein network voids, the oleogel increased surimi gel density. Increasing oleogel content improved the physicochemical qualities of heat-induced surimi, causing protein aggregation during digestion and reducing digestibility. The presence of oleogel altered protein secondary structure, reducing α-helix content and increasing ß-sheet and other structures, enhancing WHC and gel strength of low salt surimi. Adding oleogel improved the antioxidant activity of digestive solutions. This study will help understand myosin-oleogel interaction and the development of sustainable and nutritious surimi-based foods.

Percutaneous coronary intervention leads to microplastics entering the blood: Interventional devices are a major source.

Microplastics (MPs) is an emerging pollutant potentially harmful to health. Medical practices using plastic devices, such as percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), may result in MPs entering into the blood. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of PCI on microplastic levels in patients' blood. Laser direct infrared (LDIR) was used to detect MPs in the blood of 23 patients before and after PCI. MPs in the water in which devices used in PCI were washed were also examined. The concentration of MPs in the blood was significantly elevated (93.57 ± 35.95 vs. 4.96 ± 3.40 particles/10 mL of blood, P < 0.001) after PCI compared to before, and the increased MPs were polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PU), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which was consistent with the types of MPs detected in the device washing water. The maximum diameter of MPs in blood before PCI was 50 µm, whereas after PCI it was 213 µm, and even 336 µm in device washing water. These findings indicated that PCI will cause MPs to enter the blood, and devices used during PCI were a major source, a range of medical practices that use plastic devices may be a new route for MPs to enter the human body.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the BZR gene family in Zanthoxylum armatum DC and functional analysis of ZaBZR1 in drought tolerance.

MAIN CONCLUSION: In this study, six ZaBZRs were identified in Zanthoxylum armatum DC, and all the ZaBZRs were upregulated by abscisic acid (ABA) and drought. Overexpression of ZaBZR1 enhanced the drought tolerance of transgenic Nicotiana benthamian. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a pivotal class of sterol hormones in plants that play a crucial role in plant growth and development. BZR (brassinazole resistant) is a crucial transcription factor in the signal transduction pathway of BRs. However, the BZR gene family members have not yet been identified in Zanthoxylum armatum DC. In this study, six members of the ZaBZR family were identified by bioinformatic methods. All six ZaBZRs exhibited multiple phosphorylation sites. Phylogenetic and collinearity analyses revealed a closest relationship between ZaBZRs and ZbBZRs located on the B subgenomes. Expression analysis revealed tissue-specific expression patterns of ZaBZRs in Z. armatum, and their promoter regions contained cis-acting elements associated with hormone response and stress induction. Additionally, all six ZaBZRs showed upregulation upon treatment after abscisic acid (ABA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), indicating their participation in drought response. Subsequently, we conducted an extensive investigation of ZaBZR1. ZaBZR1 showed the highest expression in the root, followed by the stem and terminal bud. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ZaBZR1 is present in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Overexpression of ZaBZR1 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana improved seed germination rate and root growth under drought conditions, reducing water loss rates compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, ZaBZR1 increased proline content (PRO) and decreased malondialdehyde content (MDA), indicating improved tolerance to drought-induced oxidative stress. The transgenic plants also showed a reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Importantly, ZaBZR1 up-regulated the expression of drought-related genes such as NbP5CS1, NbDREB2A, and NbWRKY44. These findings highlight the potential of ZaBZR1 as a candidate gene for enhancing drought resistance in transgenic N. benthamiana and provide insight into the function of ZaBZRs in Z. armatum.

Recovery of High-Purity SF6 from Humid SF6/N2 Mixture within a Co(II)-Pyrazolate Framework.

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is extensively employed in the power industry. However, its emissions significantly contribute to the greenhouse effect. The direct recovery of high purity SF6 from industrial waste gases would benefit its sustainable use, yet this represents a considerable challenge. Herein, we report the enrichment of SF6 from SF6/N2 mixtures via adsorptive separation in a stable Co(II)-pyrazolate MOF BUT-53 (BUT: Beijing University of Technology), which features dynamic molecular traps. BUT-53 exhibits an excellent SF6 adsorption uptake of 2.82 mmol/g at 0.1 bar and 298 K, as well as an unprecedented SF6/N2 (10:90) selectivity of 2485. Besides, the remarkable SF6/N2 selectivity of BUT-53 enables recovery of high purity (>99.9%) SF6 from a low concentration (10%) mixture through a breakthrough experiment. The excellent SF6/N2 separation efficiency was also well maintained under humid conditions (RH = 90%) over multiple cycles. Molecular simulation, single-crystal diffraction, and adsorption kinetics studies elucidate the associated adsorption mechanism and water tolerance.

Deficiency of m 6 A RNA methylation promotes ZBP1-mediated cell death.

m 6 A RNA methylation suppresses the immunostimulatory potential of endogenous RNA. Deficiency of m 6 A provokes inflammatory responses and cell death, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we showed that the noncoding RNA 7SK gains immunostimulatory potential upon m 6 A depletion and subsequently activates the RIG-I/MAVS axis to spark interferon (IFN) signaling cascades. Concomitant excess of IFN and m 6 A deficiency synergistically facilitate the formation of RNA G-quadruplexes (rG4) to promote ZBP1-mediated necroptotic cell death. Collectively, our findings delineate a hitherto uncharacterized mechanism that links m 6 A dysregulation with ZBP1 activity in triggering inflammatory cell death.

Three SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants delivered intranasally by measles and mumps vaccines are broadly protective.

As the new SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants and subvariants emerge, there is an urgency to develop intranasal, broadly protective vaccines. Here, we developed highly efficacious, intranasal trivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates (TVC) based on three components of the MMR vaccine: measles virus (MeV), mumps virus (MuV) Jeryl Lynn (JL1) strain, and MuV JL2 strain. Specifically, MeV, MuV-JL1, and MuV-JL2 vaccine strains, each expressing prefusion spike (preS-6P) from a different variant of concern (VoC), were combined to generate TVCs. Intranasal immunization of IFNAR1-/- mice and female hamsters with TVCs generated high levels of S-specific serum IgG antibodies, broad neutralizing antibodies, and mucosal IgA antibodies as well as tissue-resident memory T cells in the lungs. The immunized female hamsters were protected from challenge with SARS-CoV-2 original WA1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.1.529 strains. The preexisting MeV and MuV immunity does not significantly interfere with the efficacy of TVC. Thus, the trivalent platform is a promising next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.

Achieving Record C2H2 Packing Density for Highly Efficient C2H2/C2H4 Separation with a Metal-Organic Framework Prepared by a Scalable Synthesis in Water.

Adsorptive C2H2/C2H4 separation using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has emerged as a promising technology for the removal of C2H2 (acetylene) impurity (1%) from C2H4 (ethylene). The practical application of these materials involves the optimization of separation performance as well as development of scalable and green production protocols.Herein, we report the efficient C2H2/C2H4 separation in a MOF, Cu(OH)INA (INA: isonicotinate) which achieves a record C2H2 packing density of 351 mg cm-3 at 0.01 bar through high affinity towards C2H2. DFT (density functional theory) calculations reveal the synergistic binding mechanism through pore confinement and the oxygen sites in pore wall.The weakly basic nature of binding sites leads to a relatively low heat of adsorption (Qst) of approximately 36 kJ/mol, which is beneficial for material regeneration and thermal management. Furthermore, a scalable and environmentally friendly synthesis protocol with a high space-time yield of 544 kg m-3 day-1 has been developed without using any modulating agents. This material also demonstrates enduring separation performance for multiple cycles, maintaining its efficacy after exposure to water or air for three months.

Thermal aggregation behavior of silver carp myofibrillar protein at low salt content: Effect of oat ß-glucan combined with ultrasound-assisted heating.

The effects of oat ß-glucan (OG) combined with ultrasound-assisted treatment on thermal aggregation behavior of silver carp myofibrillar protein (MP) under low salt concentration were investigated. The particle size and turbidity of MP were increased to higher levels by OG participation or ultrasound treatment during the two-stage heating. Both OG and ultrasonic treatment promoted the unfolding of MP structure, evidenced by the gradual decrease of α-helix content and fluorescence intensity, as well as the increase of ß-sheet content, surface hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content. Compared to solely OG or ultrasonic treatment, the combination of OG and ultrasound further promoted the unfolding of MP and more sulfhydryl groups were exposed in the pre-heating stage, which was conducive to strengthen the chemical forces between MP molecules. Additionally, AFM analysis revealed that the apparent morphology of the OG combined with ultrasonic treated group exhibited a smoother surface and a more uniform distribution of aggregates.

Characteristics of JN.1-derived SARS-CoV-2 subvariants SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 in neutralization escape, infectivity and membrane fusion.

SARS-CoV-2 variants derived from the immune evasive JN.1 are on the rise worldwide. Here, we investigated JN.1-derived subvariants SLip, FLiRT, and KP.2 for their ability to be neutralized by antibodies in bivalent-vaccinated human sera, XBB.1.5 monovalent-vaccinated hamster sera, sera from people infected during the BA.2.86/JN.1 wave, and class III monoclonal antibody (Mab) S309. We found that compared to parental JN.1, SLip and KP.2, and especially FLiRT, exhibit increased resistance to COVID-19 bivalent-vaccinated human sera and BA.2.86/JN.1-wave convalescent sera. Interestingly, antibodies in XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccinated hamster sera robustly neutralized FLiRT and KP.2 but had reduced efficiency for SLip. These JN.1 subvariants were resistant to neutralization by Mab S309. In addition, we investigated aspects of spike protein biology including infectivity, cell-cell fusion and processing, and found that these subvariants, especially SLip, had a decreased infectivity and membrane fusion relative to JN.1, correlating with decreased spike processing. Homology modeling revealed that L455S and F456L mutations in SLip reduced local hydrophobicity in the spike and hence its binding to ACE2. In contrast, the additional R346T mutation in FLiRT and KP.2 strengthened conformational support of the receptor-binding motif, thus counteracting the effects of L455S and F456L. These three mutations, alongside D339H, which is present in all JN.1 sublineages, alter the epitopes targeted by therapeutic Mabs, including class I and class III S309, explaining their reduced sensitivity to neutralization by sera and S309. Together, our findings provide insight into neutralization resistance of newly emerged JN.1 subvariants and suggest that future vaccine formulations should consider JN.1 spike as immunogen, although the current XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine could still offer adequate protection.

Optimizing color enhancement in dried Penaeus vannamei through high-humidity hot air impingement cooking: Enzyme inactivation, reduced drying time, and Maillard reaction inhibition.

This study was aimed to evaluate the potential of high-humidity hot air impingement cooking (HHAIC) on Penaeus vannamei, focusing on its drying characteristics, microstructure, water distribution, enzyme activity, astaxanthin content, antioxidant capacity, color, and Maillard reaction. Results demonstrated that a 3 min HHAIC significantly improved the shrimp's color and optimized astaxanthin content with a notable increase in scavenging capacity based on an in-vitro as antioxidation activity evaluation. Compared to the untreated samples, HHAIC could significantly inactivate polyphenol oxidase by 95.76%. Also, it suppressed the Maillard reaction by decreasing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content and shortened the drying time by 40%. In addition, the low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and microstructure analysis showed alterations in the shrimp muscle fiber structure and water distribution. This study indicated that HHAIC could elevate quality, enhance appearance, and reduce the processing time of dried shrimp, presenting valuable implications for industry progress.

A smartphone-adaptable fluorescent probe for visual monitoring of fish freshness and its application in fluorescent dyes.

Due to increasing food safety issues, developing intelligent, on-site, and visual methods for detecting fish freshness has attracted significant attention. Here, we have prepared a benzo[h]chromene derivative BCN that can visually detect 12 biogenic amines (BAs) with high sensitivity. The mechanism for recognizing cadaverine (Cad) is that the probe reacts with Cad to produce a Schiff base derivative, which alters the charge distribution within the molecule, resulting in significant colorimetric and fluorescence changes. The sensing label BCN/FPS was prepared by loading the probe BCN on filter paper, and a visual detection platform was constructed by combining it with a smartphone. By monitoring the correspondence between label color and TVB-N content, a working curve of (R + B)/(R + B + G) with TVB-N content was obtained, enabling visual evaluation of salmon freshness using only a mobile phone. In addition, based on the good solubility and processability of BCN, its application in fluorescent dyes including impregnating dyes, printing inks, coatings, and flexible films has been explored, which opens up new directions for the application of BCN. Therefore, BCN has the potential for real-time monitoring of meat freshness and preparation of fluorescent materials.

Effect of γ-oryzanol/ß-sitosterol-based oleogels on the physicochemical and gel properties of Nemipterus virgatus myofibrillar protein.

BACKGROUND: The effect of oleogels prepared with peanut oil and different concentrations of γ-oryzanol and ß-sitosterol mixture (γ/ß; 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g kg-1) on the physicochemical and gel properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) was investigated. RESULTS: The solubility and average particle size of MP first decreased and then increased with increasing γ/ß concentration. Peanut oil or oleogels could induce the exposure of hydrophobic amino acids and the unfolding of MP, thus significantly increasing the surface hydrophobicity, sulfhydryl content and absolute value of zeta potential, which reached maximum values when the γ/ß concentration was 60 g kg-1 (P < 0.05). The addition of peanut oil decreased the gel strength and water holding capacity of MP gel. However, oleogels prepared with 60 g kg-1 γ/ß could significantly increase the hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bond content of MP gel (P < 0.05), which promoted the crosslinking and aggregation of MP, enhancing the gel properties. Peanut oil had no significant influence on the secondary structure of MP, while oleogels promoted the transition of MP conformation from α-helix to ß-sheet structure. The results of light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that oleogels prepared with 60 g kg-1 γ/ß filled in the pores of MP gel network to form denser and more uniform structure. CONCLUSION: Oleogels prepared with 60 g kg-1 γ/ß could effectively improve the quality of MP gel and have promising application prospects in surimi products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Radish residue carbon dots-based novel starch/chitosan film with high antioxidant, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activities for salmon fillets' active packaging.

The corruption of refrigerated marine fish results in global economic losses exceeding 25 billion euros annually. However, conventional preservatives present challenges, including singular functionality, potential toxicity, and high cost. In response, we developed multifunctional, safe, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly carbon dots derived from radish residues (R-CDs) by using the one-pot hydrothermal method. The surface of R-CDs is enriched with hydroxyl groups, conferring broad-spectrum antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics. R-CDs exhibited a notable 72.92 % inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation, surpassing the effectiveness of vitamin C (46 %). Additionally, R-CDs demonstrated impressive scavenging rates of 93.8 % for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals and 99.36 % for 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid-free radicals. In combating spoilage bacteria such as Aeromonas sobria and Hafnia alvei, R-CDs disrupted cell structures and influenced intracellular substance content. Importantly, co-cultivation with R-CDs showed no significant cytotoxicity. Further incorporating R-CDs into films using starch and chitosan (S/CS/R-CDs films) for efficient and convenient use in salmon fillets preservation. S/CS/R-CDs films effectively inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria, lipid oxidation, and protein decomposition in salmon fillets, thereby extending shelf life by 4 days. This combination of antioxidant and antibacterial properties in R-CDs, along with the functional films, presents a promising approach for enhancing salmon fillet preservation.

Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Crystalline Phosphorus Nanosheets Fabricated via Solvothermal Phase Transformation.

The newly reported crystalline phosphorus nanosheets (cryst-P NSs) exhibit promising features for industrial applications, including outstanding air-water stability and facile large-scale production. However, their complex crystallization impedes a priori tailoring. Herein, the temporal evolution of cryst-P NSs was investigated with the optimized synthesis parameters. The occurrence of self-assembly and solid-state rearrangement unveiled the existence of an intermediate phase as the bulk crystalline precursor and the predominance of nonclassical crystallization pathway(s). With the upgraded synthesis protocol simultaneously strengthening the merits of cryst-P NSs, their catalytic performances were evaluated in various electro- and/or photocatalytic reactions spanning hydrogen and oxygen evolution, full water splitting, CO2 reduction, and organic pollutant decomposition. Superior catalytic activities and orders of magnitude longer lifetimes were consistently discerned compared with the widely employed black phosphorus nanosheets with similar size and thickness. The exciting discoveries in both fundamental crystallization and catalytic applications drastically thrust the comprehension of elemental phosphorus, shedding light on the encouraging capabilities of solvothermal synthesis strategies in the design and systematic tailoring of phosphorus materials.